Pub Date : 2020-12-04DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000234
M. Talha, Yaqdhan Alnomani, Seyede Amene Mirforughi
On account of the continuing increase in antimicrobial resistance among infectious agents which are mostly life-threatening, seeking novel and alternative therapeutic approaches seems essential. Eucalyptus camaldulensis, generally known as eucalyptus, contains various healing traits such as antimicrobial characteristics. These herbs generally grow alongside the rivers with both continuous and seasonal water. The antimicrobial applications of this herb, particularly against pandrug and multidrug resistant microorganisms mostly attributed to phenolic, polar terpene compounds and spathulenol. Major bioactive antimicrobial fractions include flavonoids, alkaloids, pigments, terpenes, phenolics, starches, steroids and essential oils. E. camaldulensis has antimicrobial features against various bacterial (both Gram-positive and Gram-negative species), fungal, parasitic and viral infections. Regarding molecular mechanisms, the discharge of Gram-negative outer membrane lipopolysaccharide and increase the permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane have been proposed. Leaf extracts might be a good source of antibacterial and antifungal materials that might be useful in pharmaceutical industry. Interactions with various conventional antimicrobial agents providing synergistic effects suppose a variety of antimicrobial mechanisms by fractions remaining to be entirely elucidated.
{"title":"Eucalyptus camaldulensis efficiency for application against microbial infections","authors":"M. Talha, Yaqdhan Alnomani, Seyede Amene Mirforughi","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000234","url":null,"abstract":"On account of the continuing increase in antimicrobial resistance among infectious agents which are mostly life-threatening, seeking novel and alternative therapeutic approaches seems essential. Eucalyptus camaldulensis, generally known as eucalyptus, contains various healing traits such as antimicrobial characteristics. These herbs generally grow alongside the rivers with both continuous and seasonal water. The antimicrobial applications of this herb, particularly against pandrug and multidrug resistant microorganisms mostly attributed to phenolic, polar terpene compounds and spathulenol. Major bioactive antimicrobial fractions include flavonoids, alkaloids, pigments, terpenes, phenolics, starches, steroids and essential oils. E. camaldulensis has antimicrobial features against various bacterial (both Gram-positive and Gram-negative species), fungal, parasitic and viral infections. Regarding molecular mechanisms, the discharge of Gram-negative outer membrane lipopolysaccharide and increase the permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane have been proposed. Leaf extracts might be a good source of antibacterial and antifungal materials that might be useful in pharmaceutical industry. Interactions with various conventional antimicrobial agents providing synergistic effects suppose a variety of antimicrobial mechanisms by fractions remaining to be entirely elucidated.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"57 1","pages":"1 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89161630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000230
B. Mishra, S. Hati, Jonali Brahma, Sujit Das
Meghalaya is a land of unexplored traditional knowledge mainly inhabited by Garo, Khasi and Jaintia tribes. Locally available well known traditionally prepared fermented alcoholic indigenous rice beverage is known as Chubitchi by Garos, kyiad by Khasi and Sadhiar by Jaintias. The objective of this study was to identify functional and potential probiotic yeast involved in the production of rice beverage. Yeast cultures are used since old age with many health attributes and it is also applied in the production of fermented rice beverages traditionally. Five yeast isolates were selected, the isolates were tolerant to a wide range of pH (2.0, 3.0), high concentration of bile salt (0.5%) and also showed zone of precipitation in bile salt hydrolase plates. They showed resistance against broader range of clinically important antibiotics and showed moderate cell surface hydrophobicity. The isolates could produce enzymes viz. amylase and were found to be glucoamylase deficient. The isolates showed antimicrobial activity and were able to scavenge ABTS+ until 3 min. The isolates could also assimilate cholesterol above 85% after 24 h. Exopolysaccharide production was reported in all of the isolates. Further, the yeasts isolated from fermented rice beverage could serve as promising starter cultures with rich probiotic potentiality.
