Lakes and Watersheds in the Sierra Nevada of California: Responses to Environmental Change is a science textbook available as a hard copy and an e-book. The book synthesizes investigations of high-elevation lakes over more than 30 years throughout the Sierra Nevada of California. It contains 7 chapters, references, and an index, including an introduction to the Sierra Nevada and its water resources, snow cover, hydrology and biogeochemistry of watersheds, and limnology. At the end, it sums up the understanding for trends and future scenarios. The book is enjoyable and easy to read, and the clarity of presentation is unusually good. The authors have followed the philosopher Wittgenstein’s advice: ‘‘what you can say, you can say clearly.’’ The first chapter introduces the Sierra Nevada from physical, biological, and cultural aspects, starting with the geological history. The mountains extend 700 km north– south, with a width of around 100 km and the highest peak reaching 4421 m (Mount Whitney). The life and culture of the Native Americans in the Sierra Nevada is not well known, so anthropogenic impact and water resources are described from the arrival of the Europeans in the 1800s. Mining, use of water resources, and nature protection have progressed in parallel since then. The second chapter continues the introduction, with a focus on water resources. There are thousands of small lakes and ponds in the region, but only a few of them have lateral scales in kilometers. Hydrological and limnological monitoring data concern about 10 lakes, with the most extensive information for Emerald Lake, which has a size of 2.7 ha, a maximum depth of 10 m, and an outlet at 2.8 km elevation. The main source of water in the Sierra Nevada is snow, which is treated in chapter 3. Mapping is challenging, since snow accumulation is heavy, with a snow water equivalent of more than 1000 mm, and measurement sites are not easily accessible. Therefore, snow remote sensing is an excellent tool. Although not yet well solved for snow water equivalent, remote sensing strongly supports snow monitoring through snow surveys and modeling. The chapter makes a very nice presentation about snow distribution in the mountains, snow cover energy balance, and snow melting. The radiation balance was treated properly, but I would have preferred more information about the turbulent fluxes, especially since the radiation balance is sensitive to topographic effects here. Also, runoff during the snow melting period could have received more attention. Watershed hydrology and biogeochemistry are treated in chapters 4 and 5. The water balance is simplified due to very small groundwater discharge, and the question was covered by measurements of precipitation, snow accumulation, and stream flow. The water balance is governed by snow input and stream discharge output (peaking at snowmelt), but in some years rain or evaporation could be comparable to the main terms. The biogeochemistry study is based o
{"title":"Lakes and Watersheds in the Sierra Nevada of California: Responses to Environmental Change. By John M. Melack, Steven Sadro, James O. Sickman, and Jeff Dozier","authors":"M. Leppäranta","doi":"10.1659/mrd.mm268.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd.mm268.1","url":null,"abstract":"Lakes and Watersheds in the Sierra Nevada of California: Responses to Environmental Change is a science textbook available as a hard copy and an e-book. The book synthesizes investigations of high-elevation lakes over more than 30 years throughout the Sierra Nevada of California. It contains 7 chapters, references, and an index, including an introduction to the Sierra Nevada and its water resources, snow cover, hydrology and biogeochemistry of watersheds, and limnology. At the end, it sums up the understanding for trends and future scenarios. The book is enjoyable and easy to read, and the clarity of presentation is unusually good. The authors have followed the philosopher Wittgenstein’s advice: ‘‘what you can say, you can say clearly.’’ The first chapter introduces the Sierra Nevada from physical, biological, and cultural aspects, starting with the geological history. The mountains extend 700 km north– south, with a width of around 100 km and the highest peak reaching 4421 m (Mount Whitney). The life and culture of the Native Americans in the Sierra Nevada is not well known, so anthropogenic impact and water resources are described from the arrival of the Europeans in the 1800s. Mining, use of water resources, and nature protection have progressed in parallel since then. The second chapter continues the introduction, with a focus on water resources. There are thousands of small lakes and ponds in the region, but only a few of them have lateral scales in kilometers. Hydrological and limnological monitoring data concern about 10 lakes, with the most extensive information for Emerald Lake, which has a size of 2.7 ha, a maximum depth of 10 m, and an outlet at 2.8 km elevation. The main source of water in the Sierra Nevada is snow, which is treated in chapter 3. Mapping is challenging, since snow accumulation is heavy, with a snow water equivalent of more than 1000 mm, and measurement sites are not easily accessible. Therefore, snow remote sensing is an excellent tool. Although not yet well solved for snow water equivalent, remote sensing strongly supports snow monitoring through snow surveys and modeling. The chapter makes a very nice presentation about snow distribution in the mountains, snow cover energy balance, and snow melting. The radiation balance was treated properly, but I would have preferred more information about the turbulent fluxes, especially since the radiation balance is sensitive to topographic effects here. Also, runoff during the snow melting period could have received more attention. Watershed hydrology and biogeochemistry are treated in chapters 4 and 5. The water balance is simplified due to very small groundwater discharge, and the question was covered by measurements of precipitation, snow accumulation, and stream flow. The water balance is governed by snow input and stream discharge output (peaking at snowmelt), but in some years rain or evaporation could be comparable to the main terms. The biogeochemistry study is based o","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45962746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-05DOI: 10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00010.1
José Castro, M. Castro, A. Gómez-Sal
Mountain areas are sensitive to changes in precipitation and temperature, which significantly impact traditional pastoralist communities, their economy, and their lifestyle. Alarming climate change scenarios justify the investigation of the ecological and socioeconomic vulnerabilities that characterize Portugal's mountain regions. This work explores how the traditional production systems of small ruminants—sheep and goats—could adapt in the Montesinho mountain range as it changes over the next 2 decades. Land use–land cover maps from 1995 and 2018 show how the pastoral landscape has changed and indicate trends for a future scenario. Documented landscape grazing patterns are used to determine sheep and goat landscape preferences under different climatic conditions. Finally, we identify the near-future constraints on traditional sheep and goat systems, contrasting landscape changes with sheep and goat preferences. Over coming decades, the balance between rangelands and cultivated lands will persist in the Montesinho mountain landscape, despite some trade-offs between both. Woodlands could emerge from scrublands colonizing rangelands, and permanent crops could significantly replace arable lands in agricultural areas. Therefore, it is likely that the agricultural areas preferred for sheep, and rangelands preferred for goats, may not be affected by the forecast landscape changes, but rather be favored by the expansion of permanent crops. However, pasture areas must expand, as they are key to pastoral landscape function in a warming climate scenario. Landscape decision makers and managers should implement a landscape-monitoring system to inform policies and strategies aimed at protecting and safeguarding mountain pastoralism and its vital ecosystem services.
