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Understanding the Heterogeneity of Swiss Alpine Summer Farms for Tailored Agricultural Policies: A Typology 了解瑞士阿尔卑斯山夏季农场的异质性,制定有针对性的农业政策:类型学
IF 1.6 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1659/mrd.2023.00041
Maximilian Meyer, Christian Gazzarin, Pierrick Jan, Nadja El Benni
Understanding the heterogeneity of agricultural production systems is important both for the design of targeted and tailored policies and for providing effective extension services. In Switzerland, seasonal grazing of alpine pastures during summer is important for many farms, but also for biodiversity conservation. However, these so-called alpine summer farms are threatened by water scarcity due to climate change, the lack of skilled labor, and human–wolf conflict, resulting in the abandonment of farms and loss of biodiversity. Swiss agricultural policies govern alpine summer farms with uniform policy interventions through direct payments to address these challenges. However, these farms are highly heterogeneous in terms of socioeconomic and biophysical conditions, and we lack an understanding of their structure. We investigate the heterogeneous structure of Swiss alpine summer farms by using census data (N = 5900) and a mixed-methods approach combining unsupervised clustering techniques and expert assessment to generate a farm typology. Our methodological approach enriches the existing socioeconomic farm-level data with spatial data to depict the farms' infrastructure and biophysical environment. Our results suggest 6 types that differ in terms of organizational structure, herd composition, biophysical environment, and accessibility: (1) private dairy farms; (2) communal mixed cattle and dairy farms; (3) communal cattle farms; (4) remote farms; (5) small, private cattle farms; and (6) sheep farms. We also anticipate challenges for each cluster and discuss optimization and policy measures. This will help develop targeted policies tailored to specific alpine farm types, addressing both climate and farm structural change.
了解农业生产系统的异质性对于设计有针对性的定制政策和提供有效的推广服务都非常重要。在瑞士,夏季高山牧场的季节性放牧不仅对许多农场非常重要,而且对保护生物多样性也非常重要。然而,这些所谓的高山夏季农场正受到气候变化造成的水资源短缺、熟练劳动力缺乏以及人狼冲突的威胁,导致农场被遗弃和生物多样性的丧失。瑞士的农业政策通过直接支付的方式对高山夏季农场进行统一的政策干预,以应对这些挑战。然而,这些农场在社会经济和生物物理条件方面差异很大,我们对其结构缺乏了解。我们利用普查数据(N = 5900)和混合方法,结合无监督聚类技术和专家评估,对瑞士高山夏季农场的异质性结构进行了调查,从而形成了农场类型学。我们的方法利用空间数据丰富了现有的社会经济农场数据,以描述农场的基础设施和生物物理环境。我们的结果表明,在组织结构、牛群组成、生物物理环境和交通便利性方面存在差异的农场有 6 种类型:(1)私营奶牛场;(2)公社牛和奶牛混合农场;(3)公社养牛场;(4)偏远农场;(5)小型私营养牛场;以及(6)养羊场。我们还预测了每个群组面临的挑战,并讨论了优化和政策措施。这将有助于针对特定的高山农场类型制定有针对性的政策,同时应对气候和农场结构的变化。
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引用次数: 0
Pastoralism in Changthang, Ladakh: Adaptations, Challenges, and Pathways for Sustainability 拉达克昌唐的畜牧业:适应、挑战和可持续发展之路
IF 1.6 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1659/mrd.2023.00028
Arif Pandit, Masood Mir, Mohsin Mir, Yaqoob Wani, Irfan Bisati, Saif Un Nisa, Hilal M. Khan, Riaz A. Shah
In the Changthang region of Ladakh, India, pastoralism serves as the cornerstone of both the local economy and the local way of life. However, recent socioeconomic shifts and environmental constraints put this economic structure, which has been expertly adapted to the difficult trans-Himalayan geography, in danger of becoming unsustainable. To explore methods for balancing development, ecology, and Indigenous culture, this review analyzes pastoralism in Changthang. The sole dependable method of food production for generations has been mobile pastoralism, supported by high-elevation rangelands. Breeds of native livestock adapted to scant vegetation and seasonal variation have been selectively bred by generations of pastoralists. Sale of wool and cashmere provides financial stability for pastoralist families, mitigating income vulnerability to climate shocks and market fluctuations that would otherwise disrupt predominantly livestock-rearing livelihoods. However, traditional transhumance cycles and collective resource management have been hampered by sedentarization, population growth, conservation constraints, and market integration. Climate change and unrestricted grazing contribute to grassland degradation. Promising programs combine conventional methods with innovations like mobile veterinary services and satellite forecasting to preserve breeds and grazing resources while increasing productivity and climate resilience. These initiatives seek to support regulated grazing practices. Comanagement practices that involve communities in conservation planning are essential. This production system and culture can be maintained through integrated strategies respecting pastoralists' stewardship.
