To solve the problem of signal loss due to local reconstruction in the variational mode decomposition (VMD) method, this study proposes to use the stationary wavelet transform (SWT) to extract the effective signal in the mixed noise modes and reconstruct the noise-reduced signal. First the slime mold algorithm (SMA) takes to realize the adaptive difficulty of selecting the important parameters K (the number of eigenmode decompositions) and a (the quadratic penalty coefficient) in the VMD. Then, the VMD decomposed modes are divided into the basic signal and noise signal according to the definition of Euclidean distance, finally the noise signal is decomposed in a new step by using SWT, and the basic signal is reconstructed with the effective signal to get the final noise reduced signal. Through the establishment of simulation tests and transient electromagnetic field tests in the mined-out area, the results show that the VMD-SWT method exhibits a better denoising effect and higher inversion accuracy for the transient electromagnetic signals, proving the superiority and applicability.
{"title":"Optimization of variational mode decomposition using stationary wavelet transform and its application to transient electromagnetic signal noise reduction","authors":"Xianxia Wang;Xiaoya Wei;Duxi Song;Linfei Wang;Haochen Wang;Zhicheng Zhang;Tingye Qi","doi":"10.1029/2023RS007889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023RS007889","url":null,"abstract":"To solve the problem of signal loss due to local reconstruction in the variational mode decomposition (VMD) method, this study proposes to use the stationary wavelet transform (SWT) to extract the effective signal in the mixed noise modes and reconstruct the noise-reduced signal. First the slime mold algorithm (SMA) takes to realize the adaptive difficulty of selecting the important parameters K (the number of eigenmode decompositions) and a (the quadratic penalty coefficient) in the VMD. Then, the VMD decomposed modes are divided into the basic signal and noise signal according to the definition of Euclidean distance, finally the noise signal is decomposed in a new step by using SWT, and the basic signal is reconstructed with the effective signal to get the final noise reduced signal. Through the establishment of simulation tests and transient electromagnetic field tests in the mined-out area, the results show that the VMD-SWT method exhibits a better denoising effect and higher inversion accuracy for the transient electromagnetic signals, proving the superiority and applicability.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"59 12","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142905912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Simulations and measurements of the input impedance and matching of a cylindrical monopole at the center of a circular ground plane are presented. The design parameters are the monopole length (0.231 to 0.261), the monopole radius (10 −5 λ to 5 × 10 −3 λ), and the ground plane radius (0.2λ to 2.0λ), where λ is the wavelength. Using new numerical results from the Finite Element Method (FEM), previous theoretical impedance results for an infinitesimally thin element are shown to be inaccurate for monopoles of practical thicknesses since there can be a strong dependence on the wire thickness—even for electrically very thin wires. The FEM offers convenient modeling for the wire thickness and the results match well with physical experiments. To obtain good antenna impedance matching to a 50 Ω impedance, that is, 5 11 < — 10 dB, for any ground plane radius greater than 1/2 (an arbitrary lower bound) and any practical wire monopole radius, the simulations show that a monopole length of 0.241 can be used.
{"title":"Finite element method modeling of the wire thickness of a monopole on a circular ground plane","authors":"C. G. Hynes;R. G. Vaughan","doi":"10.1029/2024RS008068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RS008068","url":null,"abstract":"Simulations and measurements of the input impedance and matching of a cylindrical monopole at the center of a circular ground plane are presented. The design parameters are the monopole length (0.231 to 0.261), the monopole radius (10\u0000<sup>−5</sup>\u0000λ to 5 × 10\u0000<sup>−3</sup>\u0000λ), and the ground plane radius (0.2λ to 2.0λ), where λ is the wavelength. Using new numerical results from the Finite Element Method (FEM), previous theoretical impedance results for an infinitesimally thin element are shown to be inaccurate for monopoles of practical thicknesses since there can be a strong dependence on the wire thickness—even for electrically very thin wires. The FEM offers convenient modeling for the wire thickness and the results match well with physical experiments. To obtain good antenna impedance matching to a 50 Ω impedance, that is, 5\u0000<inf>11</inf>\u0000 < — 10 dB, for any ground plane radius greater than 1/2 (an arbitrary lower bound) and any practical wire monopole radius, the simulations show that a monopole length of 0.241 can be used.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"59 12","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142905914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lucas Schreiter;Andreas Brack;Benjamin Männel;Harald Schuh;Daniel Arnold;Adrian Jäggi
