Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000198
A. Ghasemian, A. F. Abbas, A. G. Al-Saadi, M. Salari, H. Memariani, S. S. Mostafavi
Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonotic disease with no particular or verified symptoms, which has been underreported as an occupational infection.Leptospirainterrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae andL. interrogansserovarGrippotyphosaare the two major pathogenic serovars. Professionals who are in constant contact with animals and their residues, in water supply, rice mill, slaughtering houses, hospital sanitary places, strawberry picking, construction works, agriculture working, forest working and food industry are at highest risk. Factors related to occupational, environmental, and recreational aspects and the presence of wild reservoirs of leptospirosis will be discussed in this concise review. Noticeably, lack of early identification, international travelling, skin wounds, sanitary and washing habitations after contact with animals, delay in treatment, and unhealthy behaviors of adolescents contribute to the disease. Hence, public education for people's awareness is essential. For instance, farmers, students, forest keepers, veterinary surgeons or veterinarians, and abattoir workers should take care by wearing cloth, such as long trousers and a long-sleeved shirt, and simple gloves to hinder the infection acquisition through skin. For people engaged in water sports, covering skin abrasions with waterproof dressings and wearing protective clothing can prevent disease transmission. However, there is no same control strategy applicable to all epidemiological wards universally. Furthermore, ecoepidemiological and cultural characteristics should be well recognized. Copyright (C) 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords:leptospirosis; occupational diseases; risk factors; zoonoses
{"title":"Occupational leptospirosis as an underreported disease in high-risk groups: implications for prevention and control measures","authors":"A. Ghasemian, A. F. Abbas, A. G. Al-Saadi, M. Salari, H. Memariani, S. S. Mostafavi","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000198","url":null,"abstract":"Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonotic disease with no particular or verified symptoms, which has been underreported as an occupational infection.Leptospirainterrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae andL. interrogansserovarGrippotyphosaare the two major pathogenic serovars. Professionals who are in constant contact with animals and their residues, in water supply, rice mill, slaughtering houses, hospital sanitary places, strawberry picking, construction works, agriculture working, forest working and food industry are at highest risk. Factors related to occupational, environmental, and recreational aspects and the presence of wild reservoirs of leptospirosis will be discussed in this concise review. Noticeably, lack of early identification, international travelling, skin wounds, sanitary and washing habitations after contact with animals, delay in treatment, and unhealthy behaviors of adolescents contribute to the disease. Hence, public education for people's awareness is essential. For instance, farmers, students, forest keepers, veterinary surgeons or veterinarians, and abattoir workers should take care by wearing cloth, such as long trousers and a long-sleeved shirt, and simple gloves to hinder the infection acquisition through skin. For people engaged in water sports, covering skin abrasions with waterproof dressings and wearing protective clothing can prevent disease transmission. However, there is no same control strategy applicable to all epidemiological wards universally. Furthermore, ecoepidemiological and cultural characteristics should be well recognized. Copyright (C) 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. \u0000Keywords:leptospirosis; occupational diseases; risk factors; zoonoses","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83067004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000199
Sahar Honarmand Jahromy, M. Rahbar, Abed Zahedi Bialvaei, Arezoo Asadi, Shaghayegh Honarmand Jahromy, P. Eslami, M. Mardani, E. Kouhsari
ISSN The antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 284 Enterobacteriaceae isolates responsible for urinary tract infections to ampicillin, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, trimethoprin-sulfamethaxole, and fosfomycin was performed by disk diffusion method. Additionally, in fosfomycin-resistant and intermediate susceptible isolates using disk diffusion method, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fosfomycin was determined by agar dilution. The presence of fosA and fosA3 genes and ESBL genes was investigated in fosfomycin-resistant isolates and ESBL-producing isolates, respectively. Klebsiella pneumoniae [72.34% (34/47)], and Escherichia coli [58.23% (138/237)] were identified as ESBL-producers by phenotype. These isolates were positive for the presence of blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M genes in 56.97% (n1⁄498), 55.23% (n1⁄495), and 78.48% (n1⁄4135), respectively. Resistance to fosfomycin was detected in 9.4% (13/138) and 5.9% (2/34) of the ESBL-E. coli and ESBL-K. pneumoniae isolates. In fosfomycin-resistant isolates, the presence of the fosA gene was detected in two ESBL-E. coli isolates; the fosA3 gene in one non-ESBL E. coli isolate; and the fosA3 gene co-harboured with blaCTX-M in six ESBL-E. coli (n1⁄45) and one K. pneumoniae isolates. A high prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (72.6%) was detected in urine samples. Fosfomycin showed the highest