This article presents a broadband gain-enhanced circularly polarized (CP) microstrip patch antenna based on metasurface (MS). A truncated corner square patch with a cross-shaped slot has been employed as the host antenna, configured on a 1.6 mm thick FR-4 substrate backed by a copper ground plane. The MS layer consisting of a 4 × 4 square array has been designed on another 1.6 mm thick FR-4 substrate with identical outer dimensions acting as a superstrate layer. The proposed antenna exhibits a — 10-dB reflection coefficient bandwidth spanning from 4.37 to 7.03 GHz (46.67%), along with a 3-dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth from 5.13 to 5.78 GHz (12%). At 5.3 GHz, the antenna exhibits a maximum realized gain of 6.8 dBic. Furthermore, polarization of the antenna is characterized as left-handed circularly polarized. To verify the impedance response, an equivalent circuit model of the antenna has been developed step-by-step followed by fabrication of the prototype. The measured results show high degree of similarity with the simulated responses. Being low profile (0.56λo × 0.56λo × 0.028λo at 5.3 GHz), the proposed CP antenna can be utilized for applications of WLAN, Wi-Fi wireless computer networks etc.
{"title":"A broadband gain-enhanced metasurface-based circularly polarized patch antenna for WLAN application","authors":"Deepak Ram;Amit Kumar Singh;Somak Bhattacharyya","doi":"10.1029/2024RS008063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RS008063","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a broadband gain-enhanced circularly polarized (CP) microstrip patch antenna based on metasurface (MS). A truncated corner square patch with a cross-shaped slot has been employed as the host antenna, configured on a 1.6 mm thick FR-4 substrate backed by a copper ground plane. The MS layer consisting of a 4 × 4 square array has been designed on another 1.6 mm thick FR-4 substrate with identical outer dimensions acting as a superstrate layer. The proposed antenna exhibits a — 10-dB reflection coefficient bandwidth spanning from 4.37 to 7.03 GHz (46.67%), along with a 3-dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth from 5.13 to 5.78 GHz (12%). At 5.3 GHz, the antenna exhibits a maximum realized gain of 6.8 dBic. Furthermore, polarization of the antenna is characterized as left-handed circularly polarized. To verify the impedance response, an equivalent circuit model of the antenna has been developed step-by-step followed by fabrication of the prototype. The measured results show high degree of similarity with the simulated responses. Being low profile (0.56λ<inf>o</inf> × 0.56λ<inf>o</inf> × 0.028λ<inf>o</inf> at 5.3 GHz), the proposed CP antenna can be utilized for applications of WLAN, Wi-Fi wireless computer networks etc.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"60 6","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ahmed Rifaat Hamad;Ammar Al-Adhami;Nouf Abd Elmunim;Mohammad Alibakhshikenari;Bal Virdee;Hasan Salman Hamad;Renu Jayanthi;Dion Mariyanayagam;Innocent Lubangakene;Sunil Kumar;Salahuddin Khan;Yi Tang;Lida Kouhalvandi;Taha A. Elwi;Mohsin Ali Ahmed;Nasr Rashid
This paper presents a novel rectenna design for hybrid energy harvesting, optimized using a binary genetic algorithm (BGA) with binary coding to improve geometry, impedance matching, and radiation efficiency. The fabricated rectenna achieves reflection coefficients below −40 dB at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz, demonstrating excellent impedance matching. A commercial rectifier (Powercast P21XXCSR-EVB), employing a voltage doubler topology and Schottky diodes (Skyworks SMS7630 and Avago HSMS 285B), is integrated for RF-to-DC conversion. Peak efficiencies of 90% at 2.45 GHz and 52% at 5.8 GHz are recorded at 11 dBm input power, while efficiencies above 80% and 50%, respectively, are maintained at 0 dBm. The rectifier also exhibits wide impedance bandwidths, with reflection coefficients of − 23 dB and −18 dB at the respective frequencies. Outdoor testing yields DC output voltages of 92.6 mV (2.45 GHz) and 64 mV (5.8 GHz). The system's efficiency and adaptability under variable conditions make it ideal for low-power applications such as wireless sensor networks, Internet of Things devices, and remote monitoring. Its robust performance across environments highlights its potential for autonomous energy harvesting in 5G and sub-6 GHz networks.
