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Dynamic characterization measurement of the circular foil heat flux sensor based on laser method 基于激光法的圆箔式热通量传感器动态特性测量
IF 3.5 2区 工程技术 Q2 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.optlaseng.2024.108642
In order to make the circular foil heat flux sensor meet the growing demand for dynamic heat flux monitoring in extreme environments such as hypersonic wind tunnels, a dynamic calibration platform with a high-power semiconductor laser as heat flux source is built. Combining Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and experiments to carry out relevant studies. Our findings indicate a negative correlation between the time constant and laser power/pulse width, whereas the rise time is positively correlated with the laser pulse width. And they are all positively correlated with the coating thickness. Importantly, FEA revealed the independence of laser parameters from the time constant. Additionally, when the laser pulse width is approximately one order of magnitude less than the time constant of the sensor, it can be deemed an ideal pulse excitation. In the experiment, the maximum heat flow density was applied up to 3.49 MW/m2, the minimum ideal pulse laser width can reach 1ms, the minimum time constant was measured to be 63 ms, and the minimum rise time was 12 ms. This research serves as a valuable reference for dynamically calibrating sensors using the laser method.
为了使环形箔片热通量传感器满足高超音速风洞等极端环境下日益增长的动态热通量监测需求,建立了一个以大功率半导体激光器为热通量源的动态校准平台。结合有限元分析(FEA)和实验开展相关研究。研究结果表明,时间常数与激光功率/脉冲宽度呈负相关,而上升时间与激光脉冲宽度呈正相关。而且它们都与涂层厚度呈正相关。重要的是,有限元分析表明激光参数与时间常数无关。此外,当激光脉冲宽度小于传感器时间常数约一个数量级时,可以认为是理想的脉冲激励。在实验中,最大热流密度为 3.49 MW/m2,最小理想脉冲激光宽度可达 1ms,测得最小时间常数为 63ms,最小上升时间为 12ms。这项研究为使用激光方法动态校准传感器提供了宝贵的参考。
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引用次数: 0
A fusion framework with multi-scale convolution and triple-branch cascaded transformer for underwater image enhancement 用于水下图像增强的多尺度卷积和三分支级联变换器融合框架
IF 3.5 2区 工程技术 Q2 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.optlaseng.2024.108640
Acquiring high-quality underwater images is critical for various marine applications. However, light absorption and scattering problems in underwater environments severely degrade image quality. To address these issues, this study proposes a Fusion Framework with Multi-Scale Convolution and Triple-Branch Cascaded Transformer for Underwater Image Enhancement(FMTformer). This innovative framework incorporates multi-scale convolution and three-branch cascade transformer to enhance underwater images effectively. The FMTformer framework adds in the Multi-Conv Multi-Scale Fusion (MCMF) mechanism, which utilizes a spectrum of convolutional kernels to adeptly extract multi-scale features from both the base and detail layers of the decomposed image. This method ensures the capture of both high- and low-frequency information. Furthermore, this research introduces the Tri-Branch Self-Attention Transformer (TBSAT), designed to get cross-dimensional interactions via its Tri-Branch structure, significantly refines image processing quality. The framework also embedded the Value Reconstruct Cascade Transformer (VRCT), which refines feature map representation through mixed convolution, yielding enriched attention maps. Empirical evidence indicates that FMTformer achieves parity with the state-of-the-art in both subjective and objective evaluation metrics, outperforming extant methodologies.
