Pub Date : 2020-08-31DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000243
A. Khosravi, A. Teimoori, Sakineh Seyed-Mohammadi
ISSN Colorectal cancer (CRC) with 1.2 million new cases and 600 000 deaths per year is the 4th leading cause of cancer and the 2nd leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Effort to design of safe and efficient vaccines can be a good strategy for the treatment of primary or metastatic CRC. Plasmid pLCNICK was linearized by using restriction enzymes BcuI and ApaI. Unintended fragments were removed from the plasmid and selected genes were cloned in plasmid. Electro-transformation of the two plasmids containing gRNA 1 and gRNA 2 into Lactobacillus casei was performed simultaneously in the following step. The recombinant L. casei was identified by PCR colony. For detection protein of interest was done Western blot. Amplification selected genes by PCR and then clone of fragments into two vectors were done successfully. After electroporation, growth of bacterial colonies on plates supplemented with antibiotic showed that the bacteria have received the plasmid because there was erythromycin resistance gene on plasmid. Also, the production of recombinant L. casei by CRISPRCas9 nickase-based plasmid, and designed gRNA 1 and gRNA 2 was done successfully, and was confirmed by the presence of a 1126 bp band in agarose gel electrophoresis of colony PCR. Expression of the protein was shown by Western blot. In conclusion, recombinant lactic acid bacteria strains have the capacity to express heterologous proteins. Thus in this study for the first time a recombinant L. casei using CRISPR–Cas9 system as a first step for design of a vaccine against CRC was constructed that expresses fliC gene fused with guanylyl cyclase C and dendritic cell binding peptide. Copyright 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Construction of a recombinant Lactobacillus casei expressing fliC gene fused with guanylyl cyclase C and dendritic cell-binding peptide using CRISPR–Cas9 system: a first step towards design of vaccine against colorectal cancer","authors":"A. Khosravi, A. Teimoori, Sakineh Seyed-Mohammadi","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000243","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN Colorectal cancer (CRC) with 1.2 million new cases and 600 000 deaths per year is the 4th leading cause of cancer and the 2nd leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Effort to design of safe and efficient vaccines can be a good strategy for the treatment of primary or metastatic CRC. Plasmid pLCNICK was linearized by using restriction enzymes BcuI and ApaI. Unintended fragments were removed from the plasmid and selected genes were cloned in plasmid. Electro-transformation of the two plasmids containing gRNA 1 and gRNA 2 into Lactobacillus casei was performed simultaneously in the following step. The recombinant L. casei was identified by PCR colony. For detection protein of interest was done Western blot. Amplification selected genes by PCR and then clone of fragments into two vectors were done successfully. After electroporation, growth of bacterial colonies on plates supplemented with antibiotic showed that the bacteria have received the plasmid because there was erythromycin resistance gene on plasmid. Also, the production of recombinant L. casei by CRISPRCas9 nickase-based plasmid, and designed gRNA 1 and gRNA 2 was done successfully, and was confirmed by the presence of a 1126 bp band in agarose gel electrophoresis of colony PCR. Expression of the protein was shown by Western blot. In conclusion, recombinant lactic acid bacteria strains have the capacity to express heterologous proteins. Thus in this study for the first time a recombinant L. casei using CRISPR–Cas9 system as a first step for design of a vaccine against CRC was constructed that expresses fliC gene fused with guanylyl cyclase C and dendritic cell binding peptide. Copyright 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84971213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-31DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000240
N. Hindi
Methods: One-hundred whole blood samples were collected from patients with EPTB (n1⁄450) and healthy control patients (n1⁄450). The sequence-specific oligonucleotide was used for HLA-DRB1 genotyping. Results: The HLA-DRB1 7 (relative risk1⁄44.35) and HLA-DRB1 3 (relative risk1⁄43.20) genotypes were significantly more frequent among patients with EPTB compared with healthy subjects (38 vs. 16%, P1⁄40.002 and 27 vs. 8%, P1⁄40.002, respectively). The total alleles of the HLA-DRB1 were more common among female patients (60%) vs. male patients (40%). From the result of HLA-DRB1 genotypes, most of the females had two alleles, whereas males mostly had one allele. The frequency of the HLA-DRB1 3 and HLA-DRB1 7 was significantly more common in female patients (72 and 62%, respectively), than male patients (28 and 38%, respectively). Moreover, this result was observed for the genotype HLA-DRB1 15.