Satellites with dual-frequency Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers can measure integrated electron density, known as slant Total Electron Content (sTEC), between the receiver and transmitter. Precise relative variations of sTEC are achievable using phase measurements on L1 and L2 frequencies, yielding an accuracy of around 0.1 TECU or better. However, CubeSats like Spire LEMUR, with simpler setups (e.g., patch antennas) and code noise in the order of several meters, face limitations in accuracy. Their precision, determined by phase observations, remains in the 0.1–0.3 TECU range. With a substantial number of observations and comprehensive coverage of lines of sight between Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and GNSS satellites, global electron density can be reconstructed from sTEC measurements. Utilizing 27 satellites from various missions, including Swarm, Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment Follow-On, Jason-3, Sentinel 1/2/3, COSMIC-2, and Spire CubeSats, a cubic B-spline expansion in magnetic latitude, magnetic local time, and altitude is employed to model the logarithmic electron density. Hourly snapshots of the three-dimensional electron density are generated, adjusting the model parameters through non-linear least squares based on sTEC observations. Results demonstrate that including Spire significantly enhances estimates, showcasing exceptional agreement with in situ observations from Swarm and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program LEO satellites. The model outperforms contemporary climatological models, such as International Reference Ionosphere (IRI)-2020 and the neural network-based NET model. Validation efforts include comparisons with ground-based sTEC measurements, space-based vertical TEC from Jason-3 altimetry, and global TEC maps from the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe and the German Research Center for Geosciences (GFZ).
{"title":"Imaging of the ionosphere and plasmasphere using GNSS slant TEC obtained from LEO satellites","authors":"Lucas Schreiter;Andreas Brack;Benjamin Männel;Harald Schuh;Daniel Arnold;Adrian Jäggi","doi":"10.1029/2024RS008058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RS008058","url":null,"abstract":"Satellites with dual-frequency Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers can measure integrated electron density, known as slant Total Electron Content (sTEC), between the receiver and transmitter. Precise relative variations of sTEC are achievable using phase measurements on L1 and L2 frequencies, yielding an accuracy of around 0.1 TECU or better. However, CubeSats like Spire LEMUR, with simpler setups (e.g., patch antennas) and code noise in the order of several meters, face limitations in accuracy. Their precision, determined by phase observations, remains in the 0.1–0.3 TECU range. With a substantial number of observations and comprehensive coverage of lines of sight between Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and GNSS satellites, global electron density can be reconstructed from sTEC measurements. Utilizing 27 satellites from various missions, including Swarm, Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment Follow-On, Jason-3, Sentinel 1/2/3, COSMIC-2, and Spire CubeSats, a cubic B-spline expansion in magnetic latitude, magnetic local time, and altitude is employed to model the logarithmic electron density. Hourly snapshots of the three-dimensional electron density are generated, adjusting the model parameters through non-linear least squares based on sTEC observations. Results demonstrate that including Spire significantly enhances estimates, showcasing exceptional agreement with in situ observations from Swarm and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program LEO satellites. The model outperforms contemporary climatological models, such as International Reference Ionosphere (IRI)-2020 and the neural network-based NET model. Validation efforts include comparisons with ground-based sTEC measurements, space-based vertical TEC from Jason-3 altimetry, and global TEC maps from the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe and the German Research Center for Geosciences (GFZ).","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"59 12","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142905943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of spherical modes offers an efficient solution for storing embedded element patterns with significant angular structure for large scale arrays, such as the Square Kilometer Array (SKA)-Low radio telescope. These patterns are required for calibration of the numerous stations comprising the telescope, each containing several hundred elements, and operating over a 7:1 bandwidth. However, implementation is significantly complicated by the many differences in the notation used in the literature for the Legendre special functions. The differing phasor conventions used in electrical engineering and physics further complicate this. This paper synthesizes much of the existing literature on this topic, paying special attention to these issues. Mathematical implementation issues are also addressed. A number of suitable tests using canonical dipole radiators to verify correct implementation are outlined. The paper concludes with tests on an individual SKALA4 antenna and a full-scale SKA-Low prototype station comprising 256 of these antennas. The storage saving afforded is some three orders of magnitude; this is very significant for a full SKA-Low station. Supporting material summarizes differing formulations and conventions encountered in the literature.