susceptibility rate ( 87%) of antimicrobials tested in ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Prevalence of fosfomycin resistance genes and antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical urinary extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates","authors":"Sahar Honarmand Jahromy, M. Rahbar, Abed Zahedi Bialvaei, Arezoo Asadi, Shaghayegh Honarmand Jahromy, P. Eslami, M. Mardani, E. Kouhsari","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000199","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN The antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 284 Enterobacteriaceae isolates responsible for urinary tract infections to ampicillin, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, trimethoprin-sulfamethaxole, and fosfomycin was performed by disk diffusion method. Additionally, in fosfomycin-resistant and intermediate susceptible isolates using disk diffusion method, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fosfomycin was determined by agar dilution. The presence of fosA and fosA3 genes and ESBL genes was investigated in fosfomycin-resistant isolates and ESBL-producing isolates, respectively. Klebsiella pneumoniae [72.34% (34/47)], and Escherichia coli [58.23% (138/237)] were identified as ESBL-producers by phenotype. These isolates were positive for the presence of blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M genes in 56.97% (n1⁄498), 55.23% (n1⁄495), and 78.48% (n1⁄4135), respectively. Resistance to fosfomycin was detected in 9.4% (13/138) and 5.9% (2/34) of the ESBL-E. coli and ESBL-K. pneumoniae isolates. In fosfomycin-resistant isolates, the presence of the fosA gene was detected in two ESBL-E. coli isolates; the fosA3 gene in one non-ESBL E. coli isolate; and the fosA3 gene co-harboured with blaCTX-M in six ESBL-E. coli (n1⁄45) and one K. pneumoniae isolates. A high prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (72.6%) was detected in urine samples. Fosfomycin showed the highest susceptibility rate ( 87%) of antimicrobials tested in ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84643640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000192
F. Taheri, A. Amini, E. Kouhsari, Mohammad Reza Kiaei, R. Movaseghi, F. Niknejad
ISSN Microbial contamination is one of the most important problems in the preparation of many herbal products. This study aimed to use nanoparticles and UVC radiation, which were considered in some previous laboratory studies. The contaminated water was entered into a photocatalytic reactor, and microbial removal efficiency of TiO2 alone and in the presence of UV was evaluated under different retention times (0–90 min) and concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1 and 2 mg/ml). Efficiency of the reactor increased with increase in the retention time in the presence of UV. Simultaneous treatment of the contaminated water with both UV and TiO2 nanoparticles had a similar outcome. However, only a slight reduction in the concentration of microbes was noted in the presence of TiO2 in high concentrations. Considering the significant antimicrobial effects of nanoparticles, it is suggested to conduct similar studies on the effect of these compounds using animal models. By obtaining further information on other antimicrobial properties of such compounds, they could be utilized for removal of microbial surface contamination, especially in clinical settings. Copyright 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Photocatalytic inactivation of microorganisms in water under ultraviolet C irradiation and TiO2","authors":"F. Taheri, A. Amini, E. Kouhsari, Mohammad Reza Kiaei, R. Movaseghi, F. Niknejad","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000192","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN Microbial contamination is one of the most important problems in the preparation of many herbal products. This study aimed to use nanoparticles and UVC radiation, which were considered in some previous laboratory studies. The contaminated water was entered into a photocatalytic reactor, and microbial removal efficiency of TiO2 alone and in the presence of UV was evaluated under different retention times (0–90 min) and concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1 and 2 mg/ml). Efficiency of the reactor increased with increase in the retention time in the presence of UV. Simultaneous treatment of the contaminated water with both UV and TiO2 nanoparticles had a similar outcome. However, only a slight reduction in the concentration of microbes was noted in the presence of TiO2 in high concentrations. Considering the significant antimicrobial effects of nanoparticles, it is suggested to conduct similar studies on the effect of these compounds using animal models. By obtaining further information on other antimicrobial properties of such compounds, they could be utilized for removal of microbial surface contamination, especially in clinical settings. Copyright 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76260770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000200
L. Shokoohizadeh, H. Alizade, R. A. Rajabi, Vahideh Namordizadeh, A. Karmostaji
ISSN Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to be one of the most important causes of nosocomial infections, with high antimicrobial resistance. Thus, the current study was conducted to evaluate usefulness of multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) plan for epidemiological studies and clustering of P. aeruginosa isolated in different wards of general hospital in Bandar Abbas, south of Iran, as well as assessment of presence of integrons and resistance genes in these strains.