{"title":"Human leukocyte antigen-genotyping according to sex in extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients in Iraq","authors":"N. Hindi","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000240","url":null,"abstract":"Methods: One-hundred whole blood samples were collected from patients with EPTB (n1⁄450) and healthy control patients (n1⁄450). The sequence-specific oligonucleotide was used for HLA-DRB1 genotyping. Results: The HLA-DRB1 7 (relative risk1⁄44.35) and HLA-DRB1 3 (relative risk1⁄43.20) genotypes were significantly more frequent among patients with EPTB compared with healthy subjects (38 vs. 16%, P1⁄40.002 and 27 vs. 8%, P1⁄40.002, respectively). The total alleles of the HLA-DRB1 were more common among female patients (60%) vs. male patients (40%). From the result of HLA-DRB1 genotypes, most of the females had two alleles, whereas males mostly had one allele. The frequency of the HLA-DRB1 3 and HLA-DRB1 7 was significantly more common in female patients (72 and 62%, respectively), than male patients (28 and 38%, respectively). Moreover, this result was observed for the genotype HLA-DRB1 15.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84234079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-06DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000242
Diaa Alrahmany, Islam M. Ghazi
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (coronavirus disease 2019) is currently a rapidly disseminating viral infection that turned into a global pandemic with daily increasing mortality The exaggerated host immune response (hypercytokinemia) caused by SARS-CoV-2 was found to be the main contributor to fatality rather than the genuine effect of the viral infection The challenging situation caused by the absence of definitive antiviral therapy, as well as the implication of cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) in cases of SARS-CoV-2, necessitate screening for alternate therapeutic targets and examining the possibility of repurposing already approved drugs Treatment of CSS using immunomodulators and immunosuppressants - indicated for inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases and viral infections, with acceptable safety and efficacy - represents a potential therapeutic option for reducing mortality associated with SARS-CoV-2 This article aims to review the role of cytokines in CSS, present an overview of immunomodulators and immunosuppressive clinically indicated to counteract the effect of cytokines with the overarching goal of drawing attention to potential therapeutic options for further investigation, clinical trials, and pharmaceutical research
{"title":"Cytokine storm is the cryptic killer behind coronavirus disease-2019 infections, review of the current evidence to identify therapeutic options","authors":"Diaa Alrahmany, Islam M. Ghazi","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000242","url":null,"abstract":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (coronavirus disease 2019) is currently a rapidly disseminating viral infection that turned into a global pandemic with daily increasing mortality The exaggerated host immune response (hypercytokinemia) caused by SARS-CoV-2 was found to be the main contributor to fatality rather than the genuine effect of the viral infection The challenging situation caused by the absence of definitive antiviral therapy, as well as the implication of cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) in cases of SARS-CoV-2, necessitate screening for alternate therapeutic targets and examining the possibility of repurposing already approved drugs Treatment of CSS using immunomodulators and immunosuppressants - indicated for inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases and viral infections, with acceptable safety and efficacy - represents a potential therapeutic option for reducing mortality associated with SARS-CoV-2 This article aims to review the role of cytokines in CSS, present an overview of immunomodulators and immunosuppressive clinically indicated to counteract the effect of cytokines with the overarching goal of drawing attention to potential therapeutic options for further investigation, clinical trials, and pharmaceutical research","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75580990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-21DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000218
Maryam Mohammadbeigi, safarali alizadeh koshkohi, M. Meskini
In December 2019, a report of a novel coronaviruses which called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 from Wuhan, China shocked the world. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 affects both humans and animals. Here, we attempted to have an overview of different perspectives of the need to use a face mask against coronavirus disease 2019. The primary objective of this article is to reinforce awareness of common hazards in which voluntary and precautionary use of face mask respirators may be advantageous to healthy people and the safety of the healthcare workers.
