Apres avoir ete longtemps dependante des pesticides, l’agriculture mondiale est aujourd’hui frappee par un courant qui favorise des pratiques plus durables et plus respectueuses de l’environnement. Pour repondre a ces nouvelles exigences, les agriculteurs doivent se tourner vers l’exploitation et la rentabilisation des ressources naturelles par le biais de pratiques agricoles combinant la performance et la protection des cultures a un moindre cout ecologique. Dans ce contexte, le developpement de molecules biologiques capables de stimuler les defenses naturelles des vegetaux (SDN) est une strategie qui attire de plus en plus l’attention. Une molecule SDN est un eliciteur susceptible de declencher une serie d’evenements biochimiques menant a l’expression de la resistance chez la plante. La perception du signal par des recepteurs membranaires specifiques et sa transduction par diverses voies de signalisation conduisent a la synthese et a l’accumulation synchronisee de molecules defensives parmi lesquelles certaines jouent un role structural alors que d’autres exercent une fonction antimicrobienne directe. Les barrieres structurales contribuent a retarder la progression de l’agent pathogene dans les tissus de la plante et a empecher la diffusion de substances deleteres telles des enzymes de degradation des parois ou des toxines. Les mecanismes biochimiques incluent, entre autres, la synthese de proteines de stress et d’inhibiteurs de proteases ainsi que la production de phytoalexines, des metabolites secondaires ayant un fort potentiel antimicrobien. Les progres remarquables accomplis ces dernieres annees en termes de comprehension des mecanismes impliques dans la resistance induite chez les plantes se traduisent aujourd’hui par la commercialisation d’un nombre de plus en plus important de SDN capables de stimuler le « systeme immunitaire » des plantes en mimant l’effet des agents pathogenes.
{"title":"Stimulateurs des défenses naturelles des plantes : une nouvelle stratégie phytosanitaire dans un contexte d’écoproduction durable. I. Principes de la résistance induite","authors":"N. Benhamou, P. Rey","doi":"10.7202/1012399AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1012399AR","url":null,"abstract":"Apres avoir ete longtemps dependante des pesticides, l’agriculture mondiale est aujourd’hui frappee par un courant qui favorise des pratiques plus durables et plus respectueuses de l’environnement. Pour repondre a ces nouvelles exigences, les agriculteurs doivent se tourner vers l’exploitation et la rentabilisation des ressources naturelles par le biais de pratiques agricoles combinant la performance et la protection des cultures a un moindre cout ecologique. Dans ce contexte, le developpement de molecules biologiques capables de stimuler les defenses naturelles des vegetaux (SDN) est une strategie qui attire de plus en plus l’attention. Une molecule SDN est un eliciteur susceptible de declencher une serie d’evenements biochimiques menant a l’expression de la resistance chez la plante. La perception du signal par des recepteurs membranaires specifiques et sa transduction par diverses voies de signalisation conduisent a la synthese et a l’accumulation synchronisee de molecules defensives parmi lesquelles certaines jouent un role structural alors que d’autres exercent une fonction antimicrobienne directe. Les barrieres structurales contribuent a retarder la progression de l’agent pathogene dans les tissus de la plante et a empecher la diffusion de substances deleteres telles des enzymes de degradation des parois ou des toxines. Les mecanismes biochimiques incluent, entre autres, la synthese de proteines de stress et d’inhibiteurs de proteases ainsi que la production de phytoalexines, des metabolites secondaires ayant un fort potentiel antimicrobien. Les progres remarquables accomplis ces dernieres annees en termes de comprehension des mecanismes impliques dans la resistance induite chez les plantes se traduisent aujourd’hui par la commercialisation d’un nombre de plus en plus important de SDN capables de stimuler le « systeme immunitaire » des plantes en mimant l’effet des agents pathogenes.","PeriodicalId":49693,"journal":{"name":"Phytoprotection","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82094919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Au cours des dernieres decennies, les avancees spectaculaires de nos connaissances sur les mecanismes impliques dans la resistance induite chez les plantes ont favorise le developpement d’initiatives visant a valoriser la strategie de defense naturelle des plantes dans un contexte conjuguant la preservation de l’environnement et la production intensive de produits agricoles. Aujourd’hui, un nombre croissant de formulations contenant des stimulateurs des defenses naturelles (SDN) en tant que matiere active arrive sur le marche et il est raisonnable de croire que de plus en plus de molecules inductrices de resistance