获取高质量的水下图像对于各种海洋应用至关重要。然而,水下环境中的光吸收和散射问题会严重降低图像质量。为解决这些问题,本研究提出了一种用于水下图像增强的多尺度卷积和三分支级联变换器融合框架(FMTformer)。这一创新框架融合了多尺度卷积和三分支级联变换器,可有效增强水下图像。FMTformer 框架加入了多卷积多尺度融合(MCMF)机制,该机制利用卷积核频谱从分解图像的基底层和细节层中巧妙地提取多尺度特征。这种方法可确保同时捕获高频和低频信息。此外,这项研究还引入了三分支自关注变换器(TBSAT),旨在通过其三分支结构获得跨维交互,从而显著提高图像处理质量。该框架还嵌入了价值重构级联变换器(VRCT),通过混合卷积来完善特征图表示,从而产生丰富的注意力图。经验证据表明,FMTformer 在主观和客观评价指标上都达到了最先进水平,优于现有方法。
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引用次数: 0
Terahertz switchable metasurface for polarization conversion and hologram manipulation 用于偏振转换和全息图操作的太赫兹可切换元表面
IF 3.5 2区 工程技术 Q2 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.optlaseng.2024.108641
Polarization control is fundamental to the field of optical imaging, and the incorporation of metasurface enhances the design versatility of miniature polarization device by introducing additional degrees of freedom. Based on phase change property of vanadium dioxide (VO2) and diatomic structure, this work proposes the method for transforming any given incident polarization into either linear or circular reflected polarization within the terahertz spectrum. Through arranging polarization-converting meta-atoms (PCMs) and polarization-maintaining meta-atoms (PMMs) periodically, the effect of mutual interference enables arbitrary to linear polarization conversion. By utilizing the interference between achiral diatoms, it is possible to achieve a conversion from arbitrary to circular polarization. The introduction of propagation phase and Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase enables wavefront manipulation and generates holograms in a specified reflected polarization channel. When VO2 is metallic, the metasurface generates a hologram of the letter “X” for the x-polarized reflected wave. As VO2 is insulating, the metasurface generates a hologram of the letter “T” for the left-handed circularly polarized (LCP) reflected wave. Our work presents a novel polarization converter device with broad application prospects in optical communication and information security.
偏振控制是光学成像领域的基础,通过引入额外的自由度,元表面的加入增强了微型偏振装置的设计多样性。基于二氧化钒(VO2)的相变特性和二原子结构,这项研究提出了在太赫兹光谱内将任何给定的入射偏振转化为线性或圆形反射偏振的方法。通过周期性地排列极化转换元原子(PCM)和极化维持元原子(PMM),相互干扰的效应实现了任意极化到线性极化的转换。利用非手性硅藻之间的干扰,可以实现从任意极化到圆极化的转换。传播相位和 Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) 相位的引入实现了波前操纵,并在指定的反射偏振通道中生成全息图。当 VO2 是金属时,元表面会为 x 偏振反射波生成字母 "X "的全息图。当 VO2 为绝缘体时,元表面会为左旋圆极化(LCP)反射波生成字母 "T "的全息图。我们的研究成果展示了一种新型偏振转换器,在光通信和信息安全领域具有广阔的应用前景。
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引用次数: 0
Non-invasive multispectral scattering imaging via OTF retrieval 通过 OTF 检索进行无创多光谱散射成像
IF 3.5 2区 工程技术 Q2 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.optlaseng.2024.108635
Spectral imaging can obtain spatial and spectral information of an object and play an important role in many application scenarios. Computational spectral imaging through scattering media utilizes the spectrally sensitive properties of scattering media as a filter for spectral imaging. The spatial and spectral information are reconstructed simultaneously by deconvolution with point spread function (PSF). Invasive spectral imaging imposes stringent constraints on the measurement accuracy of PSF and application scenarios. Here, we demonstrate a non-invasive multispectral scattering imaging method via optical transfer function (OTF) retrieval. The method uses multi-frame speckles to non-invasively retrieve the OTF of imaging system. Similar to the spectral filter property of PSF in the space domain, OTF at different wavelengths can be employed to filter and reconstruct the multispectral information of mixed speckle in the frequency domain. Our method overcomes the need for invasive measurements and is applicable to a wide range of scenarios for static and dynamic objects, providing a new approach to multispectral imaging.
