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Effects of Deferred Grazing Regime on Rangeland Productivity and Health: A Case Study of Simanjiro District in Northern Tanzania 延迟放牧制度对牧场生产力和健康的影响:坦桑尼亚北部西曼吉罗区案例研究
IF 2.3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.02.004
Eliengerasia Godliving Koka , Alfred Kihanju Chitiki , Ismail S․ Selemani , Urs Schaffner , Charles Joseph Kilawe

Deferred grazing regimes are viewed as a grazing management strategy that can aid in the enhancement of rangeland productivity and health. However, there is limited empirical evidence from drylands of East Africa. This study investigated the effects of deferred grazing regime on rangeland productivity and health in northern Tanzania. Aboveground vegetation biomass, plant species composition and diversity, as well as soil organic carbon (SOC) were assessed in 45 rectangular sample plots (20 × 50 m) which were randomly distributed in a rangeland subjected to deferred grazing for 8 years. For control adjacent rangelands subjected to continuous grazing management were evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed using an independent t-test to discern differences in vegetation biomass, SOC, species abundance and diversity between the two grazing regimes. Additionally, Multivariate General Linear Model (MvGLM) were performed to test if grazing system affected vegetation composition. Results revealed that the herbaceous biomass, SOC, and the richness of shrubs (with a diameter at breast height, or DBH ≥5 cm and <10 cm) and trees (DBH ≥10 cm) were higher in rangeland subjected to deferred grazing, in comparison to the rangeland under continuous grazing regime. Moreover, rangeland under continuous grazing was found to be more heavily invaded by non-native plant species, notably the invasive weeds Prosopis juliflora and Calotropis procera. The findings of this study suggest that rangelands in the study area can be both more productive and healthier when managed under a deferred grazing regime, as compared to continuously grazing rangeland.

推迟放牧制度被视为一种放牧管理策略,有助于提高牧场的生产力和健康水平。然而,东非干旱地区的经验证据有限。本研究调查了延迟放牧制度对坦桑尼亚北部牧场生产力和健康的影响。研究人员在延缓放牧 8 年的牧场中随机选取了 45 个矩形样地(20 × 50 米),对地上植被生物量、植物物种组成和多样性以及土壤有机碳(SOC)进行了评估。作为对照,对邻近的持续放牧管理牧场进行了评估。采用独立 t 检验法进行统计分析,以确定两种放牧制度在植被生物量、SOC、物种丰度和多样性方面的差异。此外,还采用多变量一般线性模型(MvGLM)检验放牧制度是否影响植被组成。结果显示,与连续放牧的牧场相比,延迟放牧的牧场草本生物量、SOC、灌木(胸径≥5厘米和10厘米)和乔木(胸径≥10厘米)的丰富度更高。此外,连续放牧的牧场受到非本地植物物种的入侵更严重,尤其是入侵性杂草糙叶桉和菖蒲。研究结果表明,与连续放牧的牧场相比,在延缓放牧制度下管理的牧场产量更高、更健康。
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引用次数: 0
Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Rangeland Transformation using machine learning algorithms and Remote Sensing data 利用机器学习算法和遥感数据了解牧场转变的时空动态
IF 2.3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.02.008
Ningde Wang , Iram Naz , Rana Waqar Aslam , Abdul Quddoos , Walid Soufan , Danish Raza , Tibra Ishaq , Bilal Ahmed

Rangelands globally face escalating threats from overgrazing, land conversion, and climate change. This study investigates spatio-temporal rangeland degradation patterns in Pakistan's Bhakkar District, a semiarid region dependent on fragile pastoral ecosystems, over the past four decades at 10-yr intervals (1990, 2000, 2010, 2020). Remote sensing offers a valuable tool for monitoring these vast yet understudied dryland environments. We employed Landsat satellite data and machine learning algorithms to map land cover change and analyze vegetation health indicators. The random forest classifier achieved high accuracy (94%) in delineating six land cover categories–water, built-up, forest, cropland, rangeland, and barren land. Classified rangeland area declined by over 25%, largely due to agricultural expansion. Vegetation indices showed mixed trends, with decreases in enhanced vegetation index but marginal improvement in normalized difference vegetation index. Meanwhile, rising land surface temperatures pointed to increased aridity. These concerning changes underscore the urgent need for conservation policies tailored to community needs through participatory engagement. Rangeland degradation threatens the livelihoods and welfare of pastoral communities reliant on these ecosystems. Integrated solutions centered on adaptation and resilience can promote sustainability in Bhakkar's marginal dryland environments. This study demonstrates the power of satellite monitoring coupled with social research for implementing holistic strategies to address the globally prevalent threat of rangeland disruption.