seront disponibles dans un futur proche. Un SDN est une molecule biologique capable de declencher les evenements moleculaires, biochimiques et cytologiques menant a l’expression de la resistance chez une plante. Il s’agit donc d’une sorte de « vaccin » susceptible d’activer le « systeme immunitaire » de la plante de telle sorte qu’une plante initialement sensible a un agent pathogene devienne resistante. Si le chitosane est connu depuis plusieurs annees, d’autres SDN d’origines variees ont recemment ete decouverts et certains d’entre eux ont ete commercialises. Tels sont les cas, par exemple, du Iodus40®, un polymere de β-1,3-glucanes isole d’une algue brune, du Messenger®, dont la matiere active est un peptide bacterien, ou du Stifenia® qui contient des extraits de fenugrec, une legumineuse africaine. L’exploitation de la resistance induite en agriculture biologique ou en agriculture raisonnee (alternance entre la lutte biologique et la lutte chimique) est une strategie qui offre de grandes promesses d’avenir, car elle est essentiellement fondee sur la stimulation des mecanismes naturels de defense des plantes. Il est cependant evident que des recherches sont encore necessaires pour demontrer que cette approche 1) n’engendre aucun risque pour le consommateur (allergies ou autres desordres); 2) ne cause pas de baisses de rendement; 3) ne presente pas une trop grande variabilite en termes de performance; et 4) n’est pas trop onereuse en comparaison avec une approche de lutte chimique.
{"title":"Stimulateurs des défenses naturelles des plantes : une nouvelle stratégie phytosanitaire dans un contexte d’écoproduction durable. : II. Intérêt des SDN en protection des cultures","authors":"N. Benhamou, P. Rey","doi":"10.7202/1013299AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1013299AR","url":null,"abstract":"Au cours des dernieres decennies, les avancees spectaculaires de nos connaissances sur les mecanismes impliques dans la resistance induite chez les plantes ont favorise le developpement d’initiatives visant a valoriser la strategie de defense naturelle des plantes dans un contexte conjuguant la preservation de l’environnement et la production intensive de produits agricoles. Aujourd’hui, un nombre croissant de formulations contenant des stimulateurs des defenses naturelles (SDN) en tant que matiere active arrive sur le marche et il est raisonnable de croire que de plus en plus de molecules inductrices de resistance seront disponibles dans un futur proche. Un SDN est une molecule biologique capable de declencher les evenements moleculaires, biochimiques et cytologiques menant a l’expression de la resistance chez une plante. Il s’agit donc d’une sorte de « vaccin » susceptible d’activer le « systeme immunitaire » de la plante de telle sorte qu’une plante initialement sensible a un agent pathogene devienne resistante. Si le chitosane est connu depuis plusieurs annees, d’autres SDN d’origines variees ont recemment ete decouverts et certains d’entre eux ont ete commercialises. Tels sont les cas, par exemple, du Iodus40®, un polymere de β-1,3-glucanes isole d’une algue brune, du Messenger®, dont la matiere active est un peptide bacterien, ou du Stifenia® qui contient des extraits de fenugrec, une legumineuse africaine. L’exploitation de la resistance induite en agriculture biologique ou en agriculture raisonnee (alternance entre la lutte biologique et la lutte chimique) est une strategie qui offre de grandes promesses d’avenir, car elle est essentiellement fondee sur la stimulation des mecanismes naturels de defense des plantes. Il est cependant evident que des recherches sont encore necessaires pour demontrer que cette approche 1) n’engendre aucun risque pour le consommateur (allergies ou autres desordres); 2) ne cause pas de baisses de rendement; 3) ne presente pas une trop grande variabilite en termes de performance; et 4) n’est pas trop onereuse en comparaison avec une approche de lutte chimique.","PeriodicalId":49693,"journal":{"name":"Phytoprotection","volume":"19 1","pages":"24-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91151499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Légére, C. Stevenson, Olivier Lalonde, A. Vanasse, D. Benoit
Stork’s bill was observed for the first time in 2009, and again in 2010, in a 22-yr-old conservation tillage study at La Pocatiere, Quebec. Within a year, the species had spread from two to ten plots, with densities ranging between 100 and 232 plants m-2 in 2010 compared with ≤ 12 plants m-2 in 2009. Currently, stork’s bill is not a major agricultural weed in eastern Canada; it should therefore be monitored closely and acted upon rapidly to prevent its establishment and spread. The relatively high hemp-nettle density in no-till compared with tilled treatments in 2009 was attributed to a cultivation operation conducted exceptionally in no-till treatments, confirming the responsiveness of the species to tillage.