{"title":"An overview on wearing the face mask to avoid transmission of coronavirus disease 2019","authors":"Maryam Mohammadbeigi, safarali alizadeh koshkohi, M. Meskini","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000218","url":null,"abstract":"In December 2019, a report of a novel coronaviruses which called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 from Wuhan, China shocked the world. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 affects both humans and animals. Here, we attempted to have an overview of different perspectives of the need to use a face mask against coronavirus disease 2019. The primary objective of this article is to reinforce awareness of common hazards in which voluntary and precautionary use of face mask respirators may be advantageous to healthy people and the safety of the healthcare workers.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"12 1","pages":"221 - 233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74003842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-20DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000221
M. Kanaan, S. Anah, G. A. Jasim, A. Ghasemian
Objective: Owing to side effects, drug resistance and recurrence of Echinococcus granulosus infestation following conventional therapies, seeking novel therapeutic approaches such as herbal medicines seems necessary. The aim of this study was assessment the antiparasitic and immunomodulatory effects of Cinnamomum camphora and Ziziphora tenuior herbal medicines against E. granulosus protoscolices. Methods: Various concentrations of extracts were prepared including 3, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 mg/ml. BALB/c mice liver samples were obtained from slaughter house and the protoscolices were taken under sterile conditions. Mouse CD11c + CD11c + dendritic cells were purified from other mononuclear cells and confirmed by flow cytometry. Results: C. camphora and Z. tenuior exhibited dose-dependent and time-dependent antiparasitic effects against E. granulosus protoscolices. Notably, the effect of C. camphora was higher than Z. tenuior. The 5 mg/ml of C. camphora and 25 mg/ml of Z. tenuior killed 100% of protoscolices during 10 min. Extracts had insignificant macrophage cytotoxicity in MTT assay. Z. tenuior at 10 and 50 mg/ml decreased CD86 (P = 0.212) and MHC II (P = 0.0711) markers, but increased CD40 (P = 0.181) and at 100 mg/ml increased CD40 (P = 0.002), CD86 (P = 0.091) and MHC II (P = 0.113). Furthermore, C. camphora at 10 and 50 mg/ml increased CD40 (P = 0.0311) and MHC II (P = 0.0184) significantly. At these concentrations, decreased CD86 nonsignificantly, but at 100 mg/ml decreased all markers significantly (P < 0.05). Conclusion: C. camphora and Z. tenuior herbal medicines exerted substantial antiparasitic effects against hydatid cyst protoscolices. Future formulations of these herbal medicines will be promising because of low side effects and potential effects.
