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The European Mink (Mustela lutreola) on Kunashir Island: Confirmed Survival 40 years After Introduction 库纳希尔岛上的欧洲水貂(Mustela lutreola):引进40年后确认存活
IF 1 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-20 DOI: 10.3106/ms2021-0044
Aleksandr A. Kisleyko, V. Dinets, M. Grishchenko, Evgeny E. Kozlovskiy, L. Khlyap
Abstract. In the early 1980s, the European mink (Mustela lutreola) was introduced on Kunashir [Kunashiri] Island in the Kuril [Chishima] Islands in order to preserve it in a region where its main competitor, the American mink (Neovison vison), is absent. We present records of the European mink on Kunashir in 2014–2021. In 23 cases, mink footprints were recorded on the snow or on sandbanks; in other nine cases, the animals were recorded visually or using camera traps. Camera trap photos reliably confirm the existence of a European mink population far from its severely contracted native range. The data were used to compose the dataset “Database of the European mink [Mustela lutreola (Linnaeus, 1761)] occurrence on Kunashir Island” that was transferred to the open international repository GBIF.
摘要在20世纪80年代早期,欧洲水貂(Mustela lutreola)被引入千岛群岛的国后岛(Kunashir),以便在其主要竞争对手美国水貂(Neovison vison)缺席的地区保护它。我们展示了2014-2021年国后山欧洲水貂的记录。在23个案例中,在雪地或沙洲上记录到了貂的脚印;在其他9个案例中,动物被目测或使用相机陷阱记录下来。相机捕捉器的照片可靠地证实了欧洲水貂种群的存在,这些种群远离其严重萎缩的本土范围。这些数据被用于组成“库纳锡尔岛欧洲水貂[Mustela lutreola (Linnaeus, 1761)]发生数据库”数据集,该数据集被转移到开放的国际知识库GBIF。
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引用次数: 2
Caudal Vertebral Fragilities Related to Loss of a Tail Part in Two Species of the Japanese Field Mice 两种日本野鼠尾部缺失引起的脊椎脆性
IF 1 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-03-15 DOI: 10.3106/ms2020-0056
M. Iwasa, Atsushi Hasegawa
Abstract. In the Japanese field mice, Apodemus argenteus and A. speciosus, loss of a tail part has often been observed under natural conditions. Such loss is considered a way of avoiding damage during physical accidents and attacks. Here, we studied the types of losses, types of caudal breakages, and breakage positions along the tail. The losses mainly consisted of intervertebral breakage (inter-VB) and intravertebral breakage (intra-VB). VB occurred widely along the tail in both Apodemus species and showed no specific tendency for the inter-VB positions. Intra-VB was confirmed at caudal vertebrae of the middle portion of the tail, consisting of vertebrae with lower relative width (minimum width/maximum length in each caudal vertebra) ranges showing a mean of approximately 0.15–0.28 in both Apodemus species. Previous studies in lizards and rodents found autotomic inter-VB and intra-VB to be positioned in a specific small portion of the tail. However, we found that in field mice, inter-VB and intra-VB were widely distributed along the tail without a regular position. Therefore, it is suggested that both inter-VB and intra-VB as self-defense ways in Apodemus appear to be mere torn-off breakages rather than autotomies, due to certain fragilities in intra- and intervertebral structures.
摘要在日本的小白鼠,Apodemus argenteus和A.specious中,在自然条件下经常观察到尾巴部分的缺失。这种损失被认为是避免在人身事故和袭击中造成损害的一种方式。在这里,我们研究了损失的类型,尾部断裂的类型,以及沿着尾部的断裂位置。损失主要包括椎间盘破裂(VB间)和椎管内破裂(VB内)。在两种Apodemus中,VB都广泛分布在尾部,并且在VB之间的位置没有表现出特定的趋势。在尾部中部的尾椎骨处确认了VB内,该尾椎骨由相对宽度较低(每个尾椎骨的最小宽度/最大长度)的椎骨组成,两种Apodemus的平均值约为0.15–0.28。先前对蜥蜴和啮齿类动物的研究发现,VB间和VB内的自体位于尾巴的特定小部分。然而,我们发现在野外小鼠中,VB间和VB内沿着尾巴广泛分布,没有规则的位置。因此,由于Apodemus体内和椎间结构的某些脆弱性,VB间和VB内的自卫方式似乎都只是撕下的碎片,而不是自残。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of Human Activity on the Fallen-Fruit Foraging Behavior of Carnivoran Species in an Urban Forest 人类活动对城市森林食肉动物落果觅食行为的影响
IF 1 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-02-15 DOI: 10.3106/ms2021-0041
S. Ōsugi, Bruna Elisa Trentin, S. Koike
Abstract. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether and how the fruit-foraging behaviors of two frugivorous carnivorans, the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and Japanese badger (Meles anakuma), are influenced by the presence of humans. In the first investigation, we contrasted the frequency and duration of foraging visits to fruit-bearing trees in an urban forest and a mountain forest. In the second investigation, we employed a modeling approach to ascertain whether the degree of shelter affected tree selection in the urban forest by these frugivorous species. The results of the first investigation showed that both species foraged almost solely at night in the urban forest and had significantly shorter visit times in the urban forest than in the mountain forest. The second investigation revealed that both species selected to forage in sheltered places where the forest floor was covered with vegetation. We found that fruit production did not affect tree choice in these places, indicating that the mammals prioritize avoiding humans over effective foraging in places with more plentiful fruits. These tendencies to forage at night and in areas with adequate shelter indicate that these species have adapted their behaviors to avoid humans in urban environments.