{"title":"Changes on the Climatic Edge: Adaptation of and Challenges to Pastoralism in Montesinho (Northern Portugal)","authors":"José Castro, M. Castro, A. Gómez-Sal","doi":"10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00010.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00010.1","url":null,"abstract":"Mountain areas are sensitive to changes in precipitation and temperature, which significantly impact traditional pastoralist communities, their economy, and their lifestyle. Alarming climate change scenarios justify the investigation of the ecological and socioeconomic vulnerabilities that characterize Portugal's mountain regions. This work explores how the traditional production systems of small ruminants—sheep and goats—could adapt in the Montesinho mountain range as it changes over the next 2 decades. Land use–land cover maps from 1995 and 2018 show how the pastoral landscape has changed and indicate trends for a future scenario. Documented landscape grazing patterns are used to determine sheep and goat landscape preferences under different climatic conditions. Finally, we identify the near-future constraints on traditional sheep and goat systems, contrasting landscape changes with sheep and goat preferences. Over coming decades, the balance between rangelands and cultivated lands will persist in the Montesinho mountain landscape, despite some trade-offs between both. Woodlands could emerge from scrublands colonizing rangelands, and permanent crops could significantly replace arable lands in agricultural areas. Therefore, it is likely that the agricultural areas preferred for sheep, and rangelands preferred for goats, may not be affected by the forecast landscape changes, but rather be favored by the expansion of permanent crops. However, pasture areas must expand, as they are key to pastoral landscape function in a warming climate scenario. Landscape decision makers and managers should implement a landscape-monitoring system to inform policies and strategies aimed at protecting and safeguarding mountain pastoralism and its vital ecosystem services.","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49040367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-29DOI: 10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00007.1
Zahir Ahmad, J. Postigo, F. Rahman, A. Dittmann
Pastoral social-ecological systems worldwide are threatened by environmental, climatic, and socioeconomic changes. The magnitude of these threats and their impacts is higher in mountain social-ecological systems. This study analyzes how mountain pastoralists in Lotkuh Valley (Chitral, Pakistan) use their rangelands in changing social, environmental, and climatic contexts. Data were collected from a survey, focus groups, and observations through multistage stratified sampling and extensive fieldwork (2016–2019). The findings reveal that the strategy adopted by mountain pastoralists combines 7 different grazing mechanisms and stall feeding to use spatially segregated and seasonally productive rangeland resources in a sustainable manner. These seasonal mechanisms involve different types of livestock mobility, diverse fodder consumption, and grazing patterns. In winter, livestock are kept in stalls near the village. During spring, sheep and goats are taken to nearby low-lying pastures and meadows on a rotation basis. In summer, livestock and people move away from the village to settlements along a 3000 m elevational range to graze on the available pastures. Finally, in autumn, as the livestock descend, they browse intensively on stubble fields before the winter crops are planted. Furthermore, this strategy is based on the coordination of households' available labor force and pasture readiness. This study provides nuanced information on mountain pastoralists and rangeland management systems. The findings are useful for policymakers and practitioners in designing effective programs and policies to decrease the vulnerability and enhance the resilience of mountain social-ecological systems.