在印度拉达克的昌唐地区,畜牧业是当地经济和生活方式的基石。然而,最近的社会经济变化和环境制约因素使这一经济结构面临难以为继的危险,而这一经济结构已经很好地适应了横跨喜马拉雅山的艰难地理环境。为了探索平衡发展、生态和土著文化的方法,本综述对长塘的畜牧业进行了分析。在高海拔牧场的支持下,流动放牧是世世代代唯一可靠的粮食生产方式。世世代代的牧民选择性地培育出适应稀少植被和季节变化的本地牲畜品种。羊毛和羊绒的销售为牧民家庭提供了稳定的经济来源,减轻了收入易受气候冲击和市场波动影响的程度,否则,以饲养牲畜为主的生计就会遭到破坏。然而,传统的转场放牧周期和集体资源管理已受到定居化、人口增长、保护限制和市场一体化的阻碍。气候变化和无限制放牧导致草原退化。有前景的计划将传统方法与移动兽医服务和卫星预报等创新技术相结合,在提高生产力和气候适应能力的同时,保护畜种和牧草资源。这些举措旨在支持规范的放牧做法。让社区参与保护规划的共同管理做法至关重要。这种生产体系和文化可以通过尊重牧民管理权的综合战略得以维持。
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引用次数: 0
Social Technology for the Protection of the Páramo in the Central Andes of Ecuador 保护厄瓜多尔安第斯山脉中部帕拉莫地区的社会技术
IF 1.6 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.1659/mrd.2022.00022
Maríá Cristina Torres, Efraín Naranjo, V. Fierro, David Carchipulla-Morales
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引用次数: 0
Publisher Information 出版商信息
IF 1.6 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1659/0276-4741-43.4.p2
Abstract not available
无摘要
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引用次数: 0
Drying of Springs in the Himalayan Region of Nepal: Perspectives of Local Government Leaders on Causes, Consequences, and Conservation Efforts 尼泊尔喜马拉雅地区泉水干涸:地方政府领导人对原因、后果和保护工作的看法
IF 1.6 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1659/mrd.2023.00007
Bhumika Thapa, Chiranjibi Bhattarai, Ngamindra Dahal, Sushma Tiwari, Dean Jacobsen
Spring water plays a crucial role in sustaining life in the Himalayas. Yet these vital water sources are drying as a result of natural and anthropogenic factors. In July and August 2020, we conducted phone interviews with leaders from 300 local government units across Nepal to identify the status of spring drying, the main causes, the consequences for local communities, measures adopted, conservation practices, and policies. Springs had dried up in 74% of local government units, with medium to severe problems across 44%. The scarcity of drinking water because of drying springs is the most severe issue, leading to outmigration in the search for water, as reported by 7% of the local governments. Road and infrastructure construction is the main cause of springs drying up, followed by earthquakes and climate change. Problems of spring drying are more prevalent in the Chure region, followed by the mid-hills and mountains. Local governments have used various strategies to mitigate the problem, such as rainwater harvesting, reforestation, lifting, and boring. Spring conservation work has been included in local governments' annual plans, programs, and budgets, but most of them focus on drinking water. Therefore, the problem must be addressed as quickly as possible with the participation of all stakeholders and following a bottom-up approach.