{"title":"Tandem repeat analysis for typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa carrying resistance genes in southern Iran","authors":"L. Shokoohizadeh, H. Alizade, R. A. Rajabi, Vahideh Namordizadeh, A. Karmostaji","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000200","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to be one of the most important causes of nosocomial infections, with high antimicrobial resistance. Thus, the current study was conducted to evaluate usefulness of multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) plan for epidemiological studies and clustering of P. aeruginosa isolated in different wards of general hospital in Bandar Abbas, south of Iran, as well as assessment of presence of integrons and resistance genes in these strains.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72663332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000184
M. Marjani, S. H. Authman, Fatima S. Ali
ISSN Biofilms usually occur on or within medical devices such as mechanical heart valves, prosthetic joints, peritoneal dialysis catheters, contact lenses, central venous catheters, pacemakers and urinary catheters. The presence of biofilms can be seen in different diseases like endocarditis, otitis, cystic fibrosis, periodontitis, osteomyelitis and chronic wounds. Toxin–antitoxin systems are reported to respond to stresses that are also found in the host. Some toxins of toxin–antitoxin systems modules have been proposed as potential weapons used by bacteria to act on host targets. In this review, we focus on the most recent evidence that connect toxin–antitoxin systems with bacterial biofilm. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Toxin–antitoxin systems and biofilm formation in bacteria","authors":"M. Marjani, S. H. Authman, Fatima S. Ali","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000184","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN Biofilms usually occur on or within medical devices such as mechanical heart valves, prosthetic joints, peritoneal dialysis catheters, contact lenses, central venous catheters, pacemakers and urinary catheters. The presence of biofilms can be seen in different diseases like endocarditis, otitis, cystic fibrosis, periodontitis, osteomyelitis and chronic wounds. Toxin–antitoxin systems are reported to respond to stresses that are also found in the host. Some toxins of toxin–antitoxin systems modules have been proposed as potential weapons used by bacteria to act on host targets. In this review, we focus on the most recent evidence that connect toxin–antitoxin systems with bacterial biofilm. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80033893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000202
Pezhman Karami, A. Khaledi, D. Dastan, M. Yaghoobi, M. Karami, Rasool Yousefi Mashoof, M. Alikhani
Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of each antibiotic (Gentamicin and Ciprofloxacin) alone or in combination with the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of cinnamon and honey was determined by broth microdilution method for clinical and environmental isolates of P. aeruginosa based on the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The synergisticeffectof combinations was evaluatedusing a checkerboard test.Data analyzed using chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests (SPSS software). P-value of less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistically significant differences.