{"title":"Mountain Pastoralism in the Eastern Hindu Kush: The Case of Lotkuh Valley, Pakistan","authors":"Zahir Ahmad, J. Postigo, F. Rahman, A. Dittmann","doi":"10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00007.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00007.1","url":null,"abstract":"Pastoral social-ecological systems worldwide are threatened by environmental, climatic, and socioeconomic changes. The magnitude of these threats and their impacts is higher in mountain social-ecological systems. This study analyzes how mountain pastoralists in Lotkuh Valley (Chitral, Pakistan) use their rangelands in changing social, environmental, and climatic contexts. Data were collected from a survey, focus groups, and observations through multistage stratified sampling and extensive fieldwork (2016–2019). The findings reveal that the strategy adopted by mountain pastoralists combines 7 different grazing mechanisms and stall feeding to use spatially segregated and seasonally productive rangeland resources in a sustainable manner. These seasonal mechanisms involve different types of livestock mobility, diverse fodder consumption, and grazing patterns. In winter, livestock are kept in stalls near the village. During spring, sheep and goats are taken to nearby low-lying pastures and meadows on a rotation basis. In summer, livestock and people move away from the village to settlements along a 3000 m elevational range to graze on the available pastures. Finally, in autumn, as the livestock descend, they browse intensively on stubble fields before the winter crops are planted. Furthermore, this strategy is based on the coordination of households' available labor force and pasture readiness. This study provides nuanced information on mountain pastoralists and rangeland management systems. The findings are useful for policymakers and practitioners in designing effective programs and policies to decrease the vulnerability and enhance the resilience of mountain social-ecological systems.","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47778350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wayne Thiebaud Mountains: 1965–2019 catalogues a 2019 exhibition at Acquavella Galleries in New York City. It includes a biography of the artist; a foreword by Eleanor Acquavella, the owner of the galleries; and essays by Michael M. Thomas, a former curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and Margaretta M. Lovell, a professor of American Art at the University of California, Berkeley. The 33 plates of the works exhibited boast vivid colors and high resolution, showing Thiebaud’s much-lauded brushwork to great advantage. While it can be difficult to gauge the relative sizes of the different paintings, Thomas and Lovell occasionally provide a helpful sense of scale by comparing them to each other. Wayne Thiebaud was born in Arizona and grew up in California. He started out in cartooning and commercial art, then gained recognition for his ‘‘cheerful, impossible to resist’’ paintings of ‘‘desserts, shoes, countertops, and other quotidian objects’’ (p 11; Figure 1). He began his series of mountain paintings ‘‘entirely from memory’’ (p 7) in the 1960s, intensifying his focus on mountain subjects in the 2000s. In ‘‘Wayne Thiebaud’s Mountains: An Appreciation,’’ Thomas takes a conversational tone, avoiding excessive jargon and employing broad strokes, for example, ‘‘America is about independence and so is Thiebaud’’ (p 24). He notes the paintings’ ‘‘monumentality’’ (p 13), ‘‘precipitous verticality’’ (p 14), and ‘‘general lack of human presence’’ (p 18), in contrast to works of other mountain painters. Through such comparisons, Thomas portrays Thiebaud as an unconventional landscape painter and primes readers for the works to come. Thomas’s judicious use of quotes also conveys Thiebaud’s personal charm: ‘‘‘I’m obviously a very influenced painter and I delight in being so’’’ (p 18). As a geologist, I read Thomas’s discussion of Big Rock Mountain (Figure 2) with interest. In my view, it illustrates vertical exaggeration, cross section, and layer-cake geology effectively. The fact that Thiebaud ‘‘painted and repainted [it] over the past 15 years’’ (p 19) lends the work an appropriate sense of change over time, albeit on a human, rather than geologic, scale. Though Thomas’s essay helped me appreciate Thiebaud’s enigmatic mountains in a more nuanced way, I did not feel the ‘‘special joy in verticality’’ (p 19) he describes. While the series may reflect the artist’s joy and virtuosity, many of the works inspire disorientation and dread in this viewer. FIGURE 1 Wayne Thiebaud, Around the Cake, 1962. Spencer Museum of Art, University of Kansas, gift of Ralph T. Coe in memory of Helen F. Spencer, 1982.0144. ( 2021 Wayne Thiebaud / Licensed by VAGA at Artists Rights Society [ARS], NY) FIGURE 2 Wayne Thiebaud, Big Rock Mountain, 2004–2021/2019. ( 2021 Wayne Thiebaud / Licensed by VAGA at Artists Rights Society [ARS], NY) Mountain Research and Development (MRD) An international, peer-reviewed open access journal published by the International Mountain Society (IMS