在喜马拉雅山脉,泉水对维持生命起着至关重要的作用。然而,由于自然和人为因素,这些重要的水源正在干涸。2020 年 7 月和 8 月,我们对尼泊尔 300 个地方政府单位的领导人进行了电话访谈,以了解泉水干涸的现状、主要原因、对当地社区造成的后果、采取的措施、保护措施和政策。74% 的地方政府单位的泉水已经干涸,44% 的地方政府单位存在中度到严重问题。7% 的地方政府报告称,由于泉水干涸导致饮用水匮乏是最严重的问题,这导致人们为寻找水源而向外迁移。道路和基础设施建设是导致泉水干涸的主要原因,其次是地震和气候变化。泉水干涸问题在丘雷地区较为普遍,其次是半山区和山区。地方政府采取了各种策略来缓解这一问题,如收集雨水、植树造林、抬升和钻孔等。泉水保护工作已被纳入地方政府的年度计划、项目和预算,但大多数计划、项目和预算的重点都是饮用水。因此,必须在所有利益相关者的参与下,采用自下而上的方法尽快解决这一问题。
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引用次数: 0
Africa's First Alpine and Transboundary Long-Term Socioecological Research Platform 非洲首个高山和跨界长期社会生态研究平台
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.1659/mrd.2023.00035
Jaco Kotzé, Johan van Tol, V. Ralph Clark
The austrotemperate alpine system of southern Africa's Maloti–Drakensberg is the only alpine system south of Mount Kilimanjaro, making it unique on the continent. With a difference in elevation of only 300–600 m and characterized by an undulating Gondwanan mature erosional land surface plateau around 2865–3500 masl, it is threatened by unsustainable land uses and climate change. To better understand these challenges, the Afromontane Research Unit of the University of the Free State, South Africa, is setting up the 1200 km2 Mont-Aux-Sources Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research (LTSER) platform. It is the first alpine-focused, long-term monitoring protocol implemented in the Maloti–Drakensberg. Straddling the border between South Africa and Lesotho, it is also the only alpine and transboundary LTSER area in Africa.
南部非洲马洛蒂-德拉肯斯堡的南温带高山系统是乞力马扎罗山以南唯一的高山系统,使其在非洲大陆上独一无二。高差仅为300-600 m,海拔2865-3500 m左右为起伏的冈瓦南成熟侵蚀陆面高原,受到不可持续土地利用和气候变化的威胁。为了更好地了解这些挑战,南非自由州大学的非洲山地研究小组正在建立一个1200平方公里的“月源”长期社会生态研究平台。这是在Maloti-Drakensberg实施的第一个以高山为重点的长期监测协议。它横跨南非和莱索托之间的边界,也是非洲唯一的高山和跨界LTSER地区。
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引用次数: 0
Examining the Impacts of Plantation Forests on Human and Plant Communities in the Ethiopian Highlands 研究人工林对埃塞俄比亚高地人类和植物群落的影响
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-10-28 DOI: 10.1659/mrd.2023.00010
Girma Nigussie, Mekbib Fekadu, Cara Steger, Bikila Warkineh, Sebsebe Demissew
Home to 88 million people, the Ethiopian mountains are a highly heterogeneous landscape. The Afroalpine ecosystem is found above 3000 masl and is characterized by high levels of species diversity, rarity, and endemism. The objective of this article is to investigate impacts of plantation forests on both the human and plant communities of the Afroalpine zone. We use a case study of a community-based conservation area in the north central highlands, Guassa Community Conservation Area (Guassa), where plantation forests have been established since the 1970s. The study area covers about 78 km2 ranging between 2600 and 3700 masl and largely belongs to the Afroalpine zone. We interviewed 100 residents of the 4 administrative regions closest to Guassa and conducted vegetation sampling of 70 quadrats along 2 transect lines. We found a roughly equal number of ecosystem services between native grassland and plantation forest. However, respondents reported 7 unique ecosystem services from the native grassland and only 3 unique ecosystem services from the plantation forest. Both native grassland and plantation areas were valued for their perceived ability to attract rain and provide habitat for wild animals. We recorded a total of 87 species belonging to 63 genera and 31 plant families across both vegetation types surveyed and a total of 19 endemic species. Of the plant families, Asteraceae had the highest species number. Although plantation forests support less diverse plant communities and provide fewer unique ecosystem services to human communities compared to native Afroalpine vegetation, they are still a valuable piece of the landscape mosaic.