全球牧场都面临着过度放牧、土地转换和气候变化带来的日益严重的威胁。本研究以 10 年为间隔(1990 年、2000 年、2010 年和 2020 年),调查了巴基斯坦巴克卡尔区牧场退化的时空模式,该地区是一个依赖脆弱牧场生态系统的半干旱地区。遥感为监测这些广袤但研究不足的旱地环境提供了宝贵的工具。我们利用 Landsat 卫星数据和机器学习算法绘制土地覆被变化图并分析植被健康指标。随机森林分类器在划分六种土地覆被类别--水、建筑、森林、耕地、牧场和荒地--方面达到了很高的准确率(94%)。分类的牧场面积减少了 25% 以上,这主要是由于农业扩张造成的。植被指数的变化趋势不一,增强植被指数有所下降,但归一化差异植被指数略有改善。同时,地表温度上升表明干旱加剧。这些令人担忧的变化突出表明,迫切需要通过参与性活动制定符合社区需求的保护政策。牧场退化威胁着依赖这些生态系统的牧民社区的生计和福利。以适应性和复原力为中心的综合解决方案可促进巴克卡尔边缘旱地环境的可持续发展。这项研究展示了卫星监测和社会研究在实施整体战略以应对全球普遍存在的牧场破坏威胁方面的威力。
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引用次数: 0
Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Land Use/Land Cover Change and the Implications on Sustainable Development Goals in the Vea Catchment of Ghana 加纳维阿集水区土地利用/土地覆盖变化的时空分析及其对可持续发展目标的影响
IF 2.3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.02.005
Gemechu Fufa Arfasa , Ebenezer Owusu-Sekyere , Dzigbodi Adzo Doke

Globally, land use and land cover change (LULCC) is recognized as posing a substantial environmental challenge with lasting and severe consequences. This study quantified LULCC within the Vea catchment area spanning 24 years, from 1998 to 2022. Landsat TM imagery from 1998, ETM+ imagery from 2006, and Landsat 8 OLI imagery from 2014 to 2022 were used. A supervised classification algorithm was employed to classify the LULC classes. The findings reveal a notable transformation in the Vea catchment area from 1998 to 2022, primarily by converting grassland to cropland. Agricultural activities emerged as a significant contributor to the observed LULCC trend. Notably, cropland expanded from 10.9% to 51.98% between 1998 and 2022, while grassland and mixed vegetation/forest areas decreased from 54.8% to 18.14% and 31.7% to 22.73%, respectively. These results, it is argued, underscore the potential implications for achieving the targets set by the UN's Sustainable Development Goals.

在全球范围内,土地利用和土地覆被变化(LULCC)被认为是一个巨大的环境挑战,会带来持久而严重的后果。本研究对维亚集水区从 1998 年到 2022 年 24 年间的土地利用和土地覆被变化进行了量化。研究使用了 1998 年的 Landsat TM 图像、2006 年的 ETM+ 图像以及 2014 年至 2022 年的 Landsat 8 OLI 图像。采用监督分类算法对 LULC 类别进行分类。研究结果表明,从 1998 年到 2022 年,维阿集水区发生了显著变化,主要是草地转变为耕地。农业活动是造成所观察到的土地利用、土地利用变化和土地利用变化趋势的重要因素。值得注意的是,在 1998 年至 2022 年期间,耕地面积从 10.9% 扩大到 51.98%,而草地和混合植被/森林面积则分别从 54.8% 减少到 18.14% 和 31.7% 减少到 22.73%。有人认为,这些结果强调了对实现联合国可持续发展目标所设定的指标的潜在影响。
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引用次数: 0
Variation of the Montezuma Quail's Diet in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas 亚利桑那州、新墨西哥州和得克萨斯州蒙特苏马鹌鹑食物的变化
IF 2.3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.02.006
Ana G. Paredes-Acuña , Alberto Macías-Duarte , Reyna A. Castillo-Gámez , Angel B. Montoya , James H. Weaver