{"title":"Efficient storage of embedded element patterns for low frequency radio telescopes","authors":"David B. Davidson;Adrian T. Sutinjo","doi":"10.1029/2024RS008080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RS008080","url":null,"abstract":"The use of spherical modes offers an efficient solution for storing embedded element patterns with significant angular structure for large scale arrays, such as the Square Kilometer Array (SKA)-Low radio telescope. These patterns are required for calibration of the numerous stations comprising the telescope, each containing several hundred elements, and operating over a 7:1 bandwidth. However, implementation is significantly complicated by the many differences in the notation used in the literature for the Legendre special functions. The differing phasor conventions used in electrical engineering and physics further complicate this. This paper synthesizes much of the existing literature on this topic, paying special attention to these issues. Mathematical implementation issues are also addressed. A number of suitable tests using canonical dipole radiators to verify correct implementation are outlined. The paper concludes with tests on an individual SKALA4 antenna and a full-scale SKA-Low prototype station comprising 256 of these antennas. The storage saving afforded is some three orders of magnitude; this is very significant for a full SKA-Low station. Supporting material summarizes differing formulations and conventions encountered in the literature.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"59 12","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142905913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on the magnetic field data recorded by the ZH-1 electromagnetic satellite, we cerat a training set of 1,300 spectrograms containing the dispersion spectrum of lightning whistlers (LW). The Segment Anything Model (SAM) in the field of image segmentation is trained through the training set to obtain a fine-tuned SAM model that can be used to detect and segment the dispersion spectrum of LW at pixel level. All track regions of LW are effectively separated from other non-lightning whistlers regions in the spectrograms after being segmented by the model. The segmentation effect is excellent and detection accuracy is 96.89%, which is better than the previous segmentation model for LW based on ground station data. Then we apply the traditional image processing methods to extract the dispersion spectrum of LW one by one, and develop an algorithm to automatically extract the physical parameters of each LW. The root mean square error between the automatically extracted dispersion parameter and the manually extracted dispersion parameter is only 0.1654 s 1/2 . The model and algorithm studied in this paper are employed to analyze the dispersion of LW received by the ZH-1 satellite over China. It is found that the whistlers dispersion received by satellites during summer in the northern hemisphere and summer in the southern hemisphere shows opposite trends with receiving latitude. Both trends can be explained by the relationship between the dispersion and the length of propagation paths of LW.
基于ZH-1电磁卫星记录的磁场数据，建立了包含闪电哨子色散谱的1300幅谱图训练集。通过训练集训练图像分割领域的Segment Anything Model (SAM)，得到一个微调后的SAM模型，该模型可用于在像素级检测和分割LW的色散谱。LW的所有航迹区域经过模型分割后，在谱图中与其他非闪电哨声区域有效分离。分割效果好，检测准确率达96.89%，优于以往基于地面站数据的LW分割模型。然后应用传统的图像处理方法逐个提取LW的色散谱，并开发了一种自动提取每个LW物理参数的算法。自动提取的色散参数与人工提取的色散参数之间的均方根误差仅为0.1654 s1/2。利用本文所建立的模型和算法对ZH-1卫星在中国上空接收到的LW频散进行了分析。研究发现，北半球夏季和南半球夏季卫星接收到的哨声频散随接收纬度的变化呈相反的趋势。这两种趋势都可以用色散与LW传播路径长度的关系来解释。
{"title":"Automatic segmentation model and parameter extraction algorithm for lightning whistlers","authors":"Tian Xiang;Moran Liu;Shimin He;Xiang Wang;Chen Zhou","doi":"10.1029/2024RS007984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RS007984","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the magnetic field data recorded by the ZH-1 electromagnetic satellite, we cerat a training set of 1,300 spectrograms containing the dispersion spectrum of lightning whistlers (LW). The Segment Anything Model (SAM) in the field of image segmentation is trained through the training set to obtain a fine-tuned SAM model that can be used to detect and segment the dispersion spectrum of LW at pixel level. All track regions of LW are effectively separated from other non-lightning whistlers regions in the spectrograms after being segmented by the model. The segmentation effect is excellent and detection accuracy is 96.89%, which is better than the previous segmentation model for LW based on ground station data. Then we apply the traditional image processing methods to extract the dispersion spectrum of LW one by one, and develop an algorithm to automatically extract the physical parameters of each LW. The root mean square error between the automatically extracted dispersion parameter and the manually extracted dispersion parameter is only 0.1654 s\u0000<sup>1/2</sup>\u0000. The model and algorithm studied in this paper are employed to analyze the dispersion of LW received by the ZH-1 satellite over China. It is found that the whistlers dispersion received by satellites during summer in the northern hemisphere and summer in the southern hemisphere shows opposite trends with receiving latitude. Both trends can be explained by the relationship between the dispersion and the length of propagation paths of LW.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"59 11","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142777717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Emmanuel;O. S. Ojo;G. O. Emmanuel;K. D. Adedayo
This study investigates the influence of the inter tropical discontinuity (ITD) on radio signal behavior over Nigeria using ERA5 data from the Copernicus Climate Change Services (C3S). Monthly variations of refractivity gradient values and ITD movements were analyzed through spatial distribution and wavelet coherence. Results indicate that the ITD position significantly affects refractivity gradient values. Below the ITD, values range from − 5 to −110 N-units/km, while above the ITD, values are less than −110 N-units/km, indicating predominant ducting conditions. The ITD shifts latitudinally from a peak at 20° in August to a low at 5° in December. Correlation coefficients between ITD position and refractivity gradient values in different climatic regions (Am, Aw, BSh, BWh) range from −0.920 to 0.844, emphasizing the significant influence of ITD on atmospheric conditions in these regions. Statistical analysis using the wavelet coherence method demonstrates a strong connection between ITD and refractivity gradient, with coherence values indicating synchronization at specific frequency-time pairs.