摘要本研究的目的是确定浣熊(Nyctereutes procyonoides)和日本獾(Meles anakuma)这两种食果食肉动物的水果觅食行为是否以及如何受到人类存在的影响。在第一次调查中,我们对比了城市森林和山林中果树的觅食频率和持续时间。在第二项调查中,我们采用建模方法来确定遮荫程度是否影响城市森林中这些食果物种的树木选择。第一次调查结果表明,这两种物种在城市森林中几乎只在夜间觅食,并且在城市森林中的访问时间明显短于在山地森林中的访问时间。第二次调查显示,这两个物种都选择在森林地面被植被覆盖的有遮蔽的地方觅食。我们发现,在这些地方,水果产量并不影响树木的选择,这表明哺乳动物优先避开人类,而不是在水果更丰富的地方有效觅食。这些在夜间和有足够庇护所的地区觅食的倾向表明,这些物种已经适应了它们的行为,以避开城市环境中的人类。
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引用次数: 3
Editorial 社论
IF 1 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-02-10 DOI: 10.3106/47-1-e
J. Sato
in a second language We added a system that allows an abstract in a second language. The main purpose of this was to eliminate communication gaps between industry, government, academia, and the public, due to the exclusive use of English in the scientific community. I believe that many people, especially in education and wildlife conservation and manage2 Mammal Study 47 (2022) ment, are interested in the contents of Mammal Study, but do not speak English. Similarly, there must be authors who would like to share their findings with non-English readers. Policy makers usually make decisions in their own language, while the public do not always use English in their daily lives and social activities. Nevertheless, they need Mammal Study. Adding an abstract in a second language could facilitate internationalization by helping people to learn about studies that may be relevant to them. Although it seems paradoxical, admitting diversity can be a useful way to internationalize Mammal Study by eliminating communication gaps. See the Instructions to Authors for more details regarding this addition. Note that the Editor-in-Chief will reject an abstract in a second language if the content is deemed to differ sufficiently from the English abstract or is otherwise unable to verify the content of the second abstract.
在第二语言中我们添加了一个系统,允许使用第二语言进行摘要。这样做的主要目的是消除工业界、政府、学术界和公众之间的沟通差距,因为科学界只使用英语。我相信很多人,尤其是在教育和野生动物保护与管理2《哺乳动物研究47(2022)》中,对《哺乳动物研究》的内容感兴趣,但不会说英语。同样,一定有作者愿意与非英语读者分享他们的发现。决策者通常用自己的语言做出决定,而公众在日常生活和社交活动中并不总是使用英语。然而,它们需要哺乳动物研究。在第二语言中添加摘要可以帮助人们了解可能与他们相关的研究,从而促进国际化。尽管这看起来很矛盾,但承认多样性可以通过消除沟通差距来实现哺乳动物研究的国际化。有关此添加的更多详细信息,请参阅作者说明。请注意,如果第二种语言的摘要内容被认为与英文摘要有足够的差异,或者无法验证第二种摘要的内容,主编将拒绝接受该摘要。
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引用次数: 0
Origin and Abundance of Steller Sea Lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in Winter Haulout at Benten-Jima Rock Off Cape Soya, Hokkaido, Japan between 2012–2017 2012-2017年,日本北海道大豆角本腾岛岩石冬季运输中虎头海狮(Eumetopias jubatus)的起源和数量
IF 1 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-02-02 DOI: 10.3106/ms2020-0029
Y. Goto, Takeomi Isono, Shun Ikuta, V. Burkanov
Abstract. Benten-Jima Rock, located off Cape Soya, Hokkaido, has been a Steller sea lion (SSL; Eumetopias jubatus) winter haulout for decades. The animals usually occupy the site from October to May. Observations have been sporadic, although the population count started to increase in 2005. We have monitored SSL numbers since 2012 using several survey methods, such as observation by direct counting and remote archival cameras. Since these data were not sufficient, owing to blind spots, we started using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) surveys in 2016 and corrected the previously collected data. Using these methods, a considerable number of SSLs were observed at Benten-Jima Rock during 2016–2017. The maximum number of SSLs was 3158 on land and 3056 in the water near the site, as counted from UAV images on May 2, 2017. Based on hot brand marks, we found that Benten-Jima Rock hosted SSLs from all ten main rookeries along the Asian coast. The majority (∼60%) were from Tuleny Island near the east coast of Sakhalin. The cause of this extraordinary increase in SSL numbers at Benten-Jima Rock remains unclear and requires further monitoring and research.