{"title":"Rectenna design optimized by binary genetic algorithm for hybrid energy harvesting applications across 5G sub-6 GHz band","authors":"Ahmed Rifaat Hamad;Ammar Al-Adhami;Nouf Abd Elmunim;Mohammad Alibakhshikenari;Bal Virdee;Hasan Salman Hamad;Renu Jayanthi;Dion Mariyanayagam;Innocent Lubangakene;Sunil Kumar;Salahuddin Khan;Yi Tang;Lida Kouhalvandi;Taha A. Elwi;Mohsin Ali Ahmed;Nasr Rashid","doi":"10.1029/2024RS008154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RS008154","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel rectenna design for hybrid energy harvesting, optimized using a binary genetic algorithm (BGA) with binary coding to improve geometry, impedance matching, and radiation efficiency. The fabricated rectenna achieves reflection coefficients below −40 dB at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz, demonstrating excellent impedance matching. A commercial rectifier (Powercast P21XXCSR-EVB), employing a voltage doubler topology and Schottky diodes (Skyworks SMS7630 and Avago HSMS 285B), is integrated for RF-to-DC conversion. Peak efficiencies of 90% at 2.45 GHz and 52% at 5.8 GHz are recorded at 11 dBm input power, while efficiencies above 80% and 50%, respectively, are maintained at 0 dBm. The rectifier also exhibits wide impedance bandwidths, with reflection coefficients of − 23 dB and −18 dB at the respective frequencies. Outdoor testing yields DC output voltages of 92.6 mV (2.45 GHz) and 64 mV (5.8 GHz). The system's efficiency and adaptability under variable conditions make it ideal for low-power applications such as wireless sensor networks, Internet of Things devices, and remote monitoring. Its robust performance across environments highlights its potential for autonomous energy harvesting in 5G and sub-6 GHz networks.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"60 6","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, a new real-time path loss prediction model based on multi-modal sensory data is proposed to enhance the accuracy of path loss prediction in vehicular communication scenarios. A new multimodal data set containing communication and sensory data is constructed based on simulation platforms. The data set is constructed for intelligent sensing-communication integration in urban vehicular crossroads scenarios. Based on the constructed data set, the mapping relationship between physical space and electromagnetic space is explored. Furthermore, path loss prediction is achieved with environmental information via multi-modal sensory data. Simulation results show that the proposed path loss prediction model is validated, which achieves a mean squared error of 1.9283 × 10−6. The proposed model improves the accuracy by 2 orders of magnitude over 3GPP TR 38.901 channel models. Compared to the artificial neural network, support vector regression, random forest, and gradient tree boosting, the proposed model achieves the highest accuracy. Finally, the effectiveness of multi-modal sensory data fusion in path loss prediction for vehicular communication scenarios is validated, which shows a 19.8% improvement in accuracy compared to predictions based on uni-modal data.