{"title":"In-vitro protoscolicidal and immunomodulatory effects of Cinnamomum camphora and Ziziphora tenuior against Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices","authors":"M. Kanaan, S. Anah, G. A. Jasim, A. Ghasemian","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000221","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Owing to side effects, drug resistance and recurrence of Echinococcus granulosus infestation following conventional therapies, seeking novel therapeutic approaches such as herbal medicines seems necessary. The aim of this study was assessment the antiparasitic and immunomodulatory effects of Cinnamomum camphora and Ziziphora tenuior herbal medicines against E. granulosus protoscolices. Methods: Various concentrations of extracts were prepared including 3, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 mg/ml. BALB/c mice liver samples were obtained from slaughter house and the protoscolices were taken under sterile conditions. Mouse CD11c + CD11c + dendritic cells were purified from other mononuclear cells and confirmed by flow cytometry. Results: C. camphora and Z. tenuior exhibited dose-dependent and time-dependent antiparasitic effects against E. granulosus protoscolices. Notably, the effect of C. camphora was higher than Z. tenuior. The 5 mg/ml of C. camphora and 25 mg/ml of Z. tenuior killed 100% of protoscolices during 10 min. Extracts had insignificant macrophage cytotoxicity in MTT assay. Z. tenuior at 10 and 50 mg/ml decreased CD86 (P = 0.212) and MHC II (P = 0.0711) markers, but increased CD40 (P = 0.181) and at 100 mg/ml increased CD40 (P = 0.002), CD86 (P = 0.091) and MHC II (P = 0.113). Furthermore, C. camphora at 10 and 50 mg/ml increased CD40 (P = 0.0311) and MHC II (P = 0.0184) significantly. At these concentrations, decreased CD86 nonsignificantly, but at 100 mg/ml decreased all markers significantly (P < 0.05). Conclusion: C. camphora and Z. tenuior herbal medicines exerted substantial antiparasitic effects against hydatid cyst protoscolices. Future formulations of these herbal medicines will be promising because of low side effects and potential effects.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"32 1","pages":"45 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90221350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-20DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000223
Giorgio Silva-Santana, G. G. Cabral-Oliveira, Dryelle Rodrigues de Oliveira, B. A. Nogueira, Paula Marcele Afonso Pereira-Ribeiro, A. Mattos-Guaraldi
Studies related to bacterial biofilm formation are extremely relevant because of their constant association with several human diseases. The organization of this sessile microbial community provides protection against opsonization and phagocytosis. It is responsible for hampering not only the immune system performance against infections but also antimicrobial activity. Staphylococcus aureus is part of healthy human microbiota including skin and nasal vestibule. However, many strains have become opportunistic pathogens because of the ability of biofilm formation in implants and medical devices by using them as route of access to bloodstream. S. aureus’ ability of biofilm formation is widely known and it has been responsible for several infections, such as endocarditis, bacteremia and sepsis. Several factors contribute to biofilm formation including expression of specific genes and interaction between proteins involved in adhesion to substrate. This work aims to explore the main aspects related to biofilm formation by S. aureus, using tools as data index bases from the scientific literature: Google Scholar, LILACS, MEDLINE (PubMed), SciELO, Scopus and Book/eBook, between July 2018 and February 2019, in English, Spanish and Portuguese. This review aims to provide a better understanding of biofilm formation and its impact on host health.
{"title":"Staphylococcus aureus biofilms: an opportunistic pathogen with multidrug resistance","authors":"Giorgio Silva-Santana, G. G. Cabral-Oliveira, Dryelle Rodrigues de Oliveira, B. A. Nogueira, Paula Marcele Afonso Pereira-Ribeiro, A. Mattos-Guaraldi","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000223","url":null,"abstract":"Studies related to bacterial biofilm formation are extremely relevant because of their constant association with several human diseases. The organization of this sessile microbial community provides protection against opsonization and phagocytosis. It is responsible for hampering not only the immune system performance against infections but also antimicrobial activity. Staphylococcus aureus is part of healthy human microbiota including skin and nasal vestibule. However, many strains have become opportunistic pathogens because of the ability of biofilm formation in implants and medical devices by