{"title":"Evaluation of probiotic potentials of yeast isolates from traditional fermented rice beverages of Meghalaya, India","authors":"B. Mishra, S. Hati, Jonali Brahma, Sujit Das","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000230","url":null,"abstract":"Meghalaya is a land of unexplored traditional knowledge mainly inhabited by Garo, Khasi and Jaintia tribes. Locally available well known traditionally prepared fermented alcoholic indigenous rice beverage is known as Chubitchi by Garos, kyiad by Khasi and Sadhiar by Jaintias. The objective of this study was to identify functional and potential probiotic yeast involved in the production of rice beverage. Yeast cultures are used since old age with many health attributes and it is also applied in the production of fermented rice beverages traditionally. Five yeast isolates were selected, the isolates were tolerant to a wide range of pH (2.0, 3.0), high concentration of bile salt (0.5%) and also showed zone of precipitation in bile salt hydrolase plates. They showed resistance against broader range of clinically important antibiotics and showed moderate cell surface hydrophobicity. The isolates could produce enzymes viz. amylase and were found to be glucoamylase deficient. The isolates showed antimicrobial activity and were able to scavenge ABTS+ until 3 min. The isolates could also assimilate cholesterol above 85% after 24 h. Exopolysaccharide production was reported in all of the isolates. Further, the yeasts isolated from fermented rice beverage could serve as promising starter cultures with rich probiotic potentiality.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"3 1","pages":"28 - 38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82587719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000219
P. Owlia, S. Bouzari, H. Saderi, Roya Ghanavati, Atieh Darbandi
Background: Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) is an enteric pathogen that causes a wide variety of gastrointestinal diseases in developing countries. In our previous study, the prevalence of DEC pathotypes from acute diarrhea patients in Khuzestan province was determined. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial resistance profile and molecular genetic characteristics of this isolate. Methods: Antibiotic susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates was determined by disc diffusion technique on Muller Hinton agar. The production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) was confirmed by the Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST). The genetic diversity of isolates was determinate by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results: Among all DEC strains, 100% were resistant to at least one commonly prescribed antibiotic. Strains were resistant to first-line antibiotics, such as tetracycline, ampicillin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Furthermore, 72% of DEC isolates were multidrug-resistant and aEPEC and STEC were the categories with a major proportion of this feature. ESBL-producing strains were observed in 38% of all DEC isolates. PFGE analysis showed 19 unique pulsotypes of 22 studied DEC pathotypes. However, a few isolates were found to be clonal (clusters A, B, and C). Conclusion: The current study provides novel information about the presence of DEC isolates particularly with the rate of high antibiotic resistance among acute diarrheal samples in Khuzestan, Iran. Our data revealed that there was almost high heterogeneity among isolated DEC pathotypes. Proper infection control policies are needed to be implemented in order for the infections to be effectively controlled.
{"title":"High genetic diversity among diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolates from patients with acute diarrhea in Khuzestan province, Southwestern Iran","authors":"P. Owlia, S. Bouzari, H. Saderi, Roya Ghanavati, Atieh Darbandi","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000219","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) is an enteric pathogen that causes a wide variety of gastrointestinal diseases in developing countries. In our previous study, the prevalence of DEC pathotypes from acute diarrhea patients in Khuzestan province was determined. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial resistance profile and molecular genetic characteristics of this isolate. Methods: Antibiotic susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates was determined by disc diffusion technique on Muller Hinton agar. The production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) was confirmed by the Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST). The genetic diversity of isolates was determinate by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results: Among all DEC strains, 100% were resistant to at least one commonly prescribed antibiotic. Strains were resistant to first-line antibiotics, such as tetracycline, ampicillin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Furthermore, 72% of DEC isolates were multidrug-resistant and aEPEC and STEC were the categories with a major proportion of this feature. ESBL-producing strains were observed in 38% of all DEC isolates. PFGE analysis showed 19 unique pulsotypes of 22 studied DEC pathotypes. However, a few isolates were found to be clonal (clusters A, B, and C). Conclusion: The current study provides novel information about the presence of DEC isolates particularly with the rate of high antibiotic resistance among acute diarrheal samples in Khuzestan, Iran. Our data revealed that there was almost high heterogeneity among isolated DEC pathotypes. Proper infection control policies are needed to be implemented in order for the infections to be effectively controlled.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"20 1","pages":"106 - 113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80416126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-19DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000241
L. Tilouche, Refka Ben Dhia, Sonia Karaborni, Cherifa Chaouch, S. Ketata, O. Bouallègue, N. Boujaafar