{"title":"Path loss prediction for vehicle-to-infrastructure communications via synesthesia of machines (SoM)","authors":"Mengyuan Lu;Lu Bai;Ziwei Huang;Mi Yang;Xiang Cheng","doi":"10.1029/2024RS008187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RS008187","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a new real-time path loss prediction model based on multi-modal sensory data is proposed to enhance the accuracy of path loss prediction in vehicular communication scenarios. A new multimodal data set containing communication and sensory data is constructed based on simulation platforms. The data set is constructed for intelligent sensing-communication integration in urban vehicular crossroads scenarios. Based on the constructed data set, the mapping relationship between physical space and electromagnetic space is explored. Furthermore, path loss prediction is achieved with environmental information via multi-modal sensory data. Simulation results show that the proposed path loss prediction model is validated, which achieves a mean squared error of 1.9283 × 10<sup>−6</sup>. The proposed model improves the accuracy by 2 orders of magnitude over 3GPP TR 38.901 channel models. Compared to the artificial neural network, support vector regression, random forest, and gradient tree boosting, the proposed model achieves the highest accuracy. Finally, the effectiveness of multi-modal sensory data fusion in path loss prediction for vehicular communication scenarios is validated, which shows a 19.8% improvement in accuracy compared to predictions based on uni-modal data.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"60 6","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A novel miniaturized epsilon negative metamaterial is proposed vide this article to address coupling in a tightly spaced H-plane configured two-element multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna operating at the globally popular 5G NR (new radio) band of 3.5 GHz frequency. Wave evanescence exhibited by the devised metamaterial unit element (MTM UE) (4.2 × 4.2 sq.mm) at 3.5 GHz resonance is verified by interposing the MTM UE array (5 × 1) in an MIMO antenna with an edge-to-edge spacing of 5 mm. Each radiator constituting the MIMO array (37 × 80.6 sq.mm) is a modified rectangular patch antenna with dimensions 27 × 33.4 sq.mm that are excited by the cost-effective microstrip transmission line. After the insertion of the proposed MTM unit element, the port isolation reported is <—20>9.8 dB) and Envelope Correlation Coefficient (<0.04) values from the radiation pattern, which adhered to the acceptance rate. Proposed MTM UE even rendered improved radiation gain with negligible impact on the efficiency. To verify the evanescence mechanism in real-time, the prototype covering the two-element MIMO with the proposed miniaturized MTM UE is fabricated and tested, which presents a perfect agreement. All these features make the proposed design viable for Wi-Max (IEEE 802.16e) (3.4–3.5 GHz) technology dedicated to space-constrained modern wireless applications. In addition, this article also presents the RLC equivalence derived for the proposed MTM UE and the two-element MIMO antenna.
{"title":"Isolation enhancement in H-plane coupled 5G MIMO antenna with tight spacing using miniaturized epsilon negative (ENG) metamaterial","authors":"R. K. Rabin Kanisha;C. Rimmya","doi":"10.1029/2024RS008171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RS008171","url":null,"abstract":"A novel miniaturized epsilon negative metamaterial is proposed vide this article to address coupling in a tightly spaced H-plane configured two-element multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna operating at the globally popular 5G NR (new radio) band of 3.5 GHz frequency. Wave evanescence exhibited by the devised metamaterial unit element (MTM UE) (4.2 × 4.2 sq.mm) at 3.5 GHz resonance is verified by interposing the MTM UE array (5 × 1) in an MIMO antenna with an edge-to-edge spacing of 5 mm. Each radiator constituting the MIMO array (37 × 80.6 sq.mm) is a modified rectangular patch antenna with dimensions 27 × 33.4 sq.mm that are excited by the cost-effective microstrip transmission line. After the insertion of the proposed MTM unit element, the port isolation reported is <—20>9.8 dB) and Envelope Correlation Coefficient (<0.04) values from the radiation pattern, which adhered to the acceptance rate. Proposed MTM UE even rendered improved radiation gain with negligible impact on the efficiency. To verify the evanescence mechanism in real-time, the prototype covering the two-element MIMO with the proposed miniaturized MTM UE is fabricated and tested, which presents a perfect agreement. All these features make the proposed design viable for Wi-Max (IEEE 802.16e) (3.4–3.5 GHz) technology dedicated to space-constrained modern wireless applications. In addition, this article also presents the RLC equivalence derived for the proposed MTM UE and the two-element MIMO antenna.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"60 6","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A novel method based on the theory of characteristic modes to fast extract the angular glint feature of multiple objects is proposed in this paper. The Characteristic Modes (CMs) of a single object are obtained with the EFIE-based CMs equation. The primary currents induced by the incident plane wave and the primary scattering fields are obtained through the linear superposition of each object's CMs. Considering the reconstructed primary currents as secondary sources, the coupling effect among objects can also be calculated using linear superposition. Finally, the reconstructed scattering field is utilized to calculate the angular glint linear deviation with the energy-flow tilt concept. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method are validated by several examples. The angular glint of unmanned aerial vehicle formations with varying spacings and attitudes is studied with the proposed method, providing a valuable reference for enhancing or suppressing the angular glint of multiple objects.