光谱成像可以获得物体的空间和光谱信息,在许多应用场景中发挥着重要作用。通过散射介质进行计算光谱成像是利用散射介质的光谱敏感特性作为光谱成像的滤波器。空间和光谱信息通过点扩散函数(PSF)解卷积同时重建。侵入式光谱成像对 PSF 的测量精度和应用场景有严格的限制。在此,我们展示了一种通过光学传递函数(OTF)检索的非侵入式多光谱散射成像方法。该方法利用多帧斑点无创检索成像系统的 OTF。与空间域中 PSF 的光谱滤波特性类似,不同波长的 OTF 可用于滤波和重建频域中混合斑点的多光谱信息。我们的方法克服了侵入式测量的需要,适用于静态和动态物体的各种情况,为多光谱成像提供了一种新方法。
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引用次数: 0
Non-contact multi-channel terahertz refractive index detecting via focused orbital angular momentum 通过聚焦轨道角动量进行非接触式多通道太赫兹折射率检测
IF 3.5 2区 工程技术 Q2 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.optlaseng.2024.108638
Terahertz refractive index (RI) sensor is an important tool for characterization of material properties. However, traditional immersion RI sensors suffer from issues of liquid contamination and low detection efficiency. Therefore, this study designs a non-contact multi-channel terahertz RI sensor based on metasurface which can produce vortex beam with focused orbital angular momentum (FOAM). Computing Spatially Weighted Variance (SWV) of the contours and intensities of the images resulting from different RI demonstrates that the RI value correlates uniquely with the weighted variance. Specifically, in the near-field metasurface (NF metasurface), by employing 3-bit phase binary (PB) encoding and convolution operations on vanadium dioxide (VO2) metasurfaces, we realized a high-purity FOAM with a focal length of f = 3500 μm. After fixing the sample under test at f = 3500 μm and analyzing the near-field FOAM amplitude images under various RI conditions using the SWV method, the RI detection sensitivity of the NF metasurface was calculated to be 15,775/RIU. To enhance detection efficiency and meet the requirements for far-field detection, we proposed a sensor capable of detecting multiple samples in the far-field. In the far-field metasurface (FF metasurface), when linearly polarized light is incident on this metasurface, the sensitivity of the FOAM to RI detection produced by this metasurface under the left circularly polarized (LCP) and right circularly polarized (RCP) components are 10,554/RIU and 13,292/RIU, respectively. The minimum change of the RI that can be detected by the near-field and far field sensors reaches 10−4 RIU. When VO2 transitions to its dielectric state, the metasurface switches to specular reflection, thereby endowing the sensor with switching functionality for RI detection. This approach overcomes issues of liquid-contaminated surfaces and enables simultaneous detection of multiple substances, offering broad application prospects across various sensing scenarios.
太赫兹折射率(RI)传感器是表征材料特性的重要工具。然而,传统的浸入式 RI 传感器存在液体污染和检测效率低的问题。因此,本研究设计了一种基于元表面的非接触式多通道太赫兹折射率传感器,它能产生具有聚焦轨道角动量(FOAM)的涡流束。计算不同 RI 产生的图像轮廓和强度的空间加权方差(SWV)表明,RI 值与加权方差具有独特的相关性。具体来说,在近场元表面(NF 元表面)中,通过对二氧化钒(VO2)元表面进行 3 位二进制相位(PB)编码和卷积操作,我们实现了焦距为 f = 3500 μm 的高纯度 FOAM。将被测样品固定在 f = 3500 μm 处,使用 SWV 方法分析各种 RI 条件下的近场 FOAM 幅值图像,计算出 NF 元表面的 RI 检测灵敏度为 15,775/RIU 。为了提高检测效率并满足远场检测的要求,我们提出了一种能够在远场检测多个样本的传感器。在远场元表面(FF 元表面)中,当线性偏振光入射到该元表面时,FOAM 对该元表面在左圆偏振(LCP)和右圆偏振(RCP)分量下产生的 RI 检测灵敏度分别为 10 554/RIU 和 13 292/RIU。近场和远场传感器能检测到的最小 RI 变化达到 10-4 RIU。当 VO2 转变为介电状态时,元表面就会转为镜面反射,从而赋予传感器检测 RI 的切换功能。这种方法克服了液体污染表面的问题,可同时检测多种物质,在各种传感场景中具有广阔的应用前景。
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引用次数: 0
Modal wavefront reconstruction by Schwarz-Christoffel mapping and Zernike circle polynomials for noncircular pupils 利用施瓦茨-克里斯托弗映射和 Zernike 圆多项式重建非圆形瞳孔的模态波面
IF 3.5 2区 工程技术 Q2 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.optlaseng.2024.108643
Analyzing noncircular wavefront aberration require reconstructing orthonormal Zernike polynomials over noncircular pupils using Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization and nonrecursive matrix approach. However, these methods are computationally complex and time-consuming. We proposed a modal wavefront reconstruction method for noncircular pupils by Schwarz-Christoffel mapping and Zernike circle polynomials. Schwarz-Christoffel mapping is used to conformally transform the noncircular wavefront into a disk-shaped domain, enabling the mapped circular wavefronts to be fitted by Zernike circle polynomials. Experimental results demonstrate excellent agreement with measurements obtained from a commercial Fizeau interferometer. Furthermore, compared to the traditional orthonormal polynomials fitting method, the reconstruction accuracy of our method is higher than 90 %, and the time consuming is reduced by 2–5 times. This study presents a reliable modal wavefront reconstruction technique for noncircular pupils.