The Montezuma quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae) is a game bird that inhabits oak-juniper-pine savannas of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, extending its range south into montane grasslands of Mexico. The species occurs within a complex matrix of public and private rangeland in which land management regimes and habitat quality are disparate. Given that food limitation can be a driver of wildlife populations, studies of the Montezuma quail diet can inform the management of its habitat. Our objective was to determine the composition and variation of the Montezuma quail's diet in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas by macrohistological analysis of crops (n = 175) collected in 2016−2020 during winter in all three states and during spring in Texas. We used Dirichlet regression to determine the effects of ecological factors on diet composition. Winter diet in Arizona was mainly represented by woodsorrel bulbs (Oxalis spp.; 35.22% of dry weight), sedge rhizomes and bulbs (Cyperus spp.; 30.92%), and acorns (Quercus spp.; 7.17%). Winter diet in New Mexico consisted mainly of sedge bulbs (64.13%), bushbean seeds (Macroptilium sp.; 15.82%), and Hall's panicum seeds (Panicum hallii; 10.11%). Winter diet in Texas was composed of sedge rhizomes and bulbs (28.17%), Texas snoutbeans (Rhynchosia senna; 22.49), Hall's panicum seeds (19.54%), and wild onions (Allium spp.; 8.58%). Spring diet in Texas included sedge rhizomes and bulbs (67.90%), woodsorrel bulbs (19.49%), and Texas snoutbeans (5.55%). Geographic variation in diet composition was related to climatic, ecological, and intrinsic factors. For instance, in addition to being consumed by males at a higher rate, woodsorrel bulbs were also consumed at a greater rate in hotter and wetter locations. Along with novel information about the Montezuma quail diet in Texas, our investigation will stimulate questions relevant to rangeland and wildlife management, including determinants of habitat quality and the effects of climate change on wildlife populations.

蒙特祖马鹌鹑(Cyrtonyx montezumae)是一种野鸟,栖息于亚利桑那州、新墨西哥州和得克萨斯州的橡树-桧木-松树稀树草原,其分布范围向南延伸至墨西哥的山地草原。该物种栖息在复杂的公共和私人牧场中,这些牧场的土地管理制度和栖息地质量各不相同。鉴于食物限制可能是野生动物种群的一个驱动因素,对蒙特祖马鹌鹑饮食的研究可以为其栖息地的管理提供信息。我们的目标是通过对2016-2020年在亚利桑那州、新墨西哥州和得克萨斯州冬季采集的作物(n = 175)以及在得克萨斯州春季采集的作物(n = 175)进行宏观组织学分析,确定蒙特祖马鹌鹑在亚利桑那州、新墨西哥州和得克萨斯州的食物组成和变化。我们使用 Dirichlet 回归法确定生态因素对食性组成的影响。亚利桑那州的冬季食物主要是木犀属鳞茎(Oxalis spp.;占干重的 35.22%)、莎草根茎和鳞茎(Cyperus spp.;30.92%)以及橡子(Quercus spp.;7.17%)。新墨西哥州的冬季食物主要包括莎草球茎(64.13%)、灌木豆种子(Macroptilium sp.;15.82%)和霍尔堇菜种子(Panicum hallii;10.11%)。得克萨斯州的冬季食物包括莎草根茎和球茎(28.17%)、得克萨斯鼻豆(Rhynchosia senna;22.49%)、霍尔堇菜种子(19.54%)和野葱(Allium spp.;8.58%)。得克萨斯州的春季食物包括莎草根茎和球茎(67.90%)、woodsorrel 球茎(19.49%)和得克萨斯鼻豆(5.55%)。食物组成的地理差异与气候、生态和内在因素有关。例如,在较热和较潮湿的地方,除了雄性的食用率较高外,栗木球茎的食用率也较高。除了有关得克萨斯州蒙特祖马鹌鹑饮食的新信息外,我们的调查还将激发与牧场和野生动物管理相关的问题,包括栖息地质量的决定因素和气候变化对野生动物种群的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Spring Manure and Biosolid Compost Additions Affect Soil, Vegetation, and Microbial Characteristic in Dry Rangelands 添加春肥和生物固体堆肥会影响干旱牧场的土壤、植被和微生物特征
IF 2.3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.01.011
Julie Bethany, Steve Kutos, Kristen Oliver, Eva Stricker