利用哥白尼气候变化服务（C3S）的ERA5数据，研究了热带间断性（ITD）对尼日利亚上空无线电信号行为的影响。利用空间分布和小波相干分析了折射率梯度值和过渡段运动的月变化。结果表明，过渡段位置对折射率梯度值有显著影响。过渡段以下的值在−5 ~−110 n -单位/km之间，过渡段以上的值小于−110 n -单位/km，表明导管条件优越。过渡段从8月20°的峰值向12月5°的低点转变。不同气候区（Am、Aw、BSh、BWh）过渡段位置与折射率梯度值的相关系数为- 0.920 ~ 0.844，表明过渡段对这些地区大气条件的影响显著。利用小波相干性方法的统计分析表明，过渡段与折射率梯度之间存在很强的联系，相干性值表示特定频率时间对的同步。
{"title":"Spatial-temporal analysis of inter tropical discontinuity influence on radio signal behavior in Nigeria","authors":"I. Emmanuel;O. S. Ojo;G. O. Emmanuel;K. D. Adedayo","doi":"10.1029/2024RS008006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RS008006","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the influence of the inter tropical discontinuity (ITD) on radio signal behavior over Nigeria using ERA5 data from the Copernicus Climate Change Services (C3S). Monthly variations of refractivity gradient values and ITD movements were analyzed through spatial distribution and wavelet coherence. Results indicate that the ITD position significantly affects refractivity gradient values. Below the ITD, values range from − 5 to −110 N-units/km, while above the ITD, values are less than −110 N-units/km, indicating predominant ducting conditions. The ITD shifts latitudinally from a peak at 20° in August to a low at 5° in December. Correlation coefficients between ITD position and refractivity gradient values in different climatic regions (Am, Aw, BSh, BWh) range from −0.920 to 0.844, emphasizing the significant influence of ITD on atmospheric conditions in these regions. Statistical analysis using the wavelet coherence method demonstrates a strong connection between ITD and refractivity gradient, with coherence values indicating synchronization at specific frequency-time pairs.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"59 11","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142777610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radio equipment capable of communicating through hundreds of meters of quartzite rock was first designed and developed in South Africa over 50 years ago. The technology used was based on the analysis of the electromagnetic issues (as they were then understood) affecting propagation directly through such a lossy dielectric medium. That work has recently been considerably extended and is published here for the first time.
