Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000206
Abbas Abdolitafti, S. Mousavi, Mehdi Neshan, S. Sajjadi, S. Shahcheraghi
ISSN Even in countries where tuberculosis (TB) is not uncommon, tenosynovitis rarely occurs. Ankle tendons involvement is much less common than wrist. In this case report, we present a case of ankle tenosynovitis. After diagnostic–therapeutic tenosynovectomy anti-TB treatment was started. No sign of disease relapse was observed after 9 months follow-up. MRI has an important role in diagnosing the cases of tenosynovitis. Magnetic resonance scan shows tendon thickening increases in synovial fluid in tendon sheath. Histopathologic findings of granulomatous inflammation as well as TB culture confirm the diagnosis. Although TB is not the common cause of tenosynovitis in foot, it must be closely studied in differential diagnosis of chronic tenosynovitis in countries where TB is common. Anti-TB treatment is better to be started prior to surgery. And if desired results are not achieved by medical treatment or in case of uncertain diagnosis of the disease, clinical–diagnostic tenosynovectomy must be done. Copyright 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Observing and treating the tubercular tenosynovitis of ankle tendons: a case report and reviewing the related literature","authors":"Abbas Abdolitafti, S. Mousavi, Mehdi Neshan, S. Sajjadi, S. Shahcheraghi","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000206","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN Even in countries where tuberculosis (TB) is not uncommon, tenosynovitis rarely occurs. Ankle tendons involvement is much less common than wrist. In this case report, we present a case of ankle tenosynovitis. After diagnostic–therapeutic tenosynovectomy anti-TB treatment was started. No sign of disease relapse was observed after 9 months follow-up. MRI has an important role in diagnosing the cases of tenosynovitis. Magnetic resonance scan shows tendon thickening increases in synovial fluid in tendon sheath. Histopathologic findings of granulomatous inflammation as well as TB culture confirm the diagnosis. Although TB is not the common cause of tenosynovitis in foot, it must be closely studied in differential diagnosis of chronic tenosynovitis in countries where TB is common. Anti-TB treatment is better to be started prior to surgery. And if desired results are not achieved by medical treatment or in case of uncertain diagnosis of the disease, clinical–diagnostic tenosynovectomy must be done. Copyright 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85062353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000203
Al-Alo Kzk, H. R. Al-abodi, Lateef Al-Awsi Ghaidaa Raheem, Y. K. Alghanimi, M. Alshammari, Seyede Amene Mirforughi
ISSN Disruption in the epigenetic mechanisms is one of the causes of cancer; particularly in the gut. It has been elucidated that multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations during this process caused by chronic inflammation play a crucial role in the cancer progress. DNA methylation impairment as a leading change is caused during the proliferation of Helicobacter pylori. It has been unraveled that numerous tumor suppressor genes are regulated by related promoter methylation, justifying environmental factors inducing gastric carcinoma. H. pylori infection affects various cells through inflammation, changes in apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells into oncogenic cells. This is exerted through intracellular pathways in epithelial cells such as mitogenactivated protein kinase, Nuclear factor kB, activator protein, Wnt/b-catenin, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways, signal transducers and transcriptional activators. The accumulations of cytosine methylation free radicals damage the DNA; hence nitric oxide (NO) alters the DNA-methylating enzymes function. Accordingly, gastritis due to H. pylori infection results in the inflammation and triggers signaling pathways mostly inducing gastrointestinal cancer. Noticeably, H. pylori-induced microRNAs exert epigenetic changes influencing various processes most of which including immune responses, autophagy, cell cycle and apoptosis. These mechanisms also stimulate gastric cancer progress. It is noteworthy that gene expression regulation through epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and micro-RNAs include major cellular pathways regulators. These epigenetic alterations represent prominent candidates for describing environmental factors roles in the genomic and cellular function enhancing the gastrointestinal carcinoma by H. pylori. Copyright 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Helicobacter pylori virulence factors expression affect epigenetic factors leading to gastrointestinal carcinoma","authors":"Al-Alo Kzk, H. R. Al-abodi, Lateef Al-Awsi Ghaidaa Raheem, Y. K. Alghanimi, M. Alshammari, Seyede Amene Mirforughi","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000203","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN Disruption in the epigenetic mechanisms is one of the causes of cancer; particularly in the gut. It has been elucidated that multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations during this process caused by