In light of climate change, ranchers need management tools to restore dry grasslands. To boost productivity and resilience, compost applications have shown promise, but little is known about the effect of composts that differ in initial feedstock and resulting biological and chemical characteristics. Our objective was to compare commonly available composts to evaluate how they affected soil microbial community composition and soil health−related responses in drylands. We added biosolid versus manure composts to 64-m2 plots in a rangeland in Socorro County, New Mexico and measured microbial, soil, and plant characteristics after 6 mo and 1 yr. We found that while composts hosted diverse microbial taxa, relative abundance of native soil microbial communities did not shift dramatically from controls at either 6 mo or 1 yr after compost addition. Aggregate stability was 22% lower in manure than biosolid compost and controls (P = 0.048), but aboveground biomass tended to strongly increase depending on exclosure treatment (P = 0.048), and composition shifted to relatively abundant annual forbs with biosolid compost compared with controls. Together, these results suggest that while increased organic matter enhanced vegetation biomass, an important implication for range managers, the dominant microbial community members were not primarily responsible for observed shifts in responses.

鉴于气候变化,牧场主需要管理工具来恢复干旱草地。为了提高生产率和恢复能力,堆肥的应用前景广阔,但人们对不同初始原料的堆肥及其产生的生物和化学特性的影响知之甚少。我们的目标是比较常见的堆肥,评估它们如何影响旱地的土壤微生物群落组成和与土壤健康相关的反应。我们在新墨西哥州索科罗县一块 64 平方米的牧场中添加了生物固体堆肥和粪便堆肥,并在 6 个月和 1 年后测量了微生物、土壤和植物特征。我们发现,虽然堆肥容纳了多种微生物类群,但在添加堆肥 6 个月或 1 年后,与对照组相比,本地土壤微生物群落的相对丰度并没有发生显著变化。粪肥的团聚稳定性比生物固体堆肥和对照组低 22%(P = 0.048),但地上生物量随围栏处理的不同而有大幅增加的趋势(P = 0.048),与对照组相比,生物固体堆肥的组成转向相对丰富的一年生草本植物。总之,这些结果表明,虽然有机质的增加提高了植被生物量,这对牧场管理者具有重要意义,但主要微生物群落成员并不是造成所观察到的反应变化的主要原因。
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引用次数: 0
Technical Note on Bison Conservation and Bison Ranching in Canada 加拿大野牛保护和野牛放牧技术说明
IF 2.3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.01.012
Melissa H. Heppner , Andrea Olive

This technical note asks what role Canadian Bison ranchers play in conserving North American Bison. Bison are keystone species in grassland ecosystems and pose numerous ecological benefits as wild animals. Unfortunately, most wild Bison have been eradicated through the process of colonization. Today, over 90% of Bison exist in commercial production rather than for conservation; however, the Canadian Bison Association—an organization committed to protecting the industry—wishes to blur the line between the two. Conversations with a few members of the CBA suggest that ranching may support the numerical recovery of Bison but may not support ecological recovery. Although there have been calls for cross-jurisdictional collaboration in the Bison conservation literature, more research is needed to reconcile what appear to be incompatible values between ranchers and ecological conservationists.

本技术说明探讨了加拿大野牛牧场主在保护北美野牛方面发挥的作用。野牛是草原生态系统中的关键物种,作为野生动物具有众多生态效益。不幸的是,大多数野生野牛已在殖民过程中灭绝。如今,超过 90% 的野牛从事商业生产,而不是用于保护;然而,加拿大野牛协会--一个致力于保护野牛产业的组织--希望模糊两者之间的界限。与加拿大野牛协会一些成员的谈话表明,牧场可能支持野牛数量的恢复,但可能不支持生态恢复。尽管野牛保护文献中呼吁跨辖区合作,但仍需要更多研究来调和牧场主与生态保护主义者之间看似不相容的价值观。
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引用次数: 0
Optimizing Economic Performance of Rangeland Livestock Grazing Under Price and Climate Stressors 在价格和气候压力下优化牧场牲畜放牧的经济效益
IF 2.3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.02.003
Shanelle Trail , Maryfrances Miller , Frank A. Ward

Livestock grazing is the most economically important use of rangeland ecosystems in many parts of the world. An extensive body of literature has investigated livestock grazing plans that are economically optimal or ecologically sustainable. This paper's contribution to the literature is development and application of an empirical mathematical programming model for optimizing the economic performance of livestock grazing on rangeland ecosystems for a wide array of vegetation biomes, forage productivity levels, and economic conditions. The model is calibrated to replicate historically observed data for select counties, in which predictions of the income optimization model match available data on county-wide forage, animal performance, grazing pressure, stocking level, and net income. Results show how climate stress and economic conditions affect the economically optimized choice of stocking rates and net income for 18 observed conditions and 126 potential conditions for six counties in the Intermountain West and Mediterranean western US. While findings show optimized outcomes for a large set of conditions in that region, the methods developed here have potential application to rangeland ecosystems internationally wherever data required by the model can be secured. The modeling results provide insight and utility for ranchers, scientists, and policymakers who seek economically optimal rangeland ecosystem outcomes.