{"title":"Stork’s bill (Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Her. ex Ait) and hemp-nettle (Galeopsis tetrahit L.): a cautionary note for eastern Canada field crops","authors":"A. Légére, C. Stevenson, Olivier Lalonde, A. Vanasse, D. Benoit","doi":"10.7202/1008540AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1008540AR","url":null,"abstract":"Stork’s bill was observed for the first time in 2009, and again in 2010, in a 22-yr-old conservation tillage study at La Pocatiere, Quebec. Within a year, the species had spread from two to ten plots, with densities ranging between 100 and 232 plants m-2 in 2010 compared with ≤ 12 plants m-2 in 2009. Currently, stork’s bill is not a major agricultural weed in eastern Canada; it should therefore be monitored closely and acted upon rapidly to prevent its establishment and spread. The relatively high hemp-nettle density in no-till compared with tilled treatments in 2009 was attributed to a cultivation operation conducted exceptionally in no-till treatments, confirming the responsiveness of the species to tillage.","PeriodicalId":49693,"journal":{"name":"Phytoprotection","volume":"165 1","pages":"11-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88284538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The pathogenicity of Gremmeniella abietina var. balsamea isolated from balsam fir (Abies balsamea) was tested on different conifer hosts, including A. balsamea. Pathogenicity of the fungus was positive on balsam fir only. This pathogen could not infect other conifers, not even spruce species which are reported as hosts for the taxon G. abietina var. balsamea. Also, isolates from spruces and pines were pathogenic only on their respective hosts. These results raise questions on the taxonomic status of the two pathogens classified as G. abietina var. balsamea.
研究了从苦瓜冷杉(Abies balsamea)中分离的苦瓜绿门菌(gremeniella abietina var. balsamea)对不同针叶寄主(包括苦瓜冷杉)的致病性。该真菌仅对香脂冷杉呈阳性致病性。该病原菌不能感染其他针叶树，甚至不能感染被报道为寄主的云杉。此外，云杉和松树的分离株仅对其各自的寄主致病。这些结果对这两种被归为苦瓜属的病原菌的分类地位提出了疑问。
{"title":"Pathogenicity tests of Gremmeniella abietina var. balsamea isolated from balsam fir in Canada","authors":"E. Smerlis, G. Laflamme","doi":"10.7202/1008542AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1008542AR","url":null,"abstract":"The pathogenicity of Gremmeniella abietina var. balsamea isolated from balsam fir (Abies balsamea) was tested on different conifer hosts, including A. balsamea. Pathogenicity of the fungus was positive on balsam fir only. This pathogen could not infect other conifers, not even spruce species which are reported as hosts for the taxon G. abietina var. balsamea. Also, isolates from spruces and pines were pathogenic only on their respective hosts. These results raise questions on the taxonomic status of the two pathogens classified as G. abietina var. balsamea.","PeriodicalId":49693,"journal":{"name":"Phytoprotection","volume":"290 4","pages":"19-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72570314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lai Wei, A. Xue, E. Cober, C. Babcock, Jinxiu Zhang, Zhang Shuzhen, Wenbin Li, Jun-jiang Wu, Li-jun Liu
Pythium species cause seed rot (SR) and damping-off (DO) in soybean worldwide. In a previous study, a number of Pythium species were isolated from infected soybean plants across Ontario and Quebec, but their comparative pathogenicities to soybean were not examined. In the present research, 24 isolates from eight Pythium spp. were evaluated for their pathogenicity in causing soybean SR and DO in a greenhouse environment. The effect of temperature on the ability of these isolates to cause SR was also studied. There were significant differences among the eight Pythium spp. for both SR and DO. When tested at 25°C, Pythium ultimum was the most pathogenic species, causing 97.0% SR and 46.4% DO, on average, in the two soybean cultivars used. Pythium aphanidermatum was the second most pathogenic species, resulting in 88.5% SR and 41.8% DO. The two species resulted in significantly