分析非圆波面像差需要使用格拉姆-施密特正交化和非递归矩阵方法重建非圆瞳孔上的正交泽尔奈克多项式。然而,这些方法计算复杂且耗时。我们提出了一种利用 Schwarz-Christoffel 映射和 Zernike 圆多项式重建非圆形瞳孔模态波前的方法。Schwarz-Christoffel 映射用于将非圆形波面保形转换为圆盘形域,使映射后的圆形波面能够用 Zernike 圆多项式拟合。实验结果表明,该方法与商用菲佐干涉仪的测量结果非常吻合。此外,与传统的正交多项式拟合方法相比,我们的方法重建精度高于 90%,耗时减少 2-5 倍。这项研究为非圆形瞳孔提供了一种可靠的模态波前重建技术。
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引用次数: 0
Absolute detection method based on multi-signal phase extraction and separation 基于多信号相提取和分离的绝对检测方法
IF 3.5 2区 工程技术 Q2 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.optlaseng.2024.108637
The development of optical systems requires high-precision inspection technology, which supports the manufacturing and integration of optical systems. Currently, the method commonly used for high-precision optical plane inspection is interferometry based on the reference plane, however, its inspection accuracy is constrained by the accuracy of the reference plane. Therefore, this paper proposes an absolute detection method based on multi-signal phase extraction, which simplifies the detection process and effectively improves the detection accuracy. Firstly, the method detects the planes by utilizing the rotational translation method, secondly, the multi-surface separation technique is utilized to extract and separate the face shapes of the three surfaces in the rotational translation method, and lastly, the reference plane error is calibrated and excluded from the measurement results to accurately obtain the surface morphology of the component under test. The experimental results show that the present method reduces the PV of the residual error by about 25 % and reduces the RMS of the residual error by about 30 % compared to the existing absolute detection methods. The experimental results show that the present method reduces the PV of the residual error by about 25 % and reduces the RMS of the residual error by about 30 % compared to the existing absolute detection methods.
光学系统的发展需要高精度检测技术,以支持光学系统的制造和集成。目前,高精度光学平面检测常用的方法是基于基准面的干涉测量法,但其检测精度受到基准面精度的制约。因此,本文提出了一种基于多信号相位提取的绝对检测方法,简化了检测过程,有效提高了检测精度。首先,该方法利用旋转平移法检测平面;其次,利用多表面分离技术提取并分离旋转平移法中三个表面的面形;最后,校准参考平面误差并将其从测量结果中排除,从而准确获得被测部件的表面形貌。实验结果表明,与现有的绝对检测方法相比,本方法可将残余误差的 PV 值降低约 25%,将残余误差的 RMS 值降低约 30%。实验结果表明,与现有的绝对检测方法相比,本方法可将残余误差的 PV 值降低约 25%,将残余误差的均方根值降低约 30%。
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引用次数: 0
Propagation dynamics and radiation force of the hollow flat-topped Gaussian beam carrying multi-vortex singularities 携带多涡奇点的空心平顶高斯光束的传播动力学和辐射力
IF 3.5 2区 工程技术 Q2 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.optlaseng.2024.108644
A hollow flat-topped Gaussian beam (HFTGB) embedded multi-vortex singularities is put forward in this paper. Its propagation dynamics under the different cases of topological charge, singularity number and location are investigated by means of numerical simulation and experiment. Especially, the evolution of the HFTGB carrying different fractional topological charges is also examined. In addition, the radiation force on a Rayleigh microsphere induced the HFTGB embedded multi-vortex singularities are analyzed and discussed in detail. The results demonstrate that, combined with the advantages of multiple singularities, the HFTGBs have a higher degree of regulatory freedom for trapping or manipulating Rayleigh particles. This work will contribute to the more precise and flexible use of HFTGBs in optical manipulation, optical communication, and other application scenarios.