ISSN Leclercia adecarboxylata is a motile Gram-negative bacilli and a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family. It has been described as an emerging pathogen mostly isolated from immunocompromised patients. We report here, two cases of L. adecarboxylata trauma-related wound infections in two previously healthy patients and give a review of previous reports on wound infections encountered in immunocompetent patient. Both strains were sensitive to most tested antibiotics. Copyright 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Leclercia adecarboxylata: a rare cause of traumatic wound infections in immunocompetent patients: case reports and review of the literature","authors":"L. Tilouche, Refka Ben Dhia, Sonia Karaborni, Cherifa Chaouch, S. Ketata, O. Bouallègue, N. Boujaafar","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000241","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN Leclercia adecarboxylata is a motile Gram-negative bacilli and a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family. It has been described as an emerging pathogen mostly isolated from immunocompromised patients. We report here, two cases of L. adecarboxylata trauma-related wound infections in two previously healthy patients and give a review of previous reports on wound infections encountered in immunocompetent patient. Both strains were sensitive to most tested antibiotics. Copyright 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84369560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000211
M. Bayat, N. Hassannejad, H. Ghazanfari
Background and aims: Candidiasis is one of the most important fungal infections, which has been associated with antimicrobial resistance. Materials and Methods: Candida albicans ATCC10231 strain were isolated from the patient's body. To prepare the desired yeast number in a specific size, the serial dilution was performed. Doses of 2 × 107–108 were used and four mice were selected for each dose. The PAS staining was performed on the sections of the kidney and spleen prepared in paraffin blocks. The chloroform fraction of Zataria multiflora Boiss ethanolic extract was obtained and standardized by HPLC. Forty-two female BALB/C mice were randomly included with ages of 6–8 weeks. The administration of drugs into mice in each group was performed 24 h of C. albicans injection (the onset of the visceral candidiasis appearance in mice), and a single dose of 0.1 ml of the extract was injected to each group for every 6 days. Mononuclear cells of spleen and kidney were prepared from buffy coat layer and culture in 50 ml of 1640 RPMI medium. Th1, Th17, and Treg cells were measured in MNCs. Results: In mice that had medication intervention (including chloroform fraction of Shiraz thyme, thymol, carvacrol, or fluconazole), the fungal purification rate in the spleen was higher than the kidney (groups 1–5). In mice with no medication (group 6), the fungal purification rate in the kidney was higher than the spleen. All groups having medication intervention had a significant difference in terms of fungal elimination with group 7 and their fungal load was significantly decreased. In this regard, the amounts of fungal load reduction in spleen and kidney tissues in relation to extracts were the most. After extract, the highest rate of tissue cleansing was related to fluconazole followed by thymol and carvacrol. Thymol and carvacrol had no significant difference in terms of the effect on reducing the fungal load in the studied tissues. The percentage of TH1 cells in the culture of these cells was higher than that of the kidney cells. The highest percentage of TH17 cells was observed in group 1. The percentage of Treg cells in the kidney and spleen in the extract-receiving group had a significant decrease compared with the nondrug-receiving group. Conclusion: The Z. multiflora Boiss fraction can be considered as a powerful alternative to other drug treatments for achieving proper outcomes. Therefore, the use of this compound as a therapeutic agent in visceral candidiasis is possibly a new turning point in treatment, which can postpone the progress of the disease among patients.
{"title":"Effect of ethanolic extract of Zataria multiflora Boiss (Shiraz thyme extract) on the kidney and spleen tissues of mice infected with visceral candidiasis and the stimulation of Th1, Th17, and Treg immune cells","authors":"M. Bayat, N. Hassannejad, H. Ghazanfari","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000211","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims: Candidiasis is one of the most important fungal infections, which has been associated with antimicrobial resistance. Materials and Methods: Candida albicans ATCC10231 strain were isolated from the patient's body. To prepare the desired yeast number in a specific size, the serial dilution was performed. Doses of 2 × 107–108 were used and four mice were selected for each dose. The PAS staining was performed on the sections of the kidney and spleen prepared in paraffin blocks. The chloroform fraction of Zataria multiflora Boiss ethanolic extract was obtained and standardized by HPLC. Forty-two female BALB/C mice were randomly included with ages of 6–8 weeks. The administration of drugs into mice in each group was performed 24 h of C. albicans injection (the onset of the visceral candidiasis appearance in mice), and a single dose of 0.1 ml of the extract was injected to each group for every 6 days. Mononuclear cells of spleen and kidney were prepared from buffy coat layer and culture in 50 ml of 1640 RPMI medium. Th1, Th17, and Treg cells were measured in MNCs. Results: In mice that had medication intervention (including chloroform fraction of Shiraz thyme, thymol, carvacrol, or fluconazole), the fungal purification rate in the spleen was higher than the kidney (groups 1–5). In mice with no medication (group 6), the fungal purification rate in the kidney was higher than the spleen. All groups having medication intervention had a significant difference in terms of fungal elimination with group 7 and their fungal load was significantly decreased. In this regard, the amounts of fungal load