greater SR and DO than the other six species tested and were considered highly pathogenic. Of the two cultivars used in these trials, ‘Beechwood’ was significantly more susceptible than ‘Nattawa’ to both SR and DO. Temperature had a significant influence on SR caused by Pythium spp. At all four temperatures tested (4°C, 12°C, 20°C and 28°C), P. ultimum was highly pathogenic, while P. arrenomanes, P. coloratum and P. dissotocum were the least pathogenic. The interactions between temperature and Pythium spp. were more pronounced for P. aphanidermatum, which showed an increased percentage of SR with an increase in temperature, and for P. irregulare, P. macrosporum and P. sylvaticum, which showed a decreased percentage of SR with an increase in temperature.
{"title":"Pathogenicity of Pythium species causing seed rot and damping-off in soybean under controlled conditions","authors":"Lai Wei, A. Xue, E. Cober, C. Babcock, Jinxiu Zhang, Zhang Shuzhen, Wenbin Li, Jun-jiang Wu, Li-jun Liu","doi":"10.7202/1008539AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1008539AR","url":null,"abstract":"Pythium species cause seed rot (SR) and damping-off (DO) in soybean worldwide. In a previous study, a number of Pythium species were isolated from infected soybean plants across Ontario and Quebec, but their comparative pathogenicities to soybean were not examined. In the present research, 24 isolates from eight Pythium spp. were evaluated for their pathogenicity in causing soybean SR and DO in a greenhouse environment. The effect of temperature on the ability of these isolates to cause SR was also studied. There were significant differences among the eight Pythium spp. for both SR and DO. When tested at 25°C, Pythium ultimum was the most pathogenic species, causing 97.0% SR and 46.4% DO, on average, in the two soybean cultivars used. Pythium aphanidermatum was the second most pathogenic species, resulting in 88.5% SR and 41.8% DO. The two species resulted in significantly greater SR and DO than the other six species tested and were considered highly pathogenic. Of the two cultivars used in these trials, ‘Beechwood’ was significantly more susceptible than ‘Nattawa’ to both SR and DO. Temperature had a significant influence on SR caused by Pythium spp. At all four temperatures tested (4°C, 12°C, 20°C and 28°C), P. ultimum was highly pathogenic, while P. arrenomanes, P. coloratum and P. dissotocum were the least pathogenic. The interactions between temperature and Pythium spp. were more pronounced for P. aphanidermatum, which showed an increased percentage of SR with an increase in temperature, and for P. irregulare, P. macrosporum and P. sylvaticum, which showed a decreased percentage of SR with an increase in temperature.","PeriodicalId":49693,"journal":{"name":"Phytoprotection","volume":"40 1","pages":"3-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73096282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Test tube plantlets were used to assess the transmission efficiency of Potato virus Y (PVY) from and to potato plants by the potato colonizing species green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) and the non-potato colonizing species soybean aphid (Aphis glycines). Similar levels of transmission of PVY by M. persicae were observed in the test tube plantlets and potted plants, demonstrating the reliability of this test for PVY transmission efficiency assay for aphids. The assay was then used to assess the transmission of PVYO and PVYN:O by M. persicae and A. glycines with two virus acquisition regimes, one with 5-min continuous probing and the other with 1-h acquisition access. The M. persicae mediated-transmission rate was 24.1% and 51.7% for PVYO and PVYN:O, respectively, under the 5-min acquisition regime; under the same acquisition regime, A. glycines led to 0.0% and 1.7% infection rates for PVYO and PVYN:O, respectively. Under the 1-h acquisition regime, no infection was observed except for PVYN:O by M. persicae, which exhibited an infection rate of 3.4%.