摘要位于北海道黄豆角附近的本藤岛岩(Benten-Jima Rock)曾是一只虎头海狮(Steller sea lion;Eumetopias jubatus)冬季运输数十年。这些动物通常从10月到5月占据这个地方。虽然种群数量在2005年开始增加,但观测结果是零星的。自2012年以来,我们一直在使用几种调查方法监测SSL数量,例如通过直接计数和远程存档摄像机进行观察。由于这些数据不充分,存在盲点,我们在2016年开始使用无人机(UAV)调查,并对之前收集的数据进行了校正。使用这些方法,2016-2017年期间在Benten-Jima岩石观察到相当数量的ssl。根据2017年5月2日的无人机图像,陆地上的最大数量为3158个,附近水域的最大数量为3056个。根据热门品牌标记,我们发现本藤岛岩拥有来自亚洲沿海所有十个主要栖息地的ssl。大多数(约60%)来自库页岛东海岸附近的Tuleny岛。本顿岛岩石SSL数量异常增加的原因尚不清楚,需要进一步监测和研究。
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引用次数: 1
A Simple Cryopreservation Method for Efficient Isolation of Live Cells from Dead Animals 一种从死亡动物体内高效分离活细胞的简单低温保存方法
IF 1 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-02-02 DOI: 10.3106/ms2021-0019
Michiya Sano, Ayako Kawanabe, Y. Kurosawa, Yusuke Suzuki, M. Takeda, Tomoaki Nakamura, H. Iwata, T. Kuwayama, K. Shirasuna
Abstract. Cryopreservation of somatic tissues and cells can be applied to biodiversity conservation. Although vitrification is widely used for tissue cryopreservation, it is challenging to obtain viable cells in facilities that lack adequate experimental tools, such as zoos. In this study, we established a simple tissue cryopreservation method for obtaining viable cells. Using mouse tissues of the ears and skin, we explored the conditions suitable for cryopreservation. After freezing, the tissues were thawed, and the cells were isolated. The tissues were then cut into small pieces to obtain viable cells. The use of a cryopreservative solution and freezing at –80°C increased the probability of obtaining viable cells. Viable cells were obtained and cultured even after the ear tissues were stored at room temperature for 24 h. Our method allowed primary cells to be isolated and cultured from ear tissues of dead animal. Further, we examined whether cells isolated from cryopreserved tissues could be studied in vitro. We found that treatment with lipopolysaccharides and Poly I:C increased the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in wild boar cells. These data suggest that the simple cryopreservation method developed here can be applied to biodiversity conservation and basic science studies of wild animal cells.