本文提出了一种嵌入多涡旋奇点的空心平顶高斯梁(HFTGB)。通过数值模拟和实验研究了其在拓扑电荷、奇点数量和位置等不同情况下的传播动力学。特别是研究了携带不同分数拓扑电荷的 HFTGB 的演化过程。此外,还详细分析和讨论了瑞利微球上的辐射力诱导 HFTGB 内嵌多涡旋奇点。结果表明,结合多奇点的优势,HFTGB 在捕获或操纵瑞利粒子方面具有更高的调节自由度。这项工作将有助于在光学操纵、光通信和其他应用场景中更精确、更灵活地使用 HFTGB。
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引用次数: 0
Novel rotational speed measuring method based on micro-indentation-shaft detected by optical coherent system 基于光学相干系统检测微压痕轴的新型转速测量方法
IF 3.5 2区 工程技术 Q2 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.optlaseng.2024.108634
Accurate rotational speed measurement is a prerequisite for realizing the condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of rotating equipment. This study proposes a novel rotational speed measurement method based on optical coherent displacement measurement. An optical coherence system is used to measure the relative depth of the shaft surface with uniformly etched micro-indentations on the circumferential surface. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) and the Hanning window energy centrobaric method (HnWECM) are used to process the collected photoelectric signals to obtain depth information and thereby realize the measurement of surface micro-indentations. During the operation, the rotational speed of the shaft is obtained by calculating the ratio of the angular difference between the relative depth of the rectangular pulses of the surface and the time interval. The experimental validation of the response is performed. The experimental results show that in the range of 0 rpm to 60 rpm, the indication error is <1 %, the nonlinearity error is <0.3584 %, and the repeatability error is <0.28 %. In the range of 0 rpm to 600 rpm, the rotational speed measurement method performed well with an indication error of <0.5 %, a maximum nonlinear error of 0.22 %, and a repeatability error of no >0.28 %. Compared with the results reported in existing literature, the proposed method offers advantages in terms of accuracy, linearity, and repeatability.
精确的转速测量是实现旋转设备状态监测和故障诊断的先决条件。本研究提出了一种基于光学相干位移测量的新型转速测量方法。利用光学相干系统测量轴表面的相对深度,并在圆周表面均匀蚀刻微压痕。快速傅里叶变换(FFT)和汉宁窗能量中心法(HnWECM)用于处理收集到的光电信号,以获得深度信息,从而实现表面微压痕的测量。在运行过程中,通过计算表面矩形脉冲相对深度的角差与时间间隔的比值,可获得轴的转速。对响应进行了实验验证。实验结果表明,在 0 rpm 至 60 rpm 范围内,指示误差为 1%,非线性误差为 0.3584%,重复性误差为 0.28%。在 0 rpm 至 600 rpm 范围内,转速测量方法表现良好,指示误差为 0.5 %,最大非线性误差为 0.22 %,重复性误差为 0.28 %。与现有文献报道的结果相比,所提出的方法在精度、线性度和重复性方面都具有优势。
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引用次数: 0
Scanning technique for direct optical transmission imaging of highly-scattering objects 对高散射物体进行直接光学透射成像的扫描技术
IF 3.5 2区 工程技术 Q2 OPTICS Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.optlaseng.2024.108633
We present a spatial scanning technique for optical transmission imaging of strongly-scattering objects based on spatially-selective registration of ballistic photons originating from modulated (pulsed) laser radiation. The registration system counts the number of transmitted pulses at any pixel, forming a grayscale image. By choosing modulation regime, it is possible to record a real analog image or to outline contours of the image features, without necessity of software image processing. The developed system is tested on model scattering object (stack of paper) and biological object (human hand). Due to the automatic adjustment of the signal level, realized by the appropriate laser modulation mode, formation of an image with a structure uniformly pronounced across the aperture has been attained, even under conditions of significant changes in background transmission.
我们提出了一种用于强散射物体光学传输成像的空间扫描技术,该技术基于对来自调制(脉冲)激光辐射的弹道光子的空间选择性注册。套准系统对任何像素上的传输脉冲数进行计数,形成灰度图像。通过选择调制方式,可以记录真实的模拟图像或勾勒出图像特征的轮廓,而无需进行软件图像处理。开发的系统在模型散射物体(纸堆)和生物物体(人手)上进行了测试。由于通过适当的激光调制模式实现了信号电平的自动调节,即使在背景传输发生重大变化的情况下,也能形成整个孔径结构均匀明显的图像。
{"title":"Scanning technique for direct optical transmission imaging of highly-scattering objects","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.optlaseng.2024.108633","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optlaseng.2024.108633","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a spatial scanning technique for optical transmission imaging of strongly-scattering objects based on spatially-selective registration of ballistic photons originating from modulated (pulsed) laser radiation. The registration system counts the number of transmitted pulses at any pixel, forming a grayscale image. By choosing modulation regime, it is possible to record a real analog image or to outline contours of the image features, without necessity of software image processing. The developed system is tested on model scattering object (stack of paper) and biological object (human hand). Due to the automatic adjustment of the signal level, realized by the appropriate laser modulation mode, formation of an image with a structure uniformly pronounced across the aperture has been attained, even under conditions of significant changes in background transmission.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49719,"journal":{"name":"Optics and Lasers in Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142434074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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Optics and Lasers in Engineering
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