{"title":"The use of test tube plantlets for the assessment of Potato virus Y transmission by Myzus persicae and Aphis glycines","authors":"X. Nie, Marie A. Giguère, Y. Pelletier","doi":"10.7202/1008541AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1008541AR","url":null,"abstract":"Test tube plantlets were used to assess the transmission efficiency of Potato virus Y (PVY) from and to potato plants by the potato colonizing species green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) and the non-potato colonizing species soybean aphid (Aphis glycines). Similar levels of transmission of PVY by M. persicae were observed in the test tube plantlets and potted plants, demonstrating the reliability of this test for PVY transmission efficiency assay for aphids. The assay was then used to assess the transmission of PVYO and PVYN:O by M. persicae and A. glycines with two virus acquisition regimes, one with 5-min continuous probing and the other with 1-h acquisition access. The M. persicae mediated-transmission rate was 24.1% and 51.7% for PVYO and PVYN:O, respectively, under the 5-min acquisition regime; under the same acquisition regime, A. glycines led to 0.0% and 1.7% infection rates for PVYO and PVYN:O, respectively. Under the 1-h acquisition regime, no infection was observed except for PVYN:O by M. persicae, which exhibited an infection rate of 3.4%.","PeriodicalId":49693,"journal":{"name":"Phytoprotection","volume":"5 1","pages":"15-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81689846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chitosan amendment modified the composition of a microbial community associated with dehydrated pork manure by-product. The amended product (biosolid PC) contained a lower number of anaerobic bacteria than the non-amended product (biosolid P). Chitosan also significantly reduced the fungal population. A 16S rRNA gene bank constructed from DNA extracted from the bacterial community associated with both P and PC biosolids revealed that bacterial orders Xanthomonodales, Pseudomonadales, Enterobacteriales, Burkholderiales, Actinomycetales, Bacillales, Clostridiales and Lactobacillales were found in both biosolids. Bacteria from the Stenotrophomonas genus were abundant in both biosolids. However, the addition of chitosan appeared to induce changes in the population of some bacterial genera. For example, clones carrying a 16S rRNA gene corresponding to the Bacillus genus were doubled in biosolid PC. In field trials carried out to test their effect on common scab incidence, biosolids P and PC were applied as potato seed treatment. Biosolid P increased disease incidence by a factor of 1.33 and 2.85 in two independent experiments. However, when chitosan was added to the seed treatment, the stimulating effect of biosolid P on common scab was cancelled out.