Wayne Thiebaud Mountains: 1965-2019是2019年在纽约市Acquavella画廊举办的展览目录。它包括艺术家的传记;画廊老板埃莉诺·阿奎维拉(Eleanor Acquavella)的前言;以及大都会艺术博物馆前策展人迈克尔·m·托马斯(Michael M. Thomas)和加州大学伯克利分校美国艺术教授玛格丽塔·m·洛弗尔(Margaretta M. Lovell)的文章。展出的33幅作品以生动的色彩和高分辨率，充分展示了蒂博备受赞誉的笔法。虽然很难衡量不同画作的相对大小，但托马斯和洛弗尔偶尔会通过相互比较来提供一种有用的比例感。韦恩·蒂博出生在亚利桑那州，在加州长大。他开始从事漫画和商业艺术，然后因其“令人愉快的，无法抗拒的”绘画而获得认可，这些绘画是“甜点，鞋子，台面和其他日常物品”(第11页;图1)他在20世纪60年代开始了“完全从记忆中”(第7页)的山水画系列，并在2000年代加强了对山景的关注。在《韦恩·蒂博的山脉:欣赏》一书中，托马斯采用了一种对话式的语气，避免了过多的术语，而是采用了宽泛的笔法，例如，“美国是关于独立的，蒂博也是”(第24页)。他注意到这些画的“纪念性”(第13页)，“陡峭的垂直”(第14页)，以及“普遍缺乏人类存在”(第18页)，与其他山地画家的作品形成对比。通过这样的比较，托马斯将蒂博描绘成一个非传统的风景画家，并为读者准备了接下来的作品。托马斯对引用的明智运用也传达了蒂博的个人魅力:“‘我显然是一个深受影响的画家，我很喜欢这样。’”(第18页)。作为一名地质学家，我饶有兴趣地阅读了Thomas关于Big Rock Mountain(图2)的讨论。在我看来，它有效地说明了垂直夸张、横截面和层饼地质。蒂博“在过去的15年里不断地重新绘制它”(第19页)，这一事实使这件作品有了一种适当的随时间变化的感觉，尽管是在人类而不是地质的尺度上。虽然托马斯的文章帮助我以一种更细致入微的方式欣赏蒂博神秘的山脉，但我并没有感受到他所描述的“垂直的特殊乐趣”(第19页)。虽然这个系列可能反映了艺术家的快乐和精湛技艺，但许多作品却激发了这位观众的迷失和恐惧。图1韦恩·蒂博，《蛋糕周围》，1962年。堪萨斯大学斯宾塞艺术博物馆，拉尔夫·t·科为纪念海伦·f·斯宾塞而赠，1982.0144。图2 Wayne Thiebaud, Big Rock Mountain, 2004-2021/2019。(2021韦恩·Thiebaud /授权VAGA艺术家权利协会[ARS]， NY)山地研究与发展(MRD)国际同行评审的开放获取期刊，由国际山地学会(IMS)出版www.mrd-journal.org MountainMedia
{"title":"Wayne Thiebaud Mountains: 1965–2019. Text by Margaretta M. Lovell and Michael M. Thomas","authors":"G. Vance","doi":"10.1659/mrd.mm267.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd.mm267.1","url":null,"abstract":"Wayne Thiebaud Mountains: 1965–2019 catalogues a 2019 exhibition at Acquavella Galleries in New York City. It includes a biography of the artist; a foreword by Eleanor Acquavella, the owner of the galleries; and essays by Michael M. Thomas, a former curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and Margaretta M. Lovell, a professor of American Art at the University of California, Berkeley. The 33 plates of the works exhibited boast vivid colors and high resolution, showing Thiebaud’s much-lauded brushwork to great advantage. While it can be difficult to gauge the relative sizes of the different paintings, Thomas and Lovell occasionally provide a helpful sense of scale by comparing them to each other. Wayne Thiebaud was born in Arizona and grew up in California. He started out in cartooning and commercial art, then gained recognition for his ‘‘cheerful, impossible to resist’’ paintings of ‘‘desserts, shoes, countertops, and other quotidian objects’’ (p 11; Figure 1). He began his series of mountain paintings ‘‘entirely from memory’’ (p 7) in the 1960s, intensifying his focus on mountain subjects in the 2000s. In ‘‘Wayne Thiebaud’s Mountains: An Appreciation,’’ Thomas takes a conversational tone, avoiding excessive jargon and employing broad strokes, for example, ‘‘America is about independence and so is Thiebaud’’ (p 24). He notes the paintings’ ‘‘monumentality’’ (p 13), ‘‘precipitous verticality’’ (p 14), and ‘‘general lack of human presence’’ (p 18), in contrast to works of other mountain painters. Through such comparisons, Thomas portrays Thiebaud as an unconventional landscape painter and primes readers for the works to come. Thomas’s judicious use of quotes also conveys Thiebaud’s personal charm: ‘‘‘I’m obviously a very influenced painter and I delight in being so’’’ (p 18). As a geologist, I read Thomas’s discussion of Big Rock Mountain (Figure 2) with interest. In my view, it illustrates vertical exaggeration, cross section, and layer-cake geology effectively. The fact that Thiebaud ‘‘painted and repainted [it] over the past 15 years’’ (p 19) lends the work an appropriate sense of change over time, albeit on a human, rather than geologic, scale. Though Thomas’s essay helped me appreciate Thiebaud’s enigmatic mountains in a more nuanced way, I did not feel the ‘‘special joy in verticality’’ (p 19) he describes. While the series may reflect the artist’s joy and virtuosity, many of the works inspire disorientation and dread in this viewer. FIGURE 1 Wayne Thiebaud, Around the Cake, 1962. Spencer Museum of Art, University of Kansas, gift of Ralph T. Coe in memory of Helen F. Spencer, 1982.0144. ( 2021 Wayne Thiebaud / Licensed by VAGA at Artists Rights Society [ARS], NY) FIGURE 2 Wayne Thiebaud, Big Rock Mountain, 2004–2021/2019. ( 2021 Wayne Thiebaud / Licensed by VAGA at Artists Rights Society [ARS], NY) Mountain Research and Development (MRD) An international, peer-reviewed open access journal published by the International Mountain Society (IMS","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48295311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-27DOI: 10.1659/mrd-journal-d-21-00057.1
R. Romeo, S. Manuelli, Samantha Abear
The COVID-19 crisis has added urgency to an already difficult situation in mountains. Mountain communities are highly dependent on agriculture, tourism, and remittances for their survival, and their vulnerabilities to a range of challenges—including climate change, poverty, and food insecurity—have been exacerbated by the pandemic. This has increased their vulnerability to poverty and hunger. The aftershocks of COVID-19 deepen concern as to whether the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development can be achieved. The Mountain Partnership is the only United Nations alliance of partners dedicated to improving the lives of mountain peoples and protecting mountain environments. Its secretariat is hosted at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. It is working to improve opportunities for mountain peoples in the 2030 Agenda spirit of leaving no one behind.