chronic inflammation play a crucial role in the cancer progress. DNA methylation impairment as a leading change is caused during the proliferation of Helicobacter pylori. It has been unraveled that numerous tumor suppressor genes are regulated by related promoter methylation, justifying environmental factors inducing gastric carcinoma. H. pylori infection affects various cells through inflammation, changes in apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells into oncogenic cells. This is exerted through intracellular pathways in epithelial cells such as mitogenactivated protein kinase, Nuclear factor kB, activator protein, Wnt/b-catenin, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways, signal transducers and transcriptional activators. The accumulations of cytosine methylation free radicals damage the DNA; hence nitric oxide (NO) alters the DNA-methylating enzymes function. Accordingly, gastritis due to H. pylori infection results in the inflammation and triggers signaling pathways mostly inducing gastrointestinal cancer. Noticeably, H. pylori-induced microRNAs exert epigenetic changes influencing various processes most of which including immune responses, autophagy, cell cycle and apoptosis. These mechanisms also stimulate gastric cancer progress. It is noteworthy that gene expression regulation through epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and micro-RNAs include major cellular pathways regulators. These epigenetic alterations represent prominent candidates for describing environmental factors roles in the genomic and cellular function enhancing the gastrointestinal carcinoma by H. pylori. Copyright 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84853039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000225
Sepideh Karimi, H. Momtaz, N. Fazel
The current research was done to study the prevalence rate and molecular typing of Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from human and animal samples. One-hundred and seventy-four animal meat and 128 human clinical samples were collected and subjected to bacterial culture. A. baumannii isolates were confirmed using the Loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Approved strains were subjected to molecular typing using the multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis method. Forty-four out of 174 (25.28%) raw meat and 64 out of 128 (50%) human samples were positive for A. baumannii strains. Ovine meat (39.28%) and urine (56.06%) samples had the highest prevalence of A. baumannii strains. Eighteen human isolates were located in eight separate profiles, whereas 18 animal isolates were located in six separate profiles. The highest similarities were found between human-based A. baumannii isolates nos 6, 7 and 18 with isolates nos 5, 11, 13 and 15 (85.6% similarity). The highest similarities were found between animal-based A. baumannii isolates nos 10, 11 and 17 (99.8% similarity). From a total of 10 studied variable copy numbers of tandem repeats (VNTR) loci, 0845, 0826 and 3406 were detected in all animal-based A. baumannii isolates. Moreover, 3406 VNTR loci was only detected in all 18 human-based A. baumannii isolates. A. baumannii isolate no 17 (harbored all 10 VNTR loci) and A. baumannii isolates nos 6, 7 and 18 (harbored 9 VNTR loci) were the most pathogenic human and animal-based strains. Multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis was considered as an accurate and practical method for molecular typing of A. baumannii strains.
{"title":"Multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis of Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from human clinical and animal meat samples","authors":"Sepideh Karimi, H. Momtaz, N. Fazel","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000225","url":null,"abstract":"The current research was done to study the prevalence rate and molecular typing of Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from human and animal samples. One-hundred and seventy-four animal meat and 128 human clinical samples were collected and subjected to bacterial culture. A. baumannii isolates were confirmed using the Loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Approved strains were subjected to molecular typing using the multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis method. Forty-four out of 174 (25.28%) raw meat and 64 out of 128 (50%) human samples were positive for A. baumannii strains. Ovine meat (39.28%) and urine (56.06%) samples had the highest prevalence of A. baumannii strains. Eighteen human isolates were located in eight separate profiles, whereas 18 animal isolates were located in six separate profiles. The highest similarities were found between human-based A. baumannii isolates nos 6, 7 and 18 with isolates nos 5, 11, 13 and 15 (85.6% similarity). The highest similarities were found between animal-based A. baumannii isolates nos 10, 11 and 17 (99.8% similarity). From a total of 10 studied variable copy numbers of tandem repeats (VNTR) loci, 0845, 0826 and 3406 were detected in all animal-based A. baumannii isolates. Moreover, 3406 VNTR loci was only detected in all 18 human-based A. baumannii isolates. A. baumannii isolate no 17 (harbored all 10 VNTR loci) and A. baumannii isolates nos 6, 7 and 18 (harbored 9 VNTR loci) were the most pathogenic human and animal-based strains. Multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis was considered as an accurate and practical method for molecular typing of A. baumannii strains.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"158 1","pages":"237 - 245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73492592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000220