{"title":"Dehydrated pork manure by-product: effect of a chitosan amendment on bacterial community and common scab incidence","authors":"J. Roy, P. Lafontaine, R. Chabot, C. Beaulieu","doi":"10.7202/045779AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/045779AR","url":null,"abstract":"Chitosan amendment modified the composition of a microbial community associated with dehydrated pork manure by-product. The amended product (biosolid PC) contained a lower number of anaerobic bacteria than the non-amended product (biosolid P). Chitosan also significantly reduced the fungal population. A 16S rRNA gene bank constructed from DNA extracted from the bacterial community associated with both P and PC biosolids revealed that bacterial orders Xanthomonodales, Pseudomonadales, Enterobacteriales, Burkholderiales, Actinomycetales, Bacillales, Clostridiales and Lactobacillales were found in both biosolids. Bacteria from the Stenotrophomonas genus were abundant in both biosolids. However, the addition of chitosan appeared to induce changes in the population of some bacterial genera. For example, clones carrying a 16S rRNA gene corresponding to the Bacillus genus were doubled in biosolid PC. In field trials carried out to test their effect on common scab incidence, biosolids P and PC were applied as potato seed treatment. Biosolid P increased disease incidence by a factor of 1.33 and 2.85 in two independent experiments. However, when chitosan was added to the seed treatment, the stimulating effect of biosolid P on common scab was cancelled out.","PeriodicalId":49693,"journal":{"name":"Phytoprotection","volume":"44 1","pages":"107-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85593444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Bakry, G. Bussières, M. Lamhamedi, H. Margolis, D. C. Stowe, M. Abourouh, M. Blais, J. Bérubé
A trial involving the mass propagation of Argania spinosa cuttings was established following two protocols: in mini-bouturatheques without mist and in a greenhouse under mist. Symptoms of petiole necrosis, foliar yellowing and abundant black acervuli were observed under both protocols. These symptoms were responsible for a 90% mortality rate in the mini-bouturatheques while under the mist treatment premature fatal necrosis of the apical buds resulted in 100% mortality. The disease’s causal agent, Pestalotiopsis clavispora, was identified on the basis of its morphological characteristics and by molecular analysis. Alternating weekly treatments of systemic and contact fungicides resulted in a 41% success rate in controlling this pathogen, described for the first time on argan cuttings.
{"title":"A first record of Pestalotiopsis clavispora in Argan mass cutting propagation: Prevalence, prevention and consequences for plant production","authors":"M. Bakry, G. Bussières, M. Lamhamedi, H. Margolis, D. C. Stowe, M. Abourouh, M. Blais, J. Bérubé","doi":"10.7202/045780AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/045780AR","url":null,"abstract":"A trial involving the mass propagation of Argania spinosa cuttings was established following two protocols: in mini-bouturatheques without mist and in a greenhouse under mist. Symptoms of petiole necrosis, foliar yellowing and abundant black acervuli were observed under both protocols. These symptoms were responsible for a 90% mortality rate in the mini-bouturatheques while under the mist treatment premature fatal necrosis of the apical buds resulted in 100% mortality. The disease’s causal agent, Pestalotiopsis clavispora, was identified on the basis of its morphological characteristics and by molecular analysis. Alternating weekly treatments of systemic and contact fungicides resulted in a 41% success rate in controlling this pathogen, described for the first time on argan cuttings.","PeriodicalId":49693,"journal":{"name":"Phytoprotection","volume":"30 1","pages":"117-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88839066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1934, over 200,000 red pine (Pinus resinosa) seedlings were planted at Valcartier, near Quebec City. By 1939, more than 28% of these pines were dead. Fifteen years after plantation, red pine mortality reached 93% and the plantation was considered a total loss. Summer frost was thought to be the cause of red pine mortality, while white pine (Pinus strobus) trees planted at the same time were killed by white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola), without any trace of frost damage. However, while summer frost was not listed in insect and disease survey reports published from 1953 to 1993, it was reported in the Valcartier area. Analysis of archival documents and publications shows that Scleroderris canker caused by Gremmeniella abietina was responsible for this mortality. This disease was not known in Canada before 1960. Our diagnosis is based on the description of signs and symptoms, on photographs of damage and on samples collected on site. Gremmeniella abietina, North American race, was isolated and identified. The age of the trees confirms the identity of the plantation; the age of the cankers on residual pines shows that the disease reached the trunks around 1945. High snow depth - not frost - in topographic depressions created conditions conducive to the development of the disease at the epidemic level. This is the earliest documented report of Scleroderris canker in North America.