{"title":"FAO's Work in Mountains: Building the Road to Recovery for Mountain Peoples","authors":"R. Romeo, S. Manuelli, Samantha Abear","doi":"10.1659/mrd-journal-d-21-00057.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd-journal-d-21-00057.1","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 crisis has added urgency to an already difficult situation in mountains. Mountain communities are highly dependent on agriculture, tourism, and remittances for their survival, and their vulnerabilities to a range of challenges—including climate change, poverty, and food insecurity—have been exacerbated by the pandemic. This has increased their vulnerability to poverty and hunger. The aftershocks of COVID-19 deepen concern as to whether the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development can be achieved. The Mountain Partnership is the only United Nations alliance of partners dedicated to improving the lives of mountain peoples and protecting mountain environments. Its secretariat is hosted at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. It is working to improve opportunities for mountain peoples in the 2030 Agenda spirit of leaving no one behind.","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46814077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mario D avalos is a multifaceted artist from the Dominican Republic. As a professional photographer, he pours his personal experiences and thoughts during his work travels to Alaska into photographs and others’ reflections within the book Yūgen: siete viajes por Alaska (Yūgen: Seven Trips Around Alaska). It is neither a textbook nor a photograph catalog, but a mixture of sensations and emotions transmitted by both words and images in a nonlinear but natural piece of art. D avalos has actively spotted wild nature and remote societies in Alaska, South America, and Africa, among other places (D avalos n.d.), but he has had a crush on Alaska since his first visit on a family trip. This is the ultimate soul of this book: his passion for the silence, wildness, and natural purity of the remote places and life in this northern region of the world. As the author states at the beginning of his work, we learn to read the world from geography; however, the reader should not expect a standard geography nor detailed description of the Alaskan places that make up this book. The integrated text-photograph sequence has no specific spatial routing or chronology. Not even a single map is included, nor have the breathtaking black and white photographs any illustrating captions or identifying numbers. One cannot guess if this is a deliberate or spontaneous attempt by the author, but the result is impressive as a means to focus on and transmit the somehow ancestral feelings of authenticity and solitude of the traveler that mixes himor herself within and faces the natural risks of the isolated places in Alaska pictured in the book. By contrast, those interested in learning about the scientific discovery of Alaska’s geography and nature would do well to read Alaska and Its Resources by William Dall (1870), the first such detailed publication, followed by many others. As its title promises, the book is divided into 7 chapters, each devoted to a location along or near the coastal areas of Alaska: Kaktovik, Katmai, Krusenstern, Delong, Kelly, Teshekpuk, and finally somewhere in the southeast. None of them are easily found at first glance on a general map, as they are not among the populated towns in this state of the northernmost region of the United States. The stories are based on the author’s diaries written during several trips to photograph different places with specific objectives related to wild nature. However, they are not meant to be a literal account of his experiences, but rather something halfway between reality and memories. An initial chapter titled ‘‘La mirada al norte’’ (The Look to the North) introduces the author’s dual character to the reader. The narration begins with a sensitive description of D avalos’s homeland, full of colors, rich vegetation, smells, and contrasts, which is not what one would expect from a book on trips to Alaska. This shared passion for the northern region of Alaska and warm yearning for his home roots is indirectly present throu
马里奥·D·阿瓦洛斯是来自多米尼加共和国的一位多才多艺的艺术家。作为一名专业摄影师，他将自己在阿拉斯加工作旅行中的个人经历和想法融入到照片和其他人的反思中，并在这本书Yūgen: siete viajes poror Alaska (Yūgen: Seven Trips Around Alaska)中。它既不是教科书，也不是照片目录，而是一件非线性但自然的艺术品，通过文字和图像传递的感觉和情感的混合体。D avalos在阿拉斯加、南美洲和非洲等地积极地发现了野生自然和偏远的社会(D avalos n.d.)，但自从他第一次在家庭旅行中访问阿拉斯加以来，他就迷恋上了阿拉斯加。这是这本书的终极灵魂:他对世界北部偏远地区和生活的宁静、野性和自然纯净的热情。正如作者在他的作品开头所说，我们学会从地理中解读世界;然而，读者不应该期望一本标准的地理书，也不应该期望书中对阿拉斯加各地的详细描述。整合的文字-照片序列没有特定的空间路线或时间顺序。甚至连一张地图都没有包括在内，这些令人惊叹的黑白照片也没有任何说明文字或识别数字。我们无法猜测这是作者故意的还是自发的尝试，但其结果令人印象深刻，因为它是一种关注和传递旅行者的真实和孤独的祖先感觉的方式，这种感觉将他自己融入其中，并面对书中所描绘的阿拉斯加偏远地区的自然风险。相比之下，那些对阿拉斯加地理和自然的科学发现感兴趣的人最好阅读威廉·达尔(William Dall)的《阿拉斯加及其资源》(Alaska and Its Resources, 1870)，这是第一本如此详细的出版物，随后还有许多其他出版物。正如书名所示，这本书分为7章，每一章都专门讲述阿拉斯加沿海地区或附近的一个地方:卡克托维克、卡特迈、克鲁森斯特恩、德隆、凯利、特谢克普克，最后是东南部的某个地方。它们都不容易在普通地图上一眼就能找到，因为它们不在美国最北部地区这个州人口稠密的城镇之列。这些故事是基于作者在几次旅行中写的日记，这些旅行是为了拍摄与野生自然有关的特定目标而拍摄的。然而，它们并不是对他经历的逐字记录，而是介于现实和记忆之间的东西。第一章“北望”(La mirada al norte)向读者介绍作者的双重性格。叙述以对D avalos家乡的敏感描述开始，充满了色彩、丰富的植被、气味和对比，这是一本关于阿拉斯加旅行的书所没有的。这种对阿拉斯加北部地区的共同热情和对家乡的温暖向往间接地体现在每一章所讲述的所有故事中。这让读者想起了阿里尔·多尔夫曼(Ariel Dorfman, 1998)在自传《向南，渴望向北》(Rumbo al sur, deseando el norte)中描述的一种类似的双重感觉，尽管背景不同，但也发生在美洲大陆。