reduction in spleen and kidney tissues in relation to extracts were the most. After extract, the highest rate of tissue cleansing was related to fluconazole followed by thymol and carvacrol. Thymol and carvacrol had no significant difference in terms of the effect on reducing the fungal load in the studied tissues. The percentage of TH1 cells in the culture of these cells was higher than that of the kidney cells. The highest percentage of TH17 cells was observed in group 1. The percentage of Treg cells in the kidney and spleen in the extract-receiving group had a significant decrease compared with the nondrug-receiving group. Conclusion: The Z. multiflora Boiss fraction can be considered as a powerful alternative to other drug treatments for achieving proper outcomes. Therefore, the use of this compound as a therapeutic agent in visceral candidiasis is possibly a new turning point in treatment, which can postpone the progress of the disease among patients.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"20 1","pages":"201 - 208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73541018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-31DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000236
S. Wayah, R. Auta, P. Waziri, E. Haruna
In December 2019, world health organization was acquainted of the outbreak of pneumonia of unknown cause The causative agent was identified as a novel coronavirus and named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) This disease is a pandemic, which has so far, caused more than 376 320 deaths globally Owing to the high transmission and mortality of COVID-19, identifying ways to circumvent the imbroglio has become the top priority of researchers across different parts of the world To date, no treatment or preventive approach has been developed Two approaches can be employed to solve the conundrum, a curative/therapeutic and a preventive approach The therapeutic approach can be divided into two aspects, blocking various aspects of viral entry into target cells and completion of its life cycle using antiviral drugs whereas the second aspect involves modification of host immune responses and inhibition of cell surface receptors and enzymes required for SARS-CoV-2 infection The preventive approach involves the development of vaccines Recent advances in the development of drugs targeting host cell receptors and enzymes, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, immunomodulatory drugs, and vaccines have been discussed in this review
{"title":"New insights on potential therapeutic options and vaccines for corona virus disease-2019","authors":"S. Wayah, R. Auta, P. Waziri, E. Haruna","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000236","url":null,"abstract":"In December 2019, world health organization was acquainted of the outbreak of pneumonia of unknown cause The causative agent was identified as a novel coronavirus and named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) This disease is a pandemic, which has so far, caused more than 376 320 deaths globally Owing to the high transmission and mortality of COVID-19, identifying ways to circumvent the imbroglio has become the top priority of researchers across different parts of the world To date, no treatment or preventive approach has been developed Two approaches can be employed to solve the conundrum, a curative/therapeutic and a preventive approach The therapeutic approach can be divided into two aspects, blocking various aspects of viral entry into target cells and completion of its life cycle using antiviral drugs whereas the second aspect involves modification of host immune responses and inhibition of cell surface receptors and enzymes required for SARS-CoV-2 infection The preventive approach involves the development of vaccines Recent advances in the development of drugs targeting host cell receptors and enzymes, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, immunomodulatory drugs, and vaccines have been discussed in this review","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86056704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-31DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000247
Mohammadreza Hashemi Aghdam, Ramin Hosseinzadeh, Behzad Motallebizadeh, M. Rezaeimehr, L. Khedmat, Z. Soleimani, M. Heiat, Mehrdad Moosazadeh Moghaddam, M. Abyazi, A. Karbasi
Since December 2019, an emerging outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has begun from Wuhan, China, and spread rapidly throughout the world. This systematic review aimed to discuss the involvement of the body's systems during COVID-19 infection comprehensively. PubMed database was used to identify relative studies to be included in this review. Four authors searched PubMed independently using determined search terms. Then, the results were merged and duplicates were removed. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were specified and at least two review authors assessed the eligibility of the studies. The full texts of included studies were reviewed in detail by the authors and the relevant content was extracted and summarized. The pulmonary tract is the most frequent system involved with a wide range of involvement from no pneumonia to white lung and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Computed tomography is the best imaging modality to diagnose COVID-19 infection. Cardiac and renal system injuries are seen during COVID-19 infection and must be taken seriously. Gastrointestinal manifestations are frequently observed during the infection and are probably associated with more severe disease. The placenta acts as an important physiological and immunological barrier that prevents transplacental vertical transmission. COVID-19 infection is a multiorgan involving infection which needs a team of different expertise to diagnose and manage the disease. Although there are many studies available about COVID-19 infection, most of them are focused on pulmonary involvement and the effects of the virus on many other organs and systems remain unclear that shows the necessity of further investigations about the disease.