{"title":"Evaluation of the synergistic effect of cinnamon extract and honey against multidrug-resistant isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa recovered from burn unit","authors":"Pezhman Karami, A. Khaledi, D. Dastan, M. Yaghoobi, M. Karami, Rasool Yousefi Mashoof, M. Alikhani","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000202","url":null,"abstract":"Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of each antibiotic (Gentamicin and Ciprofloxacin) alone or in combination with the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of cinnamon and honey was determined by broth microdilution method for clinical and environmental isolates of P. aeruginosa based on the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The synergisticeffectof combinations was evaluatedusing a checkerboard test.Data analyzed using chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests (SPSS software). P-value of less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistically significant differences.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76943929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-05DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000215
Vahid Louhrasby, Fatemeh Ghayaz, S. Mirhosseini, R. Golmohammadi
To assess the prevalence of incidence rate and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Vibrio cholerae in provinces of Iran, a systematic review was conducted during 1979–2019. This survey was performed using the following keywords ‘Vibrio cholerae’ and ‘Iran’ in the international databases including ISI Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar from January 1979 to December 2019. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 18.0 (IBM, New York, USA). In addition, P less than 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. According to our results, the highest rate of incidence of cholera occurs in Sistan and Baluchestan (925/1636 cases), and after that Alborz (595/1636 cases) and Tehran (587/1636 cases) have shown high distribution. Among all provinces, Alborz province has demonstrated higher percentage of drug resistance than other ones (ampicillin 58.1%, co-trimoxazole 87%, erythromycin 87.5%, and furazolidone 74%). Moreover, lower antibiotic resistance has been shown in Golestan and Kermanshah, respectively. In spite of the fact that Iran has some big challenges in managing and controlling cholera incidence and antibiotic resistance, we believe that Iran has good perspective in future, as follows: special attention of the Iran government to cholera's free treatment, diagnosis and monitoring and eradication of it with coordination of WHO; Improving the level of food safety and quality; and finally, a ‘national action plan of Islamic Republic of Iran to combating antimicrobial resistance’ that were published to stop and reverse the trend of drug resistance in Iran.
为评估伊朗各省霍乱弧菌的发病率和药敏模式，在1979-2019年期间进行了系统评价。本调查于1979年1月至2019年12月在ISI Web of Science、PubMed、Scopus和Google Scholar等国际数据库中使用“霍乱弧菌”和“伊朗”等关键词进行。采用SPSS软件18.0 (IBM, New York, USA)进行统计分析。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果显示，霍乱发病率最高的地区为锡斯坦和俾路支省(925/1636)，其次为阿尔博兹(595/1636)和德黑兰(587/1636)。在所有省份中，阿尔博斯省的耐药率高于其他省份(氨苄西林58.1%，复方新诺明87%，红霉素87.5%，呋喃唑酮74%)。此外，Golestan和Kermanshah分别显示出较低的抗生素耐药性。尽管伊朗在管理和控制霍乱发病率和抗生素耐药性方面面临一些重大挑战，但我们认为伊朗未来前景良好，如下:伊朗政府特别重视在世卫组织的协调下免费治疗、诊断、监测和根除霍乱;提高食品安全质量水平;最后，公布了一项“伊朗伊斯兰共和国抗击抗菌素耐药性国家行动计划”，以阻止和扭转伊朗的耐药性趋势。
{"title":"A systematic review of 40 years of distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Vibrio cholerae in Iran with future perspective","authors":"Vahid Louhrasby, Fatemeh Ghayaz, S. Mirhosseini, R. Golmohammadi","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000215","url":null,"abstract":"To assess the prevalence of incidence rate and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Vibrio cholerae in provinces of Iran, a systematic review was conducted during 1979–2019. This survey was performed using the following keywords ‘Vibrio cholerae’ and ‘Iran’ in the international databases including ISI Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar from January 1979 to December 2019. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 18.0 (IBM, New York, USA). In addition, P less than 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. According to our results, the highest rate of incidence of cholera occurs in Sistan and Baluchestan (925/1636 cases), and after that Alborz (595/1636 cases) and Tehran (587/1636 cases) have shown high distribution. Among all provinces, Alborz province has demonstrated higher percentage of drug resistance than other ones (ampicillin 58.1%, co-trimoxazole 87%, erythromycin 87.5%, and furazolidone 74%). Moreover, lower antibiotic resistance has been shown in Golestan and Kermanshah, respectively. In spite of the fact that Iran has some big challenges in managing and controlling cholera incidence and antibiotic resistance, we believe that Iran has good perspective in future, as follows: special attention of the Iran government to cholera's free treatment, diagnosis and monitoring and eradication of it with coordination of WHO; Improving the level of food safety and quality; and finally, a ‘national action plan of Islamic Republic of Iran to combating antimicrobial resistance’ that were published to stop and reverse the trend of drug resistance in Iran.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"42 1","pages":"183 - 190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85879658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000195