{"title":"Electromagnetic energy propagation through rock of low loss tangent","authors":"B. A. Austin","doi":"10.1029/2024RS008076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RS008076","url":null,"abstract":"Radio equipment capable of communicating through hundreds of meters of quartzite rock was first designed and developed in South Africa over 50 years ago. The technology used was based on the analysis of the electromagnetic issues (as they were then understood) affecting propagation directly through such a lossy dielectric medium. That work has recently been considerably extended and is published here for the first time.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"59 11","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142777545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Suresh Kumar;D. Mansoor Hussain;M. Rohini;S. Oswalt Manoj
Cloud computing is highly sought after for its dynamic resource allocation capabilities and pay-per-use model. However, previous research has identified several challenges, such as lower coverage, high integration rates, longer computation times, and complex operators, all of which are associated with NP-hard problems. These issues negatively impact the efficiency of resource allocation and scheduling, leading to slower processes, inefficiencies in multi-objective optimization, lower throughput, and higher power consumption. To address these challenges, we propose a unique Hybridized Optimization Algorithm that integrates Crow Swarm Optimization (CSO), Cuckoo Search Optimization (CSO), and Cat Hunting Optimization (CHO). Initially, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and the Crow Search Algorithm (CSA) handle the exploitation and exploration phases to balance task loads. Subsequently, Cuckoo Search Optimization (CSO) enhances resource utilization and addresses NP-hard issues, while Cat Hunting Optimization (CHO) refines the search from global to local optimal spaces to achieve the best values. The results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid technique effectively reduces user request waiting times, lowers energy consumption, and decreases execution times on cloud servers compared to baseline approaches, thereby significantly improving overall system performance.
{"title":"Advanced hybrid optimization algorithms for energy efficient cloud resource allocation","authors":"M. Suresh Kumar;D. Mansoor Hussain;M. Rohini;S. Oswalt Manoj","doi":"10.1029/2024RS008012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RS008012","url":null,"abstract":"Cloud computing is highly sought after for its dynamic resource allocation capabilities and pay-per-use model. However, previous research has identified several challenges, such as lower coverage, high integration rates, longer computation times, and complex operators, all of which are associated with NP-hard problems. These issues negatively impact the efficiency of resource allocation and scheduling, leading to slower processes, inefficiencies in multi-objective optimization, lower throughput, and higher power consumption. To address these challenges, we propose a unique Hybridized Optimization Algorithm that integrates Crow Swarm Optimization (CSO), Cuckoo Search Optimization (CSO), and Cat Hunting Optimization (CHO). Initially, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and the Crow Search Algorithm (CSA) handle the exploitation and exploration phases to balance task loads. Subsequently, Cuckoo Search Optimization (CSO) enhances resource utilization and addresses NP-hard issues, while Cat Hunting Optimization (CHO) refines the search from global to local optimal spaces to achieve the best values. The results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid technique effectively reduces user request waiting times, lowers energy consumption, and decreases execution times on cloud servers compared to baseline approaches, thereby significantly improving overall system performance.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"59 11","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142777715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article introduces the mathematical formulation of a proven rectangular double negative (DNZ) metamaterial (MTM) structure using a lumped element circuit model in terms of RLC components for millimeter-wave (mmWave) 28 GHz applications. The structure is developed on a 0.254 mm-thick substrate material: Rogers RT/duroid 5880 with an area of 8.7 mm 2 . The model accounts for different losses inherent in the system; a series resistance to take into account the losses in the conductor and a shunt resistance to describe the losses in the dielectric substrate, addressing the finite conductivity of conducting materials, the finite resistivity of the dielectric material, and the presence of a dielectric substrate with metallic rings on top. By incorporating these factors, it is possible to precisely predict the resonance frequency associated with this specific structure, however limits the formulation from being applied to other shapes. Numerical validation demonstrates a good agreement with analytical predictions, affirming the model's reliability. The study provides a robust analytical foundation and numerical validation for the double negative metamaterial unit cell, advancing the mmWave 5G wireless technology field.
{"title":"Mathematical model of a rectangular double negative meta-structure for 5G applications","authors":"M. J. Alam;S. I. Latif","doi":"10.1029/2024RS008036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RS008036","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces the mathematical formulation of a proven rectangular double negative (DNZ) metamaterial (MTM) structure using a lumped element circuit model in terms of RLC components for millimeter-wave (mmWave) 28 GHz applications. The structure is developed on a 0.254 mm-thick substrate material: Rogers RT/duroid 5880 with an area of 8.7 mm\u0000<sup>2</sup>\u0000. The model accounts for different losses inherent in the system; a series resistance to take into account the losses in the conductor and a shunt resistance to describe the losses in the dielectric substrate, addressing the finite conductivity of conducting materials, the finite resistivity of the dielectric material, and the presence of a dielectric substrate with metallic rings on top. By incorporating these factors, it is possible to precisely predict the resonance frequency associated with this specific structure, however limits the formulation from being applied to other shapes. Numerical validation demonstrates a good agreement with analytical predictions, affirming the model's reliability. The study provides a robust analytical foundation and numerical validation for the double negative metamaterial unit cell, advancing the mmWave 5G wireless technology field.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"59 11","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142777716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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