在世界许多地方,牲畜放牧是牧场生态系统最重要的经济用途。大量文献研究了经济上最优或生态上可持续的牲畜放牧计划。本文对这些文献的贡献在于开发和应用了一个经验数学编程模型,用于优化牧场生态系统的牲畜放牧经济效益,适用于各种植被生物群落、饲料生产力水平和经济条件。该模型经过校准,复制了部分县的历史观测数据,其中收入优化模型的预测结果与全县牧草、牲畜表现、放牧压力、存栏水平和净收入的可用数据相匹配。结果显示了气候压力和经济条件如何影响美国西部山间和地中海地区六个县在 18 种观测条件和 126 种潜在条件下对放养率和纯收入的经济优化选择。虽然研究结果显示了该地区大量条件下的优化结果,但只要能获得模型所需的数据,本文所开发的方法就有可能应用于全球的牧场生态系统。建模结果为牧场主、科学家和决策者提供了洞察力和实用性,他们都在寻求经济上最优的牧场生态系统结果。
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引用次数: 0
Short-Term Cattle Grazing Effects on Restored Conservation Reserve Program Grasslands Across a Steep Precipitation Gradient 牛群短期放牧对陡峭降水梯度上的保护储备计划恢复草地的影响
IF 2.3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.02.002
D. Fraser Watson , Gregory R. Houseman , Mary Liz Jameson , William E. Jensen , Molly Reichenborn , Alexandra Morphew , Esben L. Kjaer

Cattle (Bos taurus) grazing is often excluded from restored grasslands due to potential risks to grassland recovery. This restriction has often been applied to the 5.6 million acres of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) plantings designed to restore native grassland plant communities on former cropland. Because large herbivores historically played a key role in maintaining these grassland systems, excluding such grazers may hamper recovery of plant compositional and structural heterogeneity important to wildlife. We conducted a grazing experiment on 108 CRP sites in Kansas, quantifying the effects of periodic cattle grazing on plant communities restored via two CRP conservation practices (CP2, Establishment of Permanent Native Grasses and CP25, Rare and Declining Habitat) across a broad precipitation gradient. Cattle grazing was implemented during the growing season on 53 of the 108 sites in 2017−2018 with rest from grazing in 2019. Grazing reduced vegetation biomass and increased vegetation structural heterogeneity in 2017 and 2018. Grazing effects on plant community composition, specifically shifts in dominant grass abundances, were observed in 2018 but not 2017 or 2019. These effects were subtle and did not result in consistent changes to plant species richness, non-native abundance, or floristic quality. The effects of conservation practice were independent of grazing but strongly dependent on mean annual precipitation. Plant community composition differed significantly between CP2 and CP25 in the western (drier) and eastern (wetter) regions, but no differences were detected in the central region. Forb cover increased with precipitation at a greater rate on CP25 than CP2, indicating greater forb establishment in the eastern region. These results indicate that moderate, short-term grazing can enhance habitat structural heterogeneity that may be beneficial for wildlife while causing minimal plant community changes.

由于对草原恢复的潜在风险,恢复后的草原通常不允许放牧牛群。这一限制通常适用于 560 万英亩的 "保护储备计划"(CRP)种植,旨在恢复原耕地上的本地草原植物群落。由于大型食草动物在历史上曾在维护这些草地系统中发挥过关键作用,因此将这类食草动物排除在外可能会阻碍对野生动物非常重要的植物组成和结构异质性的恢复。我们在堪萨斯州的 108 个 CRP 地点进行了放牧实验,量化了定期放牧牛群对通过两种 CRP 保护措施(CP2,建立永久性本地草地和 CP25,稀有和衰退栖息地)在广泛降水梯度上恢复的植物群落的影响。2017-2018 年,在 108 个地点中的 53 个地点的生长季节实施了放牧,2019 年将停止放牧。2017 年和 2018 年,放牧减少了植被生物量,增加了植被结构异质性。2018 年观察到放牧对植物群落组成的影响,特别是优势草丰度的变化,但 2017 年和 2019 年没有观察到。这些影响是微妙的,并没有导致植物物种丰富度、非本地物种丰富度或花卉质量的持续变化。保护措施的影响与放牧无关,但与年平均降水量密切相关。在西部(较干燥)和东部(较潮湿)地区,CP2 和 CP25 的植物群落组成差异很大,但在中部地区未发现差异。与 CP2 相比,CP25 的草本植物覆盖率随着降水量的增加而增加,这表明东部地区的草本植物建立率更高。这些结果表明,适度的短期放牧可以增强栖息地结构的异质性,这可能对野生动物有益,同时对植物群落的改变也很小。
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引用次数: 0
Fire Seasonality and Herbicide Effects on Sarcobatus vermiculatus Survival and Structure in Western Great Plains 火灾季节性和除草剂对西部大平原 Sarcobatus vermiculatus 生存和结构的影响
IF 2.3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.rama.2024.02.001
Nathan M. Wade , Lance T. Vermeire , J. Derek Scasta