M. A. Shadbad, H. Kafil, M. Rezaee, M. R. Farzami, A. D. Dehkharghani, J. Sadeghi, P. Gholizadeh, M. Aghazadeh
ISSN Streptococcus agalactiae is the prominent cause of bacterial sepsis and meningitis in neonates and is also the contributing agent of a number of serious infections in immunocompromised adults. S. agalactiae run into multiple niches through an infection, suggesting that regulatory mechanisms control the expression of specific virulence factors in this bacterium. Like other Gram-positive bacteria, Group B streptococcus (GBS) can create three-dimensional structures, such as biofilms that can increase their ability to colonize and maintain in the host. Biofilm formation has been investigated by GBS under laboratory conditions and is clearly controlled under environmental conditions. Significantly, antibodies that act against the proteins of the pili can prevent the creation of biofilms. The consequences of biofilm formation in the field of asymptomatic colonization and its dissemination remain invasive and its details are examined. The complex pathway leading to biofilm development in different species of microorganisms involves the contribution of both environmental conditions and genetic factors. Numerous genes or factors have been identified as being essential or required for biofilm formation. Such genes include those that regulate surface-exposed proteins, appendages, such as pili or fimbriae, and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix materials. Pilus seems to play a key role in adhesion and attachment to host cells both in Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens. Their involvement in the transition from planktonic growth to a surface-attached multicellular community has also been demonstrated in many studies. Three different types of pili have been characterized in GBS as potential virulence factors. For example, type 2a pili are involved in biofilm formation. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Filament genes and biofilm formation in Streptococcus agalactiae","authors":"M. A. Shadbad, H. Kafil, M. Rezaee, M. R. Farzami, A. D. Dehkharghani, J. Sadeghi, P. Gholizadeh, M. Aghazadeh","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000195","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN Streptococcus agalactiae is the prominent cause of bacterial sepsis and meningitis in neonates and is also the contributing agent of a number of serious infections in immunocompromised adults. S. agalactiae run into multiple niches through an infection, suggesting that regulatory mechanisms control the expression of specific virulence factors in this bacterium. Like other Gram-positive bacteria, Group B streptococcus (GBS) can create three-dimensional structures, such as biofilms that can increase their ability to colonize and maintain in the host. Biofilm formation has been investigated by GBS under laboratory conditions and is clearly controlled under environmental conditions. Significantly, antibodies that act against the proteins of the pili can prevent the creation of biofilms. The consequences of biofilm formation in the field of asymptomatic colonization and its dissemination remain invasive and its details are examined. The complex pathway leading to biofilm development in different species of microorganisms involves the contribution of both environmental conditions and genetic factors. Numerous genes or factors have been identified as being essential or required for biofilm formation. Such genes include those that regulate surface-exposed proteins, appendages, such as pili or fimbriae, and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix materials. Pilus seems to play a key role in adhesion and attachment to host cells both in Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens. Their involvement in the transition from planktonic growth to a surface-attached multicellular community has also been demonstrated in many studies. Three different types of pili have been characterized in GBS as potential virulence factors. For example, type 2a pili are involved in biofilm formation. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76242886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000193
F. Imani, Shaden M H Mubarak, S. S. Mostafavi, Marjan Khoda-Bakhshi, M. Bojary, A. Ghasemian
Methods: A bacterial suspension with opacity equal to the half Mac Farland containing of studied nine bacterial species [Escherichia coli ATCC25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC12228, Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC49619, group A Streptococcus (clinical), Bacillus cereus ATCC11778, Acinetobacter baumannii (clinical), and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212] was prepared. The bacterial growth was assessed via culturing each solution (containing bacterial suspension and anesthetic drug) on culture media. Antibacterial characteristics of anesthetics were evaluated at various time points of culturing the bacterial solution (exposure to anesthetics) and countering the bacterial colonies and compared with the controls.