{"title":"A CM-based fast computation method for the angular glint feature of multiple objects","authors":"Jihong Gu;Jiaxuan Wang;Jie Kang;Jiamin Shi;Zhaoyuan Wang;Dazhi Ding","doi":"10.1029/2025RS008245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025RS008245","url":null,"abstract":"A novel method based on the theory of characteristic modes to fast extract the angular glint feature of multiple objects is proposed in this paper. The Characteristic Modes (CMs) of a single object are obtained with the EFIE-based CMs equation. The primary currents induced by the incident plane wave and the primary scattering fields are obtained through the linear superposition of each object's CMs. Considering the reconstructed primary currents as secondary sources, the coupling effect among objects can also be calculated using linear superposition. Finally, the reconstructed scattering field is utilized to calculate the angular glint linear deviation with the energy-flow tilt concept. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method are validated by several examples. The angular glint of unmanned aerial vehicle formations with varying spacings and attitudes is studied with the proposed method, providing a valuable reference for enhancing or suppressing the angular glint of multiple objects.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"60 6","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the review on the design of various ultra-wideband antennas through wall imaging in radar applications. The technical and methodological features in the design of ultra-wideband is examined in this work. The parameters such as gain, directivity, frequency bandwidth sidelobe level and complexity involved in the design are studied. Furthermore, the image resolution and penetration depth required for Ground Penetrating Radar systems depends on the antenna parameters are analyzed in detail. The proposed manuscript gives a depth study of the suitable antenna design for penetrating ground radars. The comparative study is made on the various types of UWB antenna with a focus (a) To highlight the requirement for UWB antennas in wall imaging radar imaging systems (b) To describe the techniques used to enhance the performance of the antenna.
{"title":"A review on ultra-wideband antennas for through wall imaging and ground penetrating radar applications","authors":"Sangeetha Subbaraj;Saffrine Kingsly","doi":"10.1029/2024RS008094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RS008094","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the review on the design of various ultra-wideband antennas through wall imaging in radar applications. The technical and methodological features in the design of ultra-wideband is examined in this work. The parameters such as gain, directivity, frequency bandwidth sidelobe level and complexity involved in the design are studied. Furthermore, the image resolution and penetration depth required for Ground Penetrating Radar systems depends on the antenna parameters are analyzed in detail. The proposed manuscript gives a depth study of the suitable antenna design for penetrating ground radars. The comparative study is made on the various types of UWB antenna with a focus (a) To highlight the requirement for UWB antennas in wall imaging radar imaging systems (b) To describe the techniques used to enhance the performance of the antenna.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"60 6","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, a snowflake-shaped low-profile ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is reported for dual function multiplexing of the Passive Keyless Entry and Start (PKES) system and the Automated Valet Parking (AVP) system. This antenna demonstrates preferred properties of omnidirectional radiation patterns and dual polarization. Both horizontally polarized (HP) and vertically polarized (VP) elements cover the UWB band, ensuing reliable signal receiving/transmitting. The omnidirectional radiation patterns are obtained over the whole working frequency band, which is much preferred in uses of PKES and AVP. To realize omnidirectional patterns, the HP antenna comprises eight dual-antipodal Vivaldi antennas arranged in a circular array, connected by a 1-to-8 power divider. Corrugated edges and shorting pins are introduced to improve bandwidth. Meanwhile, the VP antenna is formed by two cross low-profile tapered monopolies, which also provide omnidirectional radiation over the whole UWB range. The proposed antenna boasts a compact size of only 96 × 96 × 7 mm, with a height of 0.07λmin (λmin represents the free-space wavelength at the minimum operating frequency). The realized bandwidth covers 3.06–10.62 GHz, which encompasses the UWB band and V2X band. The measured gain variation in different directions is less than 3 dB, confirming satisfactory omnidirectional radiation. Specifically, in the V2X band, the isolation is better than 25 dB. These advantageous properties render the antenna an ideal candidate for UWB applications of PKES and AVP in IoV.