M. Gajdács, Marianna Ábrók, A. Lazar, K. Burián
The most prevalent causative agent of urinary tract infections (UTIs) is uropathogenic Escherichia coli, corresponding to 50–90% of uncomplicated, around 30–70% of nosocomial UTIs. There has been renewed interest toward the clinical value of older, nonβ-lactam antibiotics (including fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) used for the therapy UTIs caused by drug resistant bacteria, including AmpC-producing or an extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Gram-negative strains. The aim of our study was to determine the resistance levels of AmpC-producing or ESBL-producing E. coli strains, against the relevant ancillary antibiotics that may be used in the treatment of UTIs. Isolates were collected from the time period between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2017 from patients with uncomplicated and complicated UTIs treated at the Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center (Szeged, Hungary). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using the Kirby-Bauer method. Out of the 10 837 isolates, n = 2010 (18.5%; 402 ± 43 isolates/year) E. coli isolates were either AmpC-producers or ESBL-producers, whereas n = 1398 (12.8%; 280 ± 12 isolates/year) produced the two groups of β-lactamases simultaneously. The highest levels of coresistance overall was seen for ciprofloxacin (68.2%), followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (58.6%), whereas resistance levels were lower in regards to gentamicin (39.0%), fosfomycin (20.3%) and considerably lower for nitrofurantoin (11.1%). Our analysis of urine-specific AmpC-producing or ESBL-producing E. coli isolates is a useful addition to the literature, as clinicians may rely on this data for empiric antibiotic selection for UTI.
{"title":"Revival of older antibiotics for the therapy of urinary tract infections: old, but gold Part 1: Antimicrobial susceptibility of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing and AmpC β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates","authors":"M. Gajdács, Marianna Ábrók, A. Lazar, K. Burián","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000220","url":null,"abstract":"The most prevalent causative agent of urinary tract infections (UTIs) is uropathogenic Escherichia coli, corresponding to 50–90% of uncomplicated, around 30–70% of nosocomial UTIs. There has been renewed interest toward the clinical value of older, nonβ-lactam antibiotics (including fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) used for the therapy UTIs caused by drug resistant bacteria, including AmpC-producing or an extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Gram-negative strains. The aim of our study was to determine the resistance levels of AmpC-producing or ESBL-producing E. coli strains, against the relevant ancillary antibiotics that may be used in the treatment of UTIs. Isolates were collected from the time period between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2017 from patients with uncomplicated and complicated UTIs treated at the Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center (Szeged, Hungary). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using the Kirby-Bauer method. Out of the 10 837 isolates, n = 2010 (18.5%; 402 ± 43 isolates/year) E. coli isolates were either AmpC-producers or ESBL-producers, whereas n = 1398 (12.8%; 280 ± 12 isolates/year) produced the two groups of β-lactamases simultaneously. The highest levels of coresistance overall was seen for ciprofloxacin (68.2%), followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (58.6%), whereas resistance levels were lower in regards to gentamicin (39.0%), fosfomycin (20.3%) and considerably lower for nitrofurantoin (11.1%). Our analysis of urine-specific AmpC-producing or ESBL-producing E. coli isolates is a useful addition to the literature, as clinicians may rely on this data for empiric antibiotic selection for UTI.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"80 1","pages":"51 - 56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87130089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000214
A. Ghasemian, H. Al-Essa, Raghed M. Jassem
Results: Fifty and 75 isolates were identified in periodontitis and biopsy specimens, respectively. In periodontitis strains, the rete of cagA, cagT, cagE, vacA and hrgA were as 18 (36%), 15 (30%), 14 (28%), 6 (12%) and 6 (12%), respectively. Among 75 biopsy strains, prevalence of cagA, cagT, cagE, vacA and hrgA were as 28 (34%), 24 (32%), 19 (25.3%), 11 (14.66%) and 7 (0.14%), respectively. There was higher rate of gastric ulcer among ages more than 45 years compared with age ranges 1–15 and 20–45 years (P<0.01 and P1⁄40.004, respectively). No significant difference between men and women (35/75 vs. 40/75) was observed.