奇怪的是，这两本书还有一个共同的特点。D avalos在新泽西住了很多年，他用英语(而不是他的母语)写了这些旅行日记，后来为了写这本书，他收集了所有这些日记，并把这些日记翻译成了西班牙语，就像多尔夫曼写他的书一样。写一篇关于Yūgen: siete viajes可怜的阿拉斯加的评论，可能会因为揭示了这本书的终极精神而破坏了它的阅读效果，因为它的能力是如此出色，以至于让读者感到惊讶。然而，有些暗示可以在不歪曲其真实性的情况下处理。第一个旅行故事《卡克托维克》(Kaktovik)突然将读者带到残酷的大自然面前，打破了人们通常认为寒冷地区是世界上宁静祥和的地方的浪漫印象。这场生命之战被有效地曝光，并间接地介绍了熊的行为，以及人类在野生动物面前的脆弱性。这很可能是书中唯一一个按时间顺序呈现的章节，与作者到这片土地的家庭旅行有关。追踪熊是这本书的主题，“卡特迈”、“凯利”和“东南”以不同的方式追溯到它们。生活在冻土带上的其他动物在其他章节中也是杰出的明星，但它们更多的是一个借口，而不是作者的目标。D avalos是一个天生的讲故事的人，他对自己的生活是什么以及应该是什么，他的洞察力和内心的挣扎让读者着迷。在露营期间，他耐心地观察和拍摄独特的照片带回家，巧妙地赞美人类的孤独和自由，以及在极端条件下肾上腺素的飙升。 在各个章节(旅行)中，还引入了不同的角色，每次马里奥不可避免地回到阿拉斯加的地方时，职业关系都会变成熟悉的面孔。所有这些都在他与这片土地的联系和他的情感中发挥了作用，这些情感是由共同的艰苦生活条件、对气候条件的绝对依赖以及对这片世界的热爱所创造的。在这一点上，作者的语言风格值得关注。D avalos展示了他描述这些地方和情况的能力，没有详细的叙述或长对话，而是使用第一人称的短句(除了1章，待发现和山地研究与发展(MRD)由国际山地学会(IMS)出版的国际同行评审开放获取期刊www.mrd-journal.org MountainMedia)
{"title":"Yūgen: siete viajes por Alaska. By Mario Dávalos","authors":"M. J. Polo","doi":"10.1659/mrd.mm266.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd.mm266.1","url":null,"abstract":"Mario D avalos is a multifaceted artist from the Dominican Republic. As a professional photographer, he pours his personal experiences and thoughts during his work travels to Alaska into photographs and others’ reflections within the book Yūgen: siete viajes por Alaska (Yūgen: Seven Trips Around Alaska). It is neither a textbook nor a photograph catalog, but a mixture of sensations and emotions transmitted by both words and images in a nonlinear but natural piece of art. D avalos has actively spotted wild nature and remote societies in Alaska, South America, and Africa, among other places (D avalos n.d.), but he has had a crush on Alaska since his first visit on a family trip. This is the ultimate soul of this book: his passion for the silence, wildness, and natural purity of the remote places and life in this northern region of the world. As the author states at the beginning of his work, we learn to read the world from geography; however, the reader should not expect a standard geography nor detailed description of the Alaskan places that make up this book. The integrated text-photograph sequence has no specific spatial routing or chronology. Not even a single map is included, nor have the breathtaking black and white photographs any illustrating captions or identifying numbers. One cannot guess if this is a deliberate or spontaneous attempt by the author, but the result is impressive as a means to focus on and transmit the somehow ancestral feelings of authenticity and solitude of the traveler that mixes himor herself within and faces the natural risks of the isolated places in Alaska pictured in the book. By contrast, those interested in learning about the scientific discovery of Alaska’s geography and nature would do well to read Alaska and Its Resources by William Dall (1870), the first such detailed publication, followed by many others. As its title promises, the book is divided into 7 chapters, each devoted to a location along or near the coastal areas of Alaska: Kaktovik, Katmai, Krusenstern, Delong, Kelly, Teshekpuk, and finally somewhere in the southeast. None of them are easily found at first glance on a general map, as they are not among the populated towns in this state of the northernmost region of the United States. The stories are based on the author’s diaries written during several trips to photograph different places with specific objectives related to wild nature. However, they are not meant to be a literal account of his experiences, but rather something halfway between reality and memories. An initial chapter titled ‘‘La mirada al norte’’ (The Look to the North) introduces the author’s dual character to the reader. The narration begins with a sensitive description of D avalos’s homeland, full of colors, rich vegetation, smells, and contrasts, which is not what one would expect from a book on trips to Alaska. This shared passion for the northern region of Alaska and warm yearning for his home roots is indirectly present throu","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44930356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-27DOI: 10.1659/0276-4741-41.3.p2
{"title":"Publisher Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1659/0276-4741-41.3.p2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741-41.3.p2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45038547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-14DOI: 10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00033.1
G. McDowell, Madison E. Stevens, A. Lesnikowski, C. Huggel, A. Harden, J. DiBella, M. Morecroft, Praveen Kumar, E. Joe, I. Bhatt