using them as route of access to bloodstream. S. aureus’ ability of biofilm formation is widely known and it has been responsible for several infections, such as endocarditis, bacteremia and sepsis. Several factors contribute to biofilm formation including expression of specific genes and interaction between proteins involved in adhesion to substrate. This work aims to explore the main aspects related to biofilm formation by S. aureus, using tools as data index bases from the scientific literature: Google Scholar, LILACS, MEDLINE (PubMed), SciELO, Scopus and Book/eBook, between July 2018 and February 2019, in English, Spanish and Portuguese. This review aims to provide a better understanding of biofilm formation and its impact on host health.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"29 1","pages":"12 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78076423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-20DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000235
Banafsheh Douzandeh-Mobarrez, H. Alizade, H. Kafil, A. Karmostaji
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Introduction and objectives: Employment of different terms in expressing resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii is a controversial issue. The aim of this systematic review is to assess antimicrobial categories for the terms multidrug resistance (MDR), extensive-drug resistance (XDR) and pan-drug resistance (PDR) for P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii. Materials and methods: We searched the database in the medical literature for relevant studies from 2006 up to 2016. Out of the 164 studies analyzed, 106 articles focused on definitions of MDR, XDR and PDR in A. baumannii, 53 articles focused on P. aeruginosa while five articles discussed both bacteria. Results: The most prevalent MDR, XDR and PDR A. baumannii was defined as acquired resistance to amikacin (42; 64.6%), ceftazidime (42; 64.6%) and imipenem (40; 61.5%) in MDR definition and (11; 34.4%) in XDR definition. The term MDR P. aeruginosa more often refers to resistance state to the drugs such as imipenem, ciprofloxacin (26; 76.5%) and amikacin (22; 64.7%). The most common antibiotic resistance in XDR P. aeruginosa was related to ceftazidime, piperacillin-tazobactam, ciprofloxasin (11; 73.3%) and meropenem (10; 66.7%). The term PDR P. aeruginosa was used in two studies for antibiotics such as amikacin, gentamicin and tobramycin, ceftazidime, cefepime, imipenem, meropenem and ciprofloxacin (100%). Conclusion: The current study lists the antibiotics which may be useful in clearly describing the extent of antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosaand A. baumannii for each term.
补充数字内容可在文本介绍和目标:在铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌表达抗性不同的术语的使用是一个有争议的问题。本系统综述的目的是评估铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼假单胞菌的多重耐药(MDR)、广泛耐药(XDR)和泛耐药(PDR)的抗菌药物类别。材料和方法:检索数据库中2006 - 2016年的相关医学文献。在分析的164项研究中，106篇文章关注鲍曼假单胞菌的MDR、XDR和PDR的定义，53篇文章关注铜绿假单胞菌，5篇文章讨论了这两种细菌。结果:最常见的MDR、XDR和PDR鲍曼不饱和杆菌被定义为获得性耐药(42;64.6%)，头孢他啶(42;64.6%)和亚胺培南(40;61.5%)， (11;34.4%)。耐多药铜绿假单胞菌一词更多地是指对亚胺培南、环丙沙星(26;76.5%)和阿米卡星(22;64.7%)。XDR P. aeruginosa最常见的抗生素耐药与头孢他啶、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦、环丙沙星(11;73.3%)和美罗培南(10;66.7%)。在两项研究中，PDR铜绿假单胞菌一词被用于阿米卡星、庆大霉素和妥布霉素、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南、美罗培南和环丙沙星等抗生素(100%)。结论:本研究列出了铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼假单胞菌各期的耐药程度。
{"title":"Antimicrobial categories in describing multidrug resistance, extensive drug resistance and pan-drug resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii: a systematic review","authors":"Banafsheh Douzandeh-Mobarrez, H. Alizade, H. Kafil, A. Karmostaji","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000235","url":null,"abstract":"Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Introduction and objectives: Employment of different terms in expressing resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii is a controversial issue. The aim of this systematic review is to assess antimicrobial categories for the terms multidrug resistance (MDR), extensive-drug resistance (XDR) and pan-drug resistance (PDR) for P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii. Materials and methods: We searched the database in the medical literature for relevant studies from 2006 up to 2016. Out of the 164 studies analyzed, 106 articles focused on definitions of MDR, XDR and PDR in A. baumannii, 53 articles focused on P. aeruginosa while five articles discussed both bacteria. Results: The most prevalent MDR, XDR and PDR A. baumannii was defined as acquired resistance to amikacin (42; 64.6%), ceftazidime (42; 64.6%) and imipenem (40; 61.5%) in MDR definition and (11; 34.4%) in XDR definition. The term MDR P. aeruginosa more often refers to resistance state to the drugs such as imipenem, ciprofloxacin (26; 76.5%) and amikacin (22; 64.7%). The most common antibiotic resistance in XDR P. aeruginosa was related to ceftazidime, piperacillin-tazobactam, ciprofloxasin (11; 73.3%) and meropenem (10; 66.7%). The term PDR P. aeruginosa was used in two studies for antibiotics such as amikacin, gentamicin and tobramycin, ceftazidime, cefepime, imipenem, meropenem and ciprofloxacin (100%). Conclusion: The current study lists the antibiotics which may be useful in clearly describing the extent of antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosaand A. baumannii for each term.