结果:在牙周炎和活检标本中分别鉴定出50株和75株分离株。牙周炎菌株cagA、cagT、cagE、vacA和hrgA的阳性率分别为18(36%)、15(30%)、14(28%)、6(12%)和6(12%)。75株活检菌株中，cagA、cagT、cagE、vacA和hrgA的患病率分别为28(34%)、24(32%)、19(25.3%)、11(14.66%)和7(0.14%)。45岁以上年龄组胃溃疡发生率高于1 ~ 15岁和20 ~ 45岁年龄组(P<0.01和P1 / 40.004)。男女之间无显著差异(35/75 vs. 40/75)。
{"title":"Existence of Helicobacter pylori with low virulence rate in dental plaque and gastric mucosa of patients with periodontal disease","authors":"A. Ghasemian, H. Al-Essa, Raghed M. Jassem","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000214","url":null,"abstract":"Results: Fifty and 75 isolates were identified in periodontitis and biopsy specimens, respectively. In periodontitis strains, the rete of cagA, cagT, cagE, vacA and hrgA were as 18 (36%), 15 (30%), 14 (28%), 6 (12%) and 6 (12%), respectively. Among 75 biopsy strains, prevalence of cagA, cagT, cagE, vacA and hrgA were as 28 (34%), 24 (32%), 19 (25.3%), 11 (14.66%) and 7 (0.14%), respectively. There was higher rate of gastric ulcer among ages more than 45 years compared with age ranges 1–15 and 20–45 years (P<0.01 and P1⁄40.004, respectively). No significant difference between men and women (35/75 vs. 40/75) was observed.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82182753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000224
M. Rezaei, J. Yousefi, N. Harzandi, Monireh Sharifizadeh, Abed Zahedi Bialvaei, M. Rahbar
ISSN Carbapenems are potent b-lactam antibiotics, including imipenem and meropenem that is used to treat serious infections caused by Acinetobacter baumannii. The aim of this study was to determine the resistance rate of A. baumannii to imipenem and meropenem by producing OXA-23 gene. Sixty A. baumannii isolates were collected from four hospitals. Susceptibility testing of all A. baumannii isolates was determined by disk diffusion method. After bacterial DNA extraction, PCR was used for detection of blaoxa-51 and blaoxa-23 beta-lactamase genes. According to the result, 98% of A. baumannii isolates were resistant to amikacin, ceftazidime and ceftriaxone. Resistance rates to imipenem and meropenem was 72%. All isolates were resistant to cefixime; however, were susceptible to colistin. PCR method determined the presence of resistance-encoding class D carbapenemase including blaoxa-51 like and blaoxa-23 like in 60 (100%) and 51 (85%) isolates, respectively, which was in agreement with disk diffusion method. Our study revealed a high rate of drug resistance among A. baumannii isolates with presence of blaoxa-51 and blaoxa-23 b-lactamase gens. However, colistin were the effective antimicrobial agents, in vitro. Therefore, the rate of carbapenemresistant A. baumannii susceptibility profiling highlights the need for a comprehensive Iranian national antimicrobial drug resistance survey to monitor A. baumannii isolates from all parts of the country. Copyright 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Production of bla oxa-23 type genes carrying by Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from hospitalized patients in Tehran, Iran","authors":"M. Rezaei, J. Yousefi, N. Harzandi, Monireh Sharifizadeh, Abed Zahedi Bialvaei, M. Rahbar","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000224","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN Carbapenems are potent b-lactam antibiotics, including imipenem and meropenem that is used to treat serious infections caused by Acinetobacter baumannii. The aim of this study was to determine the resistance rate of A. baumannii to imipenem and meropenem by producing OXA-23 gene. Sixty A. baumannii isolates were collected from four hospitals. Susceptibility testing of all A. baumannii isolates was determined by disk diffusion method. After bacterial DNA extraction, PCR was used for detection of blaoxa-51 and blaoxa-23 beta-lactamase genes. According to the result, 98% of A. baumannii isolates were resistant to amikacin, ceftazidime and ceftriaxone. Resistance rates to imipenem and meropenem was 72%. All isolates were resistant to cefixime; however, were susceptible to colistin. PCR method determined the presence of resistance-encoding class D carbapenemase including blaoxa-51 like and blaoxa-23 like in 60 (100%) and 51 (85%) isolates, respectively, which was in agreement with disk diffusion method. Our study revealed a high rate of drug resistance among A. baumannii isolates with presence of blaoxa-51 and blaoxa-23 b-lactamase gens. However, colistin were the effective antimicrobial agents, in vitro. Therefore, the rate of carbapenemresistant A. baumannii susceptibility profiling highlights the need for a comprehensive Iranian national antimicrobial drug resistance survey to monitor A. baumannii isolates from all parts of the country. Copyright 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"144 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75845732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-22DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000217
A. Ozturk, Olkar Abdulmajed, Bashar Ibrahim
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection has recently spread worldwide was declared a pandemic on March 11. The most common symptoms of COVID-19 disease are fever, fatigue, and dry cough. Some patients may experience pain and aches, nasal congestion, cold, sore throat or diarrhea. These symptoms are usually mild and begin gradually. Currently, the source of the virus is still unknown. However, all available evidence indicates that the origin of this virus is a natural animal and that it is not a manufactured virus. The virus spreads faster than its two ancestors the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. The effects of COVID-19 disease on people are that the elderly and people with preexisting medical conditions (such as hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes) have more severe symptoms than others. Some potential vaccines and drugs specifically needed to treat this disease are being investigated and are being tested by clinical trials.