Over 1 billion people are living at the frontlines of climate change in mountain areas, where warming rates outpace the global average and are driving significant changes in environments and ecosystem services. These changes are exacerbating socioeconomic difficulties faced by many mountain communities, and are already intensifying vulnerabilities across mountain areas globally. The situation is indicative of pervasive and consequential deficits in adaptation, and calls attention to the need for a better understanding of existing adaptation efforts, as well as the prospects for increasing the quantity and quality of adaptation action in mountain regions. In response, this MountainAgenda article introduces a conceptual framework for adaptation gaps. It then uses data from 2 major global-scale adaptation reviews to shed light on the nature and true magnitude of the adaptation gap in mountains. It reveals shortcomings in available adaptation options, deficits in the uptake of existing adaptation support, and a general lack of coherence between existing adaptations and keystone global agreements relevant to climate change adaptation. These shortcomings are largely related to soft limits to adaptation that constrain responses across mountain areas. In this article, we provide recommendations for closing the adaptation gap in mountains and suggest that this will require deeply collaborative efforts that are rooted in local needs, aspirations, and ways of knowing, but that are also supported by external capacity building and implementation resources. In many instances, this will resemble a transformative approach to adaptation. The conceptual framework presented here is broadly applicable and can also be utilized to identify and close adaptation gaps in social-ecological contexts beyond mountains.
{"title":"Closing the Adaptation Gap in Mountains","authors":"G. McDowell, Madison E. Stevens, A. Lesnikowski, C. Huggel, A. Harden, J. DiBella, M. Morecroft, Praveen Kumar, E. Joe, I. Bhatt","doi":"10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00033.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00033.1","url":null,"abstract":"Over 1 billion people are living at the frontlines of climate change in mountain areas, where warming rates outpace the global average and are driving significant changes in environments and ecosystem services. These changes are exacerbating socioeconomic difficulties faced by many mountain communities, and are already intensifying vulnerabilities across mountain areas globally. The situation is indicative of pervasive and consequential deficits in adaptation, and calls attention to the need for a better understanding of existing adaptation efforts, as well as the prospects for increasing the quantity and quality of adaptation action in mountain regions. In response, this MountainAgenda article introduces a conceptual framework for adaptation gaps. It then uses data from 2 major global-scale adaptation reviews to shed light on the nature and true magnitude of the adaptation gap in mountains. It reveals shortcomings in available adaptation options, deficits in the uptake of existing adaptation support, and a general lack of coherence between existing adaptations and keystone global agreements relevant to climate change adaptation. These shortcomings are largely related to soft limits to adaptation that constrain responses across mountain areas. In this article, we provide recommendations for closing the adaptation gap in mountains and suggest that this will require deeply collaborative efforts that are rooted in local needs, aspirations, and ways of knowing, but that are also supported by external capacity building and implementation resources. In many instances, this will resemble a transformative approach to adaptation. The conceptual framework presented here is broadly applicable and can also be utilized to identify and close adaptation gaps in social-ecological contexts beyond mountains.","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48811720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-28DOI: 10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-20-00065.1
Emily J. Wilkins, H. Akbar, Tara C. Saley, R. Hager, Colten M. Elkin, P. Belmont, C. Flint, Jordan W. Smith
Climate change is a threat to ski resorts, the ski industry, and mountain communities that rely on ski tourism. Ski resorts may be able to mitigate some of the social and economic impacts caused by climate change with proactive adaptation strategies. Using historical weather data, future climate projections, and interviews with ski resort managers in Utah (United States), this research investigates the effects of climate change on ski resorts across the state. We examine temperature change at all resorts within the state from 1980–2018 and climate projections from 2021–2100 under different climate change scenarios (RCPs 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5). We also report on semistructured interviews with resort managers to provide insights into how resort leadership perceives the impacts of climate change, is implementing adaptation strategies, and is addressing barriers to adaptation. Many resorts in Utah are warming faster than global averages, and minimum temperatures are rising faster than maximum temperatures. By the end of the century, winter (December–March) minimum daily temperatures in Utah could warm an additional 6.0°C under the RCP 8.5 scenario near northern Utah resorts and 6.6°C near southern Utah resorts. Resort managers are concerned about shorter season lengths, shifting ski seasons, less snow cover, and poorer snow quality. Many resorts are already adapting, with the most common adaptations being snowmaking and diversifying outdoor recreation offerings (particularly during the summer and shoulder seasons). Barriers to adaptation reported by managers include financial costs, adequate water availability for snowmaking, and uncertainty about climate change projections. Climate change is already impacting Utah ski resorts, but adaptation practices can reduce the negative impacts to some degree at most resorts.