{"title":"Pathophysiology of COVID-19 infection: what is the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) doing to body? A comprehensive systematic review","authors":"Mohammadreza Hashemi Aghdam, Ramin Hosseinzadeh, Behzad Motallebizadeh, M. Rezaeimehr, L. Khedmat, Z. Soleimani, M. Heiat, Mehrdad Moosazadeh Moghaddam, M. Abyazi, A. Karbasi","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000247","url":null,"abstract":"Since December 2019, an emerging outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has begun from Wuhan, China, and spread rapidly throughout the world. This systematic review aimed to discuss the involvement of the body's systems during COVID-19 infection comprehensively. PubMed database was used to identify relative studies to be included in this review. Four authors searched PubMed independently using determined search terms. Then, the results were merged and duplicates were removed. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were specified and at least two review authors assessed the eligibility of the studies. The full texts of included studies were reviewed in detail by the authors and the relevant content was extracted and summarized. The pulmonary tract is the most frequent system involved with a wide range of involvement from no pneumonia to white lung and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Computed tomography is the best imaging modality to diagnose COVID-19 infection. Cardiac and renal system injuries are seen during COVID-19 infection and must be taken seriously. Gastrointestinal manifestations are frequently observed during the infection and are probably associated with more severe disease. The placenta acts as an important physiological and immunological barrier that prevents transplacental vertical transmission. COVID-19 infection is a multiorgan involving infection which needs a team of different expertise to diagnose and manage the disease. Although there are many studies available about COVID-19 infection, most of them are focused on pulmonary involvement and the effects of the virus on many other organs and systems remain unclear that shows the necessity of further investigations about the disease.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"8 1","pages":"135 - 148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87423580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-31DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000246
Francisco Javier Casinos Mora, Margarita Malgorzata Dyląg, A. B. A. Jimenez, Silvia M. Jimenez Alvarez
ISSN Chryseobacterium indologenes is a Gram-negative bacteria rarely pathogenic in humans that can produce serious infections, especially, in children with comorbidities. Only a few cases of bacteremia have been published by C. indologenes, the majority in Taiwan. We show a Spanish healthy 2-month-old baby, who was diagnosed with this germ at our hospital, to report on the serious infections that it can cause and the multiple drug resistance to antibiotics that it shows. Copyright 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Chryseobacterium indologenes bacteremia in a healthy 2-month-old baby","authors":"Francisco Javier Casinos Mora, Margarita Malgorzata Dyląg, A. B. A. Jimenez, Silvia M. Jimenez Alvarez","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000246","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN Chryseobacterium indologenes is a Gram-negative bacteria rarely pathogenic in humans that can produce serious infections, especially, in children with comorbidities. Only a few cases of bacteremia have been published by C. indologenes, the majority in Taiwan. We show a Spanish healthy 2-month-old baby, who was diagnosed with this germ at our hospital, to report on the serious infections that it can cause and the multiple drug resistance to antibiotics that it shows. Copyright 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"357 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76401218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-31DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000245
M. Karbalaei, M. Keikha, B. Yousefi, Mohammad Ali-Hassanzadeh, M. Eslami
ISSN Nowadays aging-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease are as important as infectious diseases for human communities. 60–80% of dementia cases are related to Alzheimer’s disease while only 2–3% of cases are associated with Parkinson’s disease. Oral bacteria produce some chemical compounds such as volatile sulfur compounds and therefore are responsible for halitosis (malodor). This is while most of the cases (80–90%) of halitosis caused following the production of volatile sulfur compounds in the oral cavity. Some periodontal pathogens such as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia, and Prevotella gingivalis are detectable in Alzheimer’s patients. On the other hand, Prevotella genus members, (e.g., P. intermedia, P. nigrescens, and P. melaninogenica) increase in Parkinson’s disease patients, and most likely, it is associated with a reduction in hygiene oral care. Although many aspects of these diseases are still unknown, we have studied the Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease diseases and also the role of oral microbiota infections in these diseases in older persons. Copyright 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Contribution of aging oral microbiota in getting neurodegenerative diseases","authors":"M. Karbalaei, M. Keikha, B. Yousefi, Mohammad Ali-Hassanzadeh, M. Eslami","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000245","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN Nowadays aging-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease are as important as infectious diseases for human communities. 60–80% of dementia cases are related to Alzheimer’s disease while only 2–3% of cases are associated with Parkinson’s disease. Oral bacteria produce some chemical compounds such as volatile sulfur compounds and therefore are responsible for halitosis (malodor). This is while most of the cases (80–90%) of halitosis caused following the production of volatile sulfur compounds in the oral cavity. Some periodontal pathogens such as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia, and Prevotella gingivalis are detectable in Alzheimer’s patients. On the other hand, Prevotella genus members, (e.g., P. intermedia, P. nigrescens, and P. melaninogenica) increase in Parkinson’s disease patients, and most likely, it is associated with a reduction in hygiene oral care. Although many aspects of these diseases are still unknown, we have studied the Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease diseases and also the role of oral microbiota infections in these diseases in older persons. Copyright 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81988757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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