{"title":"An omnidirectional low-profile dual-polarized UWB antenna for dual-functional applications in Internet of vehicles","authors":"Yuanqing Zhu;Xiaoming Liu;Shuo Yu;Aiqing Zhang;Youhong Feng;Xiaojun Jing","doi":"10.1029/2025RS008263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025RS008263","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a snowflake-shaped low-profile ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is reported for dual function multiplexing of the Passive Keyless Entry and Start (PKES) system and the Automated Valet Parking (AVP) system. This antenna demonstrates preferred properties of omnidirectional radiation patterns and dual polarization. Both horizontally polarized (HP) and vertically polarized (VP) elements cover the UWB band, ensuing reliable signal receiving/transmitting. The omnidirectional radiation patterns are obtained over the whole working frequency band, which is much preferred in uses of PKES and AVP. To realize omnidirectional patterns, the HP antenna comprises eight dual-antipodal Vivaldi antennas arranged in a circular array, connected by a 1-to-8 power divider. Corrugated edges and shorting pins are introduced to improve bandwidth. Meanwhile, the VP antenna is formed by two cross low-profile tapered monopolies, which also provide omnidirectional radiation over the whole UWB range. The proposed antenna boasts a compact size of only 96 × 96 × 7 mm, with a height of 0.07λ<inf>min</inf> (λ<inf>min</inf> represents the free-space wavelength at the minimum operating frequency). The realized bandwidth covers 3.06–10.62 GHz, which encompasses the UWB band and V2X band. The measured gain variation in different directions is less than 3 dB, confirming satisfactory omnidirectional radiation. Specifically, in the V2X band, the isolation is better than 25 dB. These advantageous properties render the antenna an ideal candidate for UWB applications of PKES and AVP in IoV.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"60 6","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes a new instrumentation amplifier (IA) that has the ability to operate in all four possible modes: voltage, current, transimpedance, and transadmittance mode using a single Differential Voltage Current Conveyor Transconductance Amplifier (DVCCTA) along with external grounded resistors. The suggested IA structures offer a broad range of common mode rejection ratio bandwidth (BW) and differential gain (Adm) bandwidth of around (18.7 MHz, 26 MHz) for voltage mode, (17.29 MHz, 1.05 GHz) for current mode, (25.25 MHz, 168 MHz) for transimpedance mode and (17.29 MHz, 1.05 GHz) for transadmittance mode respectively, in which an unreported finding of 1.05 GHz gain BW underscores the uniqueness of the designs. Additionally, they are suitable for IC integration due to the available grounded passive attributes. Moreover, the designs come with an interesting feature for electronically tuning the gains via biasing current (IB) and also have a low power dissipation. Realization of DVCCTA uses 20MOS transistors, and OrCAD PSPICE with a 0.18 μm TSMC CMOS technology parameter is used to authenticate the workableness of the proposed IA circuits. The performance of the suggested topologies is analyzed by considering the non-idealities of the DVCCTA. Apart from that, process, voltage, temperature-dependent variations and Monte Carlo simulations are also delineated for the verification of the proposed designs. The functionality of the circuits has also been validated through practical experimentation, employing commercially accessible current feedback operational amplifiers, such as the ICAD844 and post layout simulations. The simulation results correlate well with the theoretical prediction.