埃塞俄比亚山区是8800万人口的家园,是一个高度多样化的景观。非洲高山生态系统分布在3000平方米以上,具有高度的物种多样性、稀有性和特有性。本文的目的是研究人工林对非洲高寒地区人类和植物群落的影响。我们以中北部高地的社区保护区瓜萨社区保护区(Guassa Community conservation area, Guassa)为例进行了研究,该保护区自20世纪70年代以来就建立了人工林。研究区面积约78 km2,范围在2600 ~ 3700亩之间,主要属于非洲高山带。我们采访了离瓜萨最近的4个行政区的100名居民,并沿2条样线进行了70个样方的植被采样。我们发现原生草地和人工林之间的生态系统服务数量大致相等。然而,应答者报告了原生草地的7种独特生态系统服务,人工林的3种独特生态系统服务。原生草地和人工林都因其吸引雨水和为野生动物提供栖息地的能力而受到重视。在调查的两种植被类型中,共记录到31科63属87种,共有19种特有种。在植物科中,菊科的物种数量最多。尽管与非洲高山原生植被相比,人工林支持的植物群落多样性较低,为人类社区提供的独特生态系统服务较少,但它们仍然是景观马赛克中有价值的一块。
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引用次数: 0
Advancing Evidence-Based Decision-Making in Large Landscape Conservation Through the Social Sciences: A Research Agenda for the Yellowstone to Yukon Region 通过社会科学推进基于证据的大型景观保护决策:黄石到育空地区的研究议程
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-10-25 DOI: 10.1659/mrd.2023.00008
Devin Holterman, Pamela Wright, Aerin Jacob
As the world's mountains are significant hotspots of biodiversity and home to hundreds of millions of people, they are ideal locations in which to investigate and develop the conservation social sciences in a systematic way to help inform conservation decision-making and policy. Here, we discuss the development of a social science research agenda for the Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative, a transboundary environmental organization working in Canada and the United States. We suggest that this process is useful for others to undertake in similar conservation landscapes and mountain systems as we strive to better understand how people live in, play in, benefit from, and visit the globe's mountain regions. We outline an agenda for collaborative social science research in the Yellowstone to Yukon region related to 4 themes and offer 12 priority questions as launching points for interested researchers to explore in more detail. Through a review of relevant literature on the 4 themes, we identify research gaps that, if addressed, could usefully inform decision-making across the Yellowstone to Yukon region. Finally, we call on the research community to focus its curiosity and resources on answering these questions and encourage funders and institutions to support them in doing so.
由于世界上的山区是生物多样性的重要热点和数亿人的家园,它们是研究和发展保护社会科学的理想场所,以系统的方式帮助为保护决策和政策提供信息。在这里,我们讨论了黄石到育空保护倡议的社会科学研究议程的发展,这是一个在加拿大和美国工作的跨境环境组织。我们建议,在我们努力更好地了解人们如何在全球山区生活、玩耍、受益和访问的过程中,这一过程对其他人在类似的保护景观和山区系统中进行有益的借鉴。我们概述了黄石到育空地区合作社会科学研究的议程,涉及4个主题,并提供了12个优先问题作为感兴趣的研究人员更详细探索的起点。通过对这四个主题的相关文献的回顾,我们确定了研究空白,如果解决这些空白,可以有效地为黄石到育空地区的决策提供信息。最后,我们呼吁研究界将其好奇心和资源集中在回答这些问题上,并鼓励资助者和机构支持他们这样做。
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引用次数: 0
Role of Highland–Lowland Linkage as a Coping Strategy for Global Environmental and Socioeconomic Changes: The Case of Southeast Ethiopia 高原-低地联系作为全球环境和社会经济变化应对策略的作用:以埃塞俄比亚东南部为例
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-10-23 DOI: 10.1659/mrd-journal-d-19-00032
Getachew Demissie Desta, Muluneh Woldetsadik Abshare, Melanie Nicolau
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引用次数: 0
Fostering Transdisciplinary Research Through Citizen Science: The Project Val d'Hérens 1950/2050 通过公民科学促进跨学科研究:Val d' h2013.50 /2050项目
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.1659/mrd.2023.00027
Emmanuel Reynard, Mélanie Clivaz, Séverine Trouilloud
Citizen science is considered beneficial in improving the dialogue between researchers and nonacademic stakeholders and in supporting the transformation of regions toward greater sustainability. In this article, we discuss the challenges and benefits of the citizen science project Val d'Hérens 1950/2050—Lives, Images and Practices of a Changing Territory, which involves researchers, artists, and inhabitants of a Swiss valley.
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引用次数: 0
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Mountain Research and Development
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