摘要体细胞组织和细胞的冷冻保存可以应用于生物多样性保护。尽管玻璃化被广泛用于组织冷冻保存,但在动物园等缺乏足够实验工具的设施中获得活细胞是一项挑战。在本研究中,我们建立了一种简单的组织冷冻保存方法来获得活细胞。利用小鼠的耳朵和皮肤组织,我们探索了适合冷冻保存的条件。冷冻后,将组织解冻,并分离细胞。然后将组织切成小块以获得活细胞。冷冻保存溶液的使用和-80°C的冷冻增加了获得活细胞的可能性。即使在耳朵组织在室温下储存24小时后,也能获得活细胞并进行培养。我们的方法允许从死亡动物的耳朵组织中分离和培养原代细胞。此外,我们检查了从冷冻保存的组织中分离的细胞是否可以在体外进行研究。我们发现,用脂多糖和聚I:C处理增加了野猪细胞中促炎细胞因子的mRNA表达。这些数据表明,这里开发的简单冷冻保存方法可以应用于生物多样性保护和野生动物细胞的基础科学研究。
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引用次数: 1
External Morphological and Molecular Evidence of Natural Intrageneric Hybridization between Common and Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus × T. aduncus) from Japanese Waters 日本海域常见和印度太平洋瓶鼻海豚(Tursiops truncatus×T.aduncus)属内自然杂交的外部形态和分子证据
IF 1 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-12-27 DOI: 10.3106/ms2021-0039
Daiki Inamori, Yuki F. Kita, Noriko Funasaka
Abstract. Hybrid cetaceans occur in both captive and natural environments. This study is the first to describe the external morphological and genetic characterizations of natural intrageneric hybridization between the common bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, and the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin, T. aduncus, in Japanese waters. In November 2019, a stray dolphin was seen in Moriura Bay, Wakayama, Japan, and was a male that measured 241.5 cm in body length in July 2020, after an incidental catch in February 2020. Moderate speckles in the genital area of the dolphin were observed, which is a characteristic of T. aduncus. The dolphin had 22–23 pairs of teeth in each jaw, a quantity consistent for both species. The length of the rostrum and the size of flippers were within the range of T. aduncus. The mitochondrial DNA D-loop region haplotype was 99% homology with those from T. aduncus found in Chinese and Japanese waters. Microsatellite analysis revealed that the dolphin contained ratios of approximately 50% of both T. truncatus and T. aduncus lineages; the dolphin could therefore be an F1 hybrid between a female T. aduncus and a male T. truncatus. Further genetic studies are required to elucidate the origin of this hybrid dolphin.
摘要杂交鲸目动物既存在于圈养环境中,也存在于自然环境中。本研究首次描述了日本水域常见宽吻海豚Tursiops truncatus和印度太平洋宽吻海豚T.aduncus之间自然属内杂交的外部形态和遗传特征。2019年11月,在日本和歌山的森浦湾发现了一只流浪海豚,这是一只雄性海豚,在2020年2月偶然捕获后,于2020年7月体长241.5厘米。在海豚的生殖器区域观察到中等程度的斑点,这是T.aduncus的特征。这只海豚的每只下巴上有22-23对牙齿,这一数量对两个物种来说都是一致的。主席台的长度和鳍状肢的大小都在T.aduncus的范围内。线粒体DNA D环区单倍型与在中国和日本水域发现的T.aduncus的DNA单倍型具有99%的同源性。微卫星分析显示,这只海豚包含大约50%的截断T.truncatus和aduncus谱系;因此,该海豚可能是雌性杜氏T.aduncus和雄性截断T.truncatus之间的F1杂交种。需要进一步的基因研究来阐明这种杂交海豚的起源。
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引用次数: 2
Development of a Camera-Installed Nest Box for Small Mammals and Its Application in Reproductive Schedule Estimation for the Okinawa Spiny Rat 小型哺乳动物摄影巢箱的研制及其在冲绳棘鼠繁殖计划估算中的应用
IF 1 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-12-27 DOI: 10.3106/ms2021-0025
Nobuhiko Kotaka, M. Yasuda, Takuya Shimada
Abstract. To estimate the reproductive schedule of the Okinawa spiny rat on the basis of its body size distribution, we developed a nest box with an auto-trigger camera. Three camera-installed nest boxes were used in the field in the northern part of Okinawa Island beginning in September 2015. The distance between eyes, an index of body size, was measured in 850 images of spiny rats. The reproductive schedule was estimated based on the emergence period of subadults. With the emergence of subadults, the distribution of body size index becomes a mixture of two normal distributions consisting of adults and subadults, so a Gaussian mixture model was employed to identify each distribution. The Gaussian mixture model revealed that the distribution of the estimated distance between eyes could be divided into two clusters, with a mixing ratio of 0.11 for Group 1 (subadult) and 0.89 for Group 2 (adult). Most individuals belonging to Group 1 appeared during the winter months of December to March, indicating that subadults were weaned primarily during this season. Consequently, reproduction of the Okinawa spiny rat is thought to be limited in autumn and winter.