{"title":"A novel single DVCCTA based electronically tunable, wideband, four-mode instrumentation amplifier","authors":"Harika Pamu;Puli Kishore Kumar;Kiran Kumar Gurrala","doi":"10.1029/2025RS008241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025RS008241","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a new instrumentation amplifier (IA) that has the ability to operate in all four possible modes: voltage, current, transimpedance, and transadmittance mode using a single Differential Voltage Current Conveyor Transconductance Amplifier (DVCCTA) along with external grounded resistors. The suggested IA structures offer a broad range of common mode rejection ratio bandwidth (BW) and differential gain (A<inf>dm</inf>) bandwidth of around (18.7 MHz, 26 MHz) for voltage mode, (17.29 MHz, 1.05 GHz) for current mode, (25.25 MHz, 168 MHz) for transimpedance mode and (17.29 MHz, 1.05 GHz) for transadmittance mode respectively, in which an unreported finding of 1.05 GHz gain BW underscores the uniqueness of the designs. Additionally, they are suitable for IC integration due to the available grounded passive attributes. Moreover, the designs come with an interesting feature for electronically tuning the gains via biasing current (I<inf>B</inf>) and also have a low power dissipation. Realization of DVCCTA uses 20MOS transistors, and OrCAD PSPICE with a 0.18 μm TSMC CMOS technology parameter is used to authenticate the workableness of the proposed IA circuits. The performance of the suggested topologies is analyzed by considering the non-idealities of the DVCCTA. Apart from that, process, voltage, temperature-dependent variations and Monte Carlo simulations are also delineated for the verification of the proposed designs. The functionality of the circuits has also been validated through practical experimentation, employing commercially accessible current feedback operational amplifiers, such as the ICAD844 and post layout simulations. The simulation results correlate well with the theoretical prediction.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"60 6","pages":"1-32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sokolovskiy;I. Zakharenkova;D. C. Hunt;J. J. Braun;J. P. Weiss;W. S. Schreiner;Iu. Cherniak;Q. Wu;T. Vanhove
Plasma irregularities in the ionosphere induce scintillation of radio signals. Radio occultation (RO) observations of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) signals from low Earth orbit (LEO) allow monitoring of the ionospheric scintillation. Under certain conditions, it is possible to localize (geolocate) plasma irregularities along the line-of-sight between the GNSS and LEO satellites. While several techniques have been considered for the localization, in this study we use the back propagation (BP) of complex RO signals (phase and amplitude) measured at a high rate (HR), 50–100 Hz. Our method is based on a numerical solution of the wave equation, originally proposed for geolocation in 2002, with some modifications. We consider theoretical aspects of the BP technique, including assumptions, approximations and limitations, and perform numerical modeling of radio wave propagation. We investigate geolocation by BP for two regions with aligned and mis-aligned irregularities and explain multi-valued geolocations. We focus on the equatorial F region, consistent with the COSMIC-2 observation sampling and use the IGRF-13 model of the Earth's magnetic field to define the orientation of plasma irregularities. We use our method for processing of COSMIC-2 HR scintillation data collected from the precise orbit determination antennas for 2 years: 2021 and 2023 (years with low and high solar activity). The results, represented by gridded monthly maps of geolocations, show clear seasonal and interannual variations. Additionally, we present comparison of the geolocations obtained independently from L1 and L2 signals for a 2-month period.
{"title":"Geolocation of the ionospheric irregularities in the equatorial F layer by back propagation of COSMIC-2 radio occultation signals","authors":"S. Sokolovskiy;I. Zakharenkova;D. C. Hunt;J. J. Braun;J. P. Weiss;W. S. Schreiner;Iu. Cherniak;Q. Wu;T. Vanhove","doi":"10.1029/2024RS008081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RS008081","url":null,"abstract":"Plasma irregularities in the ionosphere induce scintillation of radio signals. Radio occultation (RO) observations of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) signals from low Earth orbit (LEO) allow monitoring of the ionospheric scintillation. Under certain conditions, it is possible to localize (geolocate) plasma irregularities along the line-of-sight between the GNSS and LEO satellites. While several techniques have been considered for the localization, in this study we use the back propagation (BP) of complex RO signals (phase and amplitude) measured at a high rate (HR), 50–100 Hz. Our method is based on a numerical solution of the wave equation, originally proposed for geolocation in 2002, with some modifications. We consider theoretical aspects of the BP technique, including assumptions, approximations and limitations, and perform numerical modeling of radio wave propagation. We investigate geolocation by BP for two regions with aligned and mis-aligned irregularities and explain multi-valued geolocations. We focus on the equatorial F region, consistent with the COSMIC-2 observation sampling and use the IGRF-13 model of the Earth's magnetic field to define the orientation of plasma irregularities. We use our method for processing of COSMIC-2 HR scintillation data collected from the precise orbit determination antennas for 2 years: 2021 and 2023 (years with low and high solar activity). The results, represented by gridded monthly maps of geolocations, show clear seasonal and interannual variations. Additionally, we present comparison of the geolocations obtained independently from L1 and L2 signals for a 2-month period.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"60 6","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144550667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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