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"61 5 1","pages":"6 - 11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85052679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-20DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000222
S. S. Khazaal, M. Talha, Anmar A. Raheem
ISSN The diabetic patients have tendencies to develop infections in presence of hyperglycemia makes mucosal epithelial more susceptible to infections. Diabetic mellitus causes a sever deregulation of immune response in a healthy human body. The suppressed production of immune pepetides and altered immune, susceptibility to infections are much higher in immunosuppressed patients with diabetes mellitus. The human host and microorganisms normally exist in a balanced relationship. Infection occurs when pathogens are able to resist host’s immune system and subsequently invade systemic host responses. The reasons why infections do not recover are related to local factors associated with the infections and also with comorbidities such as diabetes. In this review, we discuss the influence of diabetes in bacterial infection and their mechanism emphasizing their role in bacterial pathogensis. Copyright 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Pathogenic bacteria of diabetic-associated infections and their pathogenesis","authors":"S. S. Khazaal, M. Talha, Anmar A. Raheem","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000222","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN The diabetic patients have tendencies to develop infections in presence of hyperglycemia makes mucosal epithelial more susceptible to infections. Diabetic mellitus causes a sever deregulation of immune response in a healthy human body. The suppressed production of immune pepetides and altered immune, susceptibility to infections are much higher in immunosuppressed patients with diabetes mellitus. The human host and microorganisms normally exist in a balanced relationship. Infection occurs when pathogens are able to resist host’s immune system and subsequently invade systemic host responses. The reasons why infections do not recover are related to local factors associated with the infections and also with comorbidities such as diabetes. In this review, we discuss the influence of diabetes in bacterial infection and their mechanism emphasizing their role in bacterial pathogensis. Copyright 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87915937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-08DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000207
F. Kamarehei, M. Taheri, Y. Mohammadi, L. Shokoohizadeh, M. Alikhani
Introduction: Helicobacter pylori infection as the worldwide problem is related to many gastrointestinal disorders. Because of antithesis results among different articles; we systematically reviewed articles about the prevalence of H. pylori virulence factors among different diseases (gastritis, gastric cancer, nonulcer disease, peptic ulcer disease, duodenal ulcer) in different regions of Iran. Methods: We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis statement for reporting systematic review and meta-analysis of this study in national and international databases. We searched the cagA, vacA, oipA, babA, iceA, dupA prevalence among infected patients in Iran. We used Newcastle--Ottawa quality for assessing the quality of studies in meta-analyses. Due to significant heterogeneity of the results, random effects model to calculate pooled prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals, weighted by study size. Results: Among 1106 reports screened, 28 related articles were eligible for meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence (95% confidence interval) of cagA, vacA, oipA, babA, iceA1, iceA2, dupA were estimated as 62% (21--95), 71.2% (38–82), 71% (13–99), 61.6% (3–96), 36.2% (12–90), 26.2% (13–37), 40.8% (12–55), respectively. Discussion: The frequency of virulence factor genes among H. pylori strains isolated in Iranian patients to be more frequently associated with the gastrointestinal disease compared with the other countries and these data can be considered in development of eradication strategies.