{"title":"Antibacterial effects of local analgesics and anesthetics","authors":"F. Imani, Shaden M H Mubarak, S. S. Mostafavi, Marjan Khoda-Bakhshi, M. Bojary, A. Ghasemian","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000193","url":null,"abstract":"Methods: A bacterial suspension with opacity equal to the half Mac Farland containing of studied nine bacterial species [Escherichia coli ATCC25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC12228, Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC49619, group A Streptococcus (clinical), Bacillus cereus ATCC11778, Acinetobacter baumannii (clinical), and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212] was prepared. The bacterial growth was assessed via culturing each solution (containing bacterial suspension and anesthetic drug) on culture media. Antibacterial characteristics of anesthetics were evaluated at various time points of culturing the bacterial solution (exposure to anesthetics) and countering the bacterial colonies and compared with the controls.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89817850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000182
S. Khanjani, H. S. Ebrahim-Saraie, Yalda Malekzadegan, M. Halaji, A. Mojtahedi
ISSN Eravacycline (TP-434 or 7-fluoro-9-pyrrolidinoacetamido-6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline) is a novel fluorocycline antibiotic, which was designed to overcome tetracyclinespecific resistance mechanisms. This study aimed to analyze the in-vitro activity of eravacycline against Gram-negative bacteria in published literature, to contribute to the international data on the antimicrobial stewardship programs. A systematic literature review was performed through the electronic databases from January of 2000 to December 2017 to cover all published articles relevant to our scope. Finally, nine studies met our inclusion criteria that were subjected to data extraction and review. The highest activity of eravacycline was against Escherichia coli isolates since in all reports eravacycline at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml or less inhibited 90% of isolates. In contrast, the lowest activity was seen against Proteeae isolates since except for one report eravacycline at a concentration of at least 2 mg/ml inhibited 90% of isolates. The antibacterial activity of eravacycline against 13 collections of carbapenem-resistant bacteria consists of 1057 isolates was showed that eravacycline at a concentration of 2 mg/ml or less inhibited 90% of isolates. The only exception was for carbapenemresistant Proteeae which 90% of isolates were inhibited at a concentration of at least 4 mg/ml. In summary, eravacycline has a promising in-vitro antibacterial property against several nosocomial pathogens. This was an encouraging result that provides an option for treatment of infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, regardless of resistance phenotype. However, further clinical studies are necessitate to provide clinical evidence to support these observations. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Systematic review of antibacterial activity of eravacycline: a novel fluorocycline against clinically obtained Gram-negative bacteria","authors":"S. Khanjani, H. S. Ebrahim-Saraie, Yalda Malekzadegan, M. Halaji, A. Mojtahedi","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000182","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN Eravacycline (TP-434 or 7-fluoro-9-pyrrolidinoacetamido-6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline) is a novel fluorocycline antibiotic, which was designed to overcome tetracyclinespecific resistance mechanisms. This study aimed to analyze the in-vitro activity of eravacycline against Gram-negative bacteria in published literature, to contribute to the international data on the antimicrobial stewardship programs. A systematic literature review was performed through the electronic databases from January of 2000 to December 2017 to cover all published articles relevant to our scope. Finally, nine studies met our inclusion criteria that were subjected to data extraction and review. The highest activity of eravacycline was against Escherichia coli isolates since in all reports eravacycline at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml or less inhibited 90% of isolates. In contrast, the lowest activity was seen against Proteeae isolates since except for one report eravacycline at a concentration of at least 2 mg/ml inhibited 90% of isolates. The antibacterial activity of eravacycline against 13 collections of carbapenem-resistant bacteria consists of 1057 isolates was showed that eravacycline at a concentration of 2 mg/ml or less inhibited 90% of isolates. The only exception was for carbapenemresistant Proteeae which 90% of isolates were inhibited at a concentration of at least 4 mg/ml. In summary, eravacycline has a promising in-vitro antibacterial property against several nosocomial pathogens. This was an encouraging result that provides an option for treatment of infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, regardless of resistance phenotype. However, further clinical studies are necessitate to provide clinical evidence to support these observations. Copyright 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"199 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73118231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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