{"title":"What is the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that paralyze the world?","authors":"A. Ozturk, Olkar Abdulmajed, Bashar Ibrahim","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000217","url":null,"abstract":"The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection has recently spread worldwide was declared a pandemic on March 11. The most common symptoms of COVID-19 disease are fever, fatigue, and dry cough. Some patients may experience pain and aches, nasal congestion, cold, sore throat or diarrhea. These symptoms are usually mild and begin gradually. Currently, the source of the virus is still unknown. However, all available evidence indicates that the origin of this virus is a natural animal and that it is not a manufactured virus. The virus spreads faster than its two ancestors the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. The effects of COVID-19 disease on people are that the elderly and people with preexisting medical conditions (such as hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes) have more severe symptoms than others. Some potential vaccines and drugs specifically needed to treat this disease are being investigated and are being tested by clinical trials.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"6 1","pages":"234 - 241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90743005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000168
K. Najafi, K. Ganbarov, P. Gholizadeh, A. Tanomand, M. Rezaee, S. S. Mahmood, M. Asgharzadeh, H. Kafil
Enterococcus faecalis plays an important role in human oral cavity infections and may be one of the important species in endodontic treatment failure. In this review article, we provide an overview on the occurrence of the virulence factors associated with E. faecalis in oral infections. Seven virul
{"title":"Oral cavity infection by Enterococcus faecalis: virulence factors and pathogenesis","authors":"K. Najafi, K. Ganbarov, P. Gholizadeh, A. Tanomand, M. Rezaee, S. S. Mahmood, M. Asgharzadeh, H. Kafil","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000168","url":null,"abstract":"Enterococcus faecalis plays an important role in human oral cavity infections and may be one of the important species in endodontic treatment failure. In this review article, we provide an overview on the occurrence of the virulence factors associated with E. faecalis in oral infections. Seven virul","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77745501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000201
C. Ejikeugwu, S. O. Hasson, R. M. Al-Mosawi, Miaad K Alkhudhairy, M. Saki, C. Ezeador, Peter M Eze, M. Ugwu, C. Duru, N. Ujam, C. Edeh, O. Udu-ibiam, I. Iroha, A. Michael
ISSN In Nigeria, several investigations have been done about the prevalence of the AmpC enzyme in clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria; however, little information is available on the occurrence rate of this important enzyme in abattoir specimens that play a major role in the environmental pollution in Nigeria. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of FOX AmpC-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from abattoir samples by both phenotypic method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In this study, 360 abattoir samples were analyzed for the isolation of P. aeruginosa strains. Antibiogram was carried out using the disk diffusion technique. The production of AmpC enzymes was phenotypically screened and confirmed using the cefoxitin–cloxacillin double-disk synergy test (CC-DDST). Finally, gene responsible for FOX AmpC enzyme production was investigated using PCR. A total of 147 (40.8%) isolates of P. aeruginosa was recovered from the abattoir samples. Ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin with 45.6 and 19% of susceptibility rates were the most and the less effective antibiotics, respectively. A total of 24 (16.3%) P. aeruginosa isolates were confirmed to phenotypically produce AmpC enzyme. However, the PCR result showed that only three (12.5%) of P. aeruginosa isolates harbored the FOX AmpC gene suggesting the attendance of other AmpC resistance genes. This study reported the first occurrence of P. aeruginosa isolates harboring the FOX AmpC gene in abattoir samples from south-eastern Nigeria. This incident requires the adoption of new policies and measures to prevent the further spread of strains carrying the AmpC gene. Copyright 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Occurrence of FOX AmpC gene among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in abattoir samples from south-eastern Nigeria","authors":"C. Ejikeugwu, S. O. Hasson, R. M. Al-Mosawi, Miaad K Alkhudhairy, M. Saki, C. Ezeador, Peter M Eze, M. Ugwu, C. Duru, N. Ujam, C. Edeh, O. Udu-ibiam, I. Iroha, A. Michael","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000201","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN In Nigeria, several investigations have been done about the prevalence of the AmpC enzyme in clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria; however, little information is available on the occurrence rate of this important enzyme in abattoir specimens that play a major role in the environmental pollution in Nigeria. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of FOX AmpC-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from abattoir samples by both phenotypic method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In this study, 360 abattoir samples were analyzed for the isolation of P. aeruginosa strains. Antibiogram was carried out using the disk diffusion technique. The production of AmpC enzymes was phenotypically screened and confirmed using the cefoxitin–cloxacillin double-disk synergy test (CC-DDST). Finally, gene responsible for FOX AmpC enzyme production was investigated using PCR. A total of 147 (40.8%) isolates of P. aeruginosa was recovered from the abattoir samples. Ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin with 45.6 and 19% of susceptibility rates were the most and the less effective antibiotics, respectively. A total of 24 (16.3%) P. aeruginosa isolates were confirmed to phenotypically produce AmpC enzyme. However, the PCR result showed that only three (12.5%) of P. aeruginosa isolates harbored the FOX AmpC gene suggesting the attendance of other AmpC resistance genes. This study reported the first occurrence of P. aeruginosa isolates harboring the FOX AmpC gene in abattoir samples from south-eastern Nigeria. This incident requires the adoption of new policies and measures to prevent the further spread of strains carrying the AmpC gene. Copyright 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"os-7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87185419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000197
H. R. Al-abodi, Z. N. Jawad, M. Al-Yasiri, A. G. Al-Saadi, H. Memariani, Abdolreza Sabokrouh, R. Mohammadi
ISSN Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative curved-rod bacterium belonging to the Vibrionaceae family. Routine detection of V. cholerae infection can be achieved by isolation of the organism from stool sample on the selective medium, followed by biochemical tests and specific antibodies for serotyping and serogrouping. These methods are laborworking and time-consuming. Furthermore, they provide low sensitivity and specificity. Advanced diagnostic approaches for identification of V. cholerae, such as cell-counting techniques by immunoassay, PCR, and real-time PCR are also used. In addition to these strategies, nanotechnology including gold (Au) or silver nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) hold great promise for rapid, accurate, and cost-effective detection of pathogens. In recent years, composites based on golden-graphene nanoparticles have been synthesized using electrochemical methods. They are capable of detecting very low copy numbers of DNA from Vibrio spp. owing to the synergistic effect between the graphene and gold nanoparticles. Therefore, development of nanobiosensors using the gold nanoparticles combined the golden-graphene binary platform nanobiosensor that will open new avenues for the efficient V. cholerae identification. Copyright 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Novel gold nanobiosensor platforms for rapid and inexpensive detection of Vibrio cholerae","authors":"H. R. Al-abodi, Z. N. Jawad, M. Al-Yasiri, A. G. Al-Saadi, H. Memariani, Abdolreza Sabokrouh, R. Mohammadi","doi":"10.1097/MRM.0000000000000197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MRM.0000000000000197","url":null,"abstract":"ISSN Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative curved-rod bacterium belonging to the Vibrionaceae family. Routine detection of V. cholerae infection can be achieved by isolation of the organism from stool sample on the selective medium, followed by biochemical tests and specific antibodies for serotyping and serogrouping. These methods are laborworking and time-consuming. Furthermore, they provide low sensitivity and specificity. Advanced diagnostic approaches for identification of V. cholerae, such as cell-counting techniques by immunoassay, PCR, and real-time PCR are also used. In addition to these strategies, nanotechnology including gold (Au) or silver nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) hold great promise for rapid, accurate, and cost-effective detection of pathogens. In recent years, composites based on golden-graphene nanoparticles have been synthesized using electrochemical methods. They are capable of detecting very low copy numbers of DNA from Vibrio spp. owing to the synergistic effect between the graphene and gold nanoparticles. Therefore, development of nanobiosensors using the gold nanoparticles combined the golden-graphene binary platform nanobiosensor that will open new avenues for the efficient V. cholerae identification. Copyright 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":49625,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78095125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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