{"title":"Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori virulence genes among Iranian infected patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"F. Kamarehei, M. Taheri, Y. Mohammadi, L. Shokoohizadeh, M. Alikhani","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000207","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Helicobacter pylori infection as the worldwide problem is related to many gastrointestinal disorders. Because of antithesis results among different articles; we systematically reviewed articles about the prevalence of H. pylori virulence factors among different diseases (gastritis, gastric cancer, nonulcer disease, peptic ulcer disease, duodenal ulcer) in different regions of Iran. Methods: We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis statement for reporting systematic review and meta-analysis of this study in national and international databases. We searched the cagA, vacA, oipA, babA, iceA, dupA prevalence among infected patients in Iran. We used Newcastle--Ottawa quality for assessing the quality of studies in meta-analyses. Due to significant heterogeneity of the results, random effects model to calculate pooled prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals, weighted by study size. Results: Among 1106 reports screened, 28 related articles were eligible for meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence (95% confidence interval) of cagA, vacA, oipA, babA, iceA1, iceA2, dupA were estimated as 62% (21--95), 71.2% (38–82), 71% (13–99), 61.6% (3–96), 36.2% (12–90), 26.2% (13–37), 40.8% (12–55), respectively. Discussion: The frequency of virulence factor genes among H. pylori strains isolated in Iranian patients to be more frequently associated with the gastrointestinal disease compared with the other countries and these data can be considered in development of eradication strategies.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"5 1","pages":"191 - 200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80841815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-08DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000232
Negar Narimisa, B. Kalani, Fatemeh Amraei, Rokhsareh Mohammadzadeh, S. Mirkalantari, S. Razavi, F. Jazi
Objective: Persistence is a subpopulation of bacteria that can tolerate high doses of antibiotics by undergoing a period of dormancy. This study aimed to investigate the hypothetical role of toxin/antitoxin systems in persister cell formation of Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 by evaluating toxins of type II toxin/antitoxin systems expression. Methods: To determine the number of surviving cells, bacterial colonies were counted at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 24 h after treated with a lethal dose of kanamycin. The role of toxin/antitoxin systems in persister cell formation was then determined by toxins of type II toxin/antitoxin systems (relE1, relE2, hipA, vapC, and doc) expression levels using real-time PCR. Results: Our results showed the viability of persister cells after 5 h. The results of relative real-time PCR showed higher levels of toxin gene expression due to stress conditions, suggesting the possible role of toxin/antitoxin systems in persister cell formation and antibiotic tolerance. Conclusion: Considering the importance of persistence and the tolerance to antibiotics, further studies on persister cell formation and related genes such as the toxin/antitoxin system genes might help us to identify the precise mechanisms leading to persister cell formation.
{"title":"Type II toxin/antitoxin system genes expression in persister cells of Klebsiella pneumoniae","authors":"Negar Narimisa, B. Kalani, Fatemeh Amraei, Rokhsareh Mohammadzadeh, S. Mirkalantari, S. Razavi, F. Jazi","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000232","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Persistence is a subpopulation of bacteria that can tolerate high doses of antibiotics by undergoing a period of dormancy. This study aimed to investigate the hypothetical role of toxin/antitoxin systems in persister cell formation of Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 by evaluating toxins of type II toxin/antitoxin systems expression. Methods: To determine the number of surviving cells, bacterial colonies were counted at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 24 h after treated with a lethal dose of kanamycin. The role of toxin/antitoxin systems in persister cell formation was then determined by toxins of type II toxin/antitoxin systems (relE1, relE2, hipA, vapC, and doc) expression levels using real-time PCR. Results: Our results showed the viability of persister cells after 5 h. The results of relative real-time PCR showed higher levels of toxin gene expression due to stress conditions, suggesting the possible role of toxin/antitoxin systems in persister cell formation and antibiotic tolerance. Conclusion: Considering the importance of persistence and the tolerance to antibiotics, further studies on persister cell formation and related genes such as the toxin/antitoxin system genes might help us to identify the precise mechanisms leading to persister cell formation.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"26 1","pages":"215 - 220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85532578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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