Black greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus Hook., Torr) is a native halophytic, resprouting shrub found on saline rangeland soils in the western United States, including the western Great Plains grasslands. Stands can become dense, with limited native herbaceous biomass, and are prone to invasion by exotic species. We tested fall and spring prescribed fire compared with nonburned controls in a degraded rangeland site near Miles City, Montana, and a healthy rangeland site near Laramie, Wyoming to determine effects on greasewood shrub survival, density, and canopy structure. We additionally tested fuel load, time since fire, fire seasonality and prefire measurement effects on postfire greasewood canopy structure. In a second experiment at the Montana site only, nontreated controls, fall fire, 2,4-D, and 2,4-D preceded by fire were tested for effects on herbaceous biomass and greasewood survival, density, and canopy structure. Fire did not affect greasewood survival, but fire in either season reduced canopy volume by 52% across two growing seasons and models projected four or five growing seasons for structural recovery. Fine fuel load was negatively related to greasewood density and canopy structure. Herbicide reduced greasewood survival by 55%, and fire plus herbicide reduced survival by 30%. No treatment effects were detected for herbaceous biomass at the degraded site. Prescribed fire can reduce greasewood canopy structure for multiple years without killing the shrubs. Herbicide is more effective than fire if the objective is to reduce greasewood density, but multiple applications may be required. While 2,4-D herbicide was less effective when applied to resprouts after fire, results may improve with later postfire application. Although 2,4-D provided the greatest reduction of greasewood, skeletons of dead shrubs remained. Following herbicide treatment with fire could be a treatment combination to strategically reduce greasewood influence because fire would remove skeletons and further reduce canopy structure.

黑油木(Sarcobatus vermiculatus Hook.,Torr)是一种原生的盐生再生灌木,生长在美国西部的盐碱牧场土壤上,包括西部大平原草原。这种灌木会变得很茂密,本地草本生物量有限,很容易受到外来物种的入侵。我们在蒙大拿州迈尔斯城附近一处退化的牧场和怀俄明州拉莱米附近一处健康的牧场进行了秋季和春季处方火与非燃烧对照试验,以确定对油松灌木存活率、密度和树冠结构的影响。此外,我们还测试了燃料负荷、火灾发生时间、火灾季节性和火灾前测量对火灾后油松树冠结构的影响。在蒙大拿州的第二个实验点,我们测试了未处理的对照组、秋季火灾、2,4-D 和火灾前使用 2,4-D 对草本生物量和油松存活率、密度和树冠结构的影响。火灾没有影响油松的存活率,但在两个生长季中,任何一个季节的火灾都会使树冠体积减少 52%,模型预测结构恢复需要四或五个生长季。细燃料负荷与油松密度和树冠结构呈负相关。除草剂使油松的存活率降低了 55%,火灾加除草剂使存活率降低了 30%。退化地点的草本生物量未发现任何处理效果。明火可以在不杀死灌木的情况下连续多年减少油松的树冠结构。如果目的是降低油松密度,除草剂比火烧更有效,但可能需要多次施用。虽然 2,4-D 除草剂在火灾后施用于新生灌木时效果较差,但在火灾后施用效果可能会有所改善。虽然 2,4-D 能最大程度地减少油松,但枯死灌木的骨架依然存在。在使用除草剂后再用火烧,可以从战略上减少油松的影响,因为火烧会清除骨架并进一步减少树冠结构。
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引用次数: 0
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IF 2.3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-23 DOI: 10.1016/S1550-7424(24)00032-0
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Rangeland Ecology & Management
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