{"title":"Earliest documented report of Scleroderris canker in North America: damage believed until now to be caused by summer frost.","authors":"G. Laflamme","doi":"10.7202/045777AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/045777AR","url":null,"abstract":"In 1934, over 200,000 red pine (Pinus resinosa) seedlings were planted at Valcartier, near Quebec City. By 1939, more than 28% of these pines were dead. Fifteen years after plantation, red pine mortality reached 93% and the plantation was considered a total loss. Summer frost was thought to be the cause of red pine mortality, while white pine (Pinus strobus) trees planted at the same time were killed by white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola), without any trace of frost damage. However, while summer frost was not listed in insect and disease survey reports published from 1953 to 1993, it was reported in the Valcartier area. Analysis of archival documents and publications shows that Scleroderris canker caused by Gremmeniella abietina was responsible for this mortality. This disease was not known in Canada before 1960. Our diagnosis is based on the description of signs and symptoms, on photographs of damage and on samples collected on site. Gremmeniella abietina, North American race, was isolated and identified. The age of the trees confirms the identity of the plantation; the age of the cankers on residual pines shows that the disease reached the trunks around 1945. High snow depth - not frost - in topographic depressions created conditions conducive to the development of the disease at the epidemic level. This is the earliest documented report of Scleroderris canker in North America.","PeriodicalId":49693,"journal":{"name":"Phytoprotection","volume":"20 1","pages":"89-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90890378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The contamination of corn with fumonisin produced by Fusarium species represents an important risk for humans and animals. The incidence of Fusarium spp. and contamination by fumonisin B1 (FB1) were studied in field samples from 70 fields of corn during the 2005 and 2006 preharvest seasons in the province of Samsun, Turkey. Fusarium was the predominant genus isolated from the field samples, with F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum and F. subglutinans being the most commonly isolated species. The occurrence of Fusarium spp. varied each year, from 97.14% to 78.57% in 2005 and 2006, respectively. The widespread occurrence of FB1 was also observed across the Samsun province. All corn samples infected with F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum and F. subglutinans tested positive for FB1, but none were infected with FB2. Levels of FB1 ranged from 0.28 to 8.48 mg kg-1 in 2005 and from 0.11 to 2.77 mg kg-1 in 2006. The concentration of FB1 was lower than 2 mg kg-1 in 63.6% of the samples, 28.8% contained from 2 mg kg-1 to 5 mg kg-1, while 7.6% contained more than 5 mg kg-1. Our study shows that corn contamination with both Fusarium and FB1 was present throughout the Samsun province, but it was strongly dependent on environmental and seasonal conditions. However, there was no Fusarium contamination in certain native white-type and popcorn-type cultivars in 2005 and 2006.
{"title":"Incidence of Fusarium species and levels of fumonisin B1 in corn in the Samsun province of Turkey","authors":"Gülay Altiparmak, B. Tunalı","doi":"10.7202/045778AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/045778AR","url":null,"abstract":"The contamination of corn with fumonisin produced by Fusarium species represents an important risk for humans and animals. The incidence of Fusarium spp. and contamination by fumonisin B1 (FB1) were studied in field samples from 70 fields of corn during the 2005 and 2006 preharvest seasons in the province of Samsun, Turkey. Fusarium was the predominant genus isolated from the field samples, with F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum and F. subglutinans being the most commonly isolated species. The occurrence of Fusarium spp. varied each year, from 97.14% to 78.57% in 2005 and 2006, respectively. The widespread occurrence of FB1 was also observed across the Samsun province. All corn samples infected with F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum and F. subglutinans tested positive for FB1, but none were infected with FB2. Levels of FB1 ranged from 0.28 to 8.48 mg kg-1 in 2005 and from 0.11 to 2.77 mg kg-1 in 2006. The concentration of FB1 was lower than 2 mg kg-1 in 63.6% of the samples, 28.8% contained from 2 mg kg-1 to 5 mg kg-1, while 7.6% contained more than 5 mg kg-1. Our study shows that corn contamination with both Fusarium and FB1 was present throughout the Samsun province, but it was strongly dependent on environmental and seasonal conditions. However, there was no Fusarium contamination in certain native white-type and popcorn-type cultivars in 2005 and 2006.","PeriodicalId":49693,"journal":{"name":"Phytoprotection","volume":"55 1","pages":"97-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87050547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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