{"title":"Climate Change and Utah Ski Resorts: Impacts, Perceptions, and Adaptation Strategies","authors":"Emily J. Wilkins, H. Akbar, Tara C. Saley, R. Hager, Colten M. Elkin, P. Belmont, C. Flint, Jordan W. Smith","doi":"10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-20-00065.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-20-00065.1","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is a threat to ski resorts, the ski industry, and mountain communities that rely on ski tourism. Ski resorts may be able to mitigate some of the social and economic impacts caused by climate change with proactive adaptation strategies. Using historical weather data, future climate projections, and interviews with ski resort managers in Utah (United States), this research investigates the effects of climate change on ski resorts across the state. We examine temperature change at all resorts within the state from 1980–2018 and climate projections from 2021–2100 under different climate change scenarios (RCPs 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5). We also report on semistructured interviews with resort managers to provide insights into how resort leadership perceives the impacts of climate change, is implementing adaptation strategies, and is addressing barriers to adaptation. Many resorts in Utah are warming faster than global averages, and minimum temperatures are rising faster than maximum temperatures. By the end of the century, winter (December–March) minimum daily temperatures in Utah could warm an additional 6.0°C under the RCP 8.5 scenario near northern Utah resorts and 6.6°C near southern Utah resorts. Resort managers are concerned about shorter season lengths, shifting ski seasons, less snow cover, and poorer snow quality. Many resorts are already adapting, with the most common adaptations being snowmaking and diversifying outdoor recreation offerings (particularly during the summer and shoulder seasons). Barriers to adaptation reported by managers include financial costs, adequate water availability for snowmaking, and uncertainty about climate change projections. Climate change is already impacting Utah ski resorts, but adaptation practices can reduce the negative impacts to some degree at most resorts.","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44219567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-25DOI: 10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-20-00081.1
Jin-Hyoung Kang, Jie Wei, Fengling Gan, Jin-lin Li
The shear strength of topsoil indicates the resistance of surface land to external erosive forces and represents a key variable for inferring the extent and rate of soil erosion. However, the influence of land use on topsoil shear strength is poorly understood. This study aims to examine topsoil shear strength under different land uses in the purple-soiled region of the Three Gorges Reservoir area in China and explore the related factors that control the observed variability. Direct shear tests were performed to determine the shear strength of topsoil in terms of internal friction angle (φ) and cohesion (c) under 5 typical land use systems. The results showed that the topsoil shear stress increases with increasing shear displacement from 0 to 6 mm; thereafter, it remains relatively stable over a further increase of shear displacement from 6 to 10 mm. The shear stress–shear displacement curves display a hardening strain trend. Land use exerts a strong effect on the shear strength through differentiation of soil physicochemical properties. In general, topsoil from orchard land has the highest mean values for clay fraction, φ, and c and the lowest mean values for sand fraction and water content. The topsoil in abandoned land shows the highest mean values for bulk density and silt content. The bulk density and the clay and silt content are the main direct factors controlling the difference in shear strength of the purple topsoil. Organic matter content, total porosity, and sand content represent important indirect factors that contribute to the variability in c and φ values of the studied soils.
{"title":"Shear Strength of Purple Topsoil Under Different Land Uses in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China","authors":"Jin-Hyoung Kang, Jie Wei, Fengling Gan, Jin-lin Li","doi":"10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-20-00081.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-20-00081.1","url":null,"abstract":"The shear strength of topsoil indicates the resistance of surface land to external erosive forces and represents a key variable for inferring the extent and rate of soil erosion. However, the influence of land use on topsoil shear strength is poorly understood. This study aims to examine topsoil shear strength under different land uses in the purple-soiled region of the Three Gorges Reservoir area in China and explore the related factors that control the observed variability. Direct shear tests were performed to determine the shear strength of topsoil in terms of internal friction angle (φ) and cohesion (c) under 5 typical land use systems. The results showed that the topsoil shear stress increases with increasing shear displacement from 0 to 6 mm; thereafter, it remains relatively stable over a further increase of shear displacement from 6 to 10 mm. The shear stress–shear displacement curves display a hardening strain trend. Land use exerts a strong effect on the shear strength through differentiation of soil physicochemical properties. In general, topsoil from orchard land has the highest mean values for clay fraction, φ, and c and the lowest mean values for sand fraction and water content. The topsoil in abandoned land shows the highest mean values for bulk density and silt content. The bulk density and the clay and silt content are the main direct factors controlling the difference in shear strength of the purple topsoil. Organic matter content, total porosity, and sand content represent important indirect factors that contribute to the variability in c and φ values of the studied soils.","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67436390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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