摘要为了根据冲绳棘鼠的体型分布来估计其繁殖时间表,我们开发了一个带有自动触发相机的巢箱。从2015年9月开始,在冲绳岛北部的野外使用了三个安装了摄像头的巢箱。在850张多刺大鼠的图像中测量了眼睛之间的距离,这是一个衡量体型的指标。繁殖时间表是根据亚成体的出现期来估计的。随着亚成年人的出现,体型指数的分布变成了由成年人和亚成年人组成的两个正态分布的混合,因此采用高斯混合模型来识别每个分布。高斯混合模型显示,估计的眼睛之间距离的分布可以分为两个聚类,第一组(亚成年)的混合比为0.11,第二组(成年)为0.89。属于第1组的大多数个体出现在12月至3月的冬季,这表明亚成体主要在这个季节断奶。因此,冲绳棘鼠的繁殖被认为在秋冬季节受到限制。
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引用次数: 0
Contribution of Acorn Masting to Food Composition and Body Condition of and Crop Damage by Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) Inhabiting Evergreen Forests in Japan 橡实对日本常绿森林野猪(Sus scrofa)食物组成、身体状况及作物危害的影响
IF 1 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-12-15 DOI: 10.3106/ms2021-0024
Akitaka Omori, E. Hosoi
Abstract. We analyzed the stomach contents of wild boars (Sus scrofa) inhabiting evergreen forests in western Japan and found that they were dependent on the masting of acorns of Castanopsis cuspidata. The increased availability of C. cuspidata acorns positively affected their consumption by wild boars. In the good mast years, wild boars consumed C. cuspidata acorns from November to June of the following year. No significant annual variation in body condition was detected, suggesting that alternative food resources (e.g., bamboo shoots) may have maintained the body condition of wild boars, even in poor mast years. A strong negative correlation was found between the consumption of C. cuspidata acorns and the amount of crop damage to vegetables. This study revealed the wild boar as a pulsed food resource feeder, which has not yet been identified in Japan, and emphasized the importance of considering C. cuspidata masting for designing effective strategies for mitigating crop damage.
摘要本文分析了生活在日本西部常绿森林中的野猪(Sus scrofa)的胃内容物,发现它们的胃内容物主要依赖于吃东北栲(Castanopsis cuspidata)的橡子。虎皮橡子可得性的提高对野猪的食用量有积极影响。在丰年,野猪从11月到次年6月食用虎皮橡子。在身体状况方面没有发现明显的年度变化,这表明替代食物资源(如竹笋)可能维持了野猪的身体状况,即使是在贫瘠的年份。食用量与蔬菜作物危害程度呈显著负相关。本研究揭示了野猪作为一种脉冲食物来源,在日本尚未被发现,并强调了考虑cuspidata控制对设计有效的减轻作物损害策略的重要性。
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引用次数: 1
Seasonal Diel Activity Patterns of Three Sympatric Ungulates in Forested Area in Central Japan 日本中部林区三种同域有蹄类动物的季节性昼夜活动模式
IF 1 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-11-24 DOI: 10.3106/ms2021-0031
Takashi Ikeda, Satuski Nakamori, M. Ando, T. Shirakawa, T. Okamoto, Masatsugu Suzuki
Abstract. The diel activity pattern is a key factor in the coexistence mechanism of sympatric wild animals, enabling temporal niche partitioning. Although previous studies on sympatric ungulates (sika deer, Japanese serow, and wild boar) have reported dietary and spatial niche partitioning, temporal niche partitioning in these sympatric ungulates is not well understood. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the seasonal diel activity patterns of three sympatric ungulates in Gifu Prefecture, Japan, where they have been sympatrically distributed since 1978. We placed 21 camera traps from August 2017 to November 2019, and investigated diel activity patterns and photographic frequencies over three time periods (daytime, night-time, and twilight). Although we found no seasonal changes in diel activity patterns of three ungulates, but patterns showed differences among species. While sika deer showed crepuscular activity, wild boars and Japanese serows showed nocturnal activity. In addition, Japanese serows showed temporal niche partitioning against sika deer. Consequently, we suggest that the relationship between sika deer and Japanese serow is competitive in terms of diel activity patterns.
摘要活动模式是同域野生动物共存机制的关键因素,是生态位划分的关键因素。尽管已有研究报道了同域有蹄类动物(梅花鹿、日本雪貂和野猪)的饮食和空间生态位划分,但这些同域有蹄类动物的时间生态位划分尚不清楚。本研究旨在研究自1978年以来在日本岐阜县共域分布的三种有蹄类动物的季节饮食活动模式。从2017年8月到2019年11月,我们放置了21个相机陷阱,并调查了三个时间段(白天、夜间和黄昏)的昼夜活动模式和摄影频率。虽然我们发现三种有蹄类动物的饮食活动模式没有季节变化,但在物种之间存在差异。梅花鹿表现为黄昏活动,野猪和日本猪表现为夜间活动。此外,日本血清对梅花鹿存在时间生态位划分。因此,我们认为梅花鹿与日本雪鹿在饮食活动模式方面存在竞争关系。
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引用次数: 2
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Mammal Study
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