Abstract. The Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) is an endangered species widely distributed across Iran. Rough estimates indicate 550–850 Persian leopard individuals inhabit the country, which comprises more than two thirds of its global population. Population monitoring of this large carnivore in Iran is one of the main objectives of current conservation planning. Therefore, adopting a more diversified methodology to achieve reliable, cost-effective, and pragmatic measures is urgently needed. We conducted a study for individual identification of the Persian leopard in Parvar Protected Area via fecal sampling and molecular tools and attempted to test the feasibility of this approach. We used 12 previously reported polymorphic microsatellite loci, of which only five were qualified for genotyping analysis. Finally, nine leopard individuals were identified. We measured the ability of the five loci in distinguishing individuals by P(ID)sib. The cumulative observed probability of identity and probability of identity for sibling individuals were estimated to be 0.005 and 0.05, respectively. Data presented on spatial distribution of leopards in this study could help better understand the behavioral ecology and conservation biology of the species. Moreover, our findings will assist future research in developing methodologies for large-scale studies and providing data for effective wildlife conservation.
{"title":"Individual Identification of Panthera pardus saxicolor Using Non-Invasive Sampling and Molecular Techniques in Iran: A Case Study in Parvar Protected Area","authors":"Panteha Ardani, H. Rezaei, M. Kaboli","doi":"10.3106/ms2021-0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3106/ms2021-0056","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) is an endangered species widely distributed across Iran. Rough estimates indicate 550–850 Persian leopard individuals inhabit the country, which comprises more than two thirds of its global population. Population monitoring of this large carnivore in Iran is one of the main objectives of current conservation planning. Therefore, adopting a more diversified methodology to achieve reliable, cost-effective, and pragmatic measures is urgently needed. We conducted a study for individual identification of the Persian leopard in Parvar Protected Area via fecal sampling and molecular tools and attempted to test the feasibility of this approach. We used 12 previously reported polymorphic microsatellite loci, of which only five were qualified for genotyping analysis. Finally, nine leopard individuals were identified. We measured the ability of the five loci in distinguishing individuals by P(ID)sib. The cumulative observed probability of identity and probability of identity for sibling individuals were estimated to be 0.005 and 0.05, respectively. Data presented on spatial distribution of leopards in this study could help better understand the behavioral ecology and conservation biology of the species. Moreover, our findings will assist future research in developing methodologies for large-scale studies and providing data for effective wildlife conservation.","PeriodicalId":49891,"journal":{"name":"Mammal Study","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47258772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. The jumping ability of Reeves's muntjacs (Muntiacus reevesi) was experimentally determined and verified in a captive environment using seven male animals. The experiment found that the maximum height that Reeves's muntjac could jump over was 80 cm. Against an obstacle of 45 cm or more, the latency to jump and the time spent on exploratory behavior were longer relative to lower obstacles. Based on this result, net fences with a height of 85 cm were installed at three sites in Isumi City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan, and bait was installed inside the fence to verify its intrusion prevention effect. For over a month, even in winter when food resources are scarce, the muntjacs did not jump over the fence to reach the bait. However, during the first week of the test session, physical contact such as pressing the head and nose against the fence was observed, and exploratory behavior was concentrated on the base of the fence. These results suggested that a high intrusion prevention effect could be obtained by installing a fence with a height of 85 cm and securing the fence hem with piles.
{"title":"Measuring Jumping Ability of Reeves' Muntjacs (Muntiacus reevesi) and Verifying Intrusion Prevention Effect of Net Fencing","authors":"Chihiro Kase, Nami Sato, Shinji Ozawa","doi":"10.3106/ms2022-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3106/ms2022-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The jumping ability of Reeves's muntjacs (Muntiacus reevesi) was experimentally determined and verified in a captive environment using seven male animals. The experiment found that the maximum height that Reeves's muntjac could jump over was 80 cm. Against an obstacle of 45 cm or more, the latency to jump and the time spent on exploratory behavior were longer relative to lower obstacles. Based on this result, net fences with a height of 85 cm were installed at three sites in Isumi City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan, and bait was installed inside the fence to verify its intrusion prevention effect. For over a month, even in winter when food resources are scarce, the muntjacs did not jump over the fence to reach the bait. However, during the first week of the test session, physical contact such as pressing the head and nose against the fence was observed, and exploratory behavior was concentrated on the base of the fence. These results suggested that a high intrusion prevention effect could be obtained by installing a fence with a height of 85 cm and securing the fence hem with piles.","PeriodicalId":49891,"journal":{"name":"Mammal Study","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49655312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Saitoh, Shota Murakami, A. P. D. de Guia, N. Ohnishi, Kuniko Kawai
Abstract. The sequence variation of the mtDNA control region (CR) was analyzed for the two sibling species of Myodes (the gray-sided vole M. rufocanus and the dark red-backed vole M. rex) in Hokkaido mainland and its adjacent islands of Japan. The evolutionary rate of the CR was estimated using the island–island connections during the Quaternary. The 737–741-bp were determined for 1196 individuals of M. rufocanus from 65 localities and 315 individuals of M. rex from 26 localities. The CR was highly variable in both species: 330 and 79 haplotypes were identified for M. rufocanus and M. rex, respectively. The genetic distances were estimated for six island population pairs of M. rufocanus and two pairs of M. rex. The genetic distances log-linearly increased with an increase in the separation time. Although the evolutionary rates (substitutions/site/Myr) varied around 10 000 years ago, they became less variable further back in time. The representative evolutionary rate was estimated at 0.196/Myr with 0.139–0.254 (95% CI) for M. rufocanus 40 000 years ago and 0.101/Myr with 0.068–0.134 (95% CI) for M. rex 120 000 years ago. These estimates open opportunities for comparative studies on the evolutionary history of the sibling species.
{"title":"Estimation of Evolutionary Rates for Mitochondrial Control Region in Sibling Species of Myodes (Rodentia) by Calibrations Based on Island Formation","authors":"T. Saitoh, Shota Murakami, A. P. D. de Guia, N. Ohnishi, Kuniko Kawai","doi":"10.3106/ms2022-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3106/ms2022-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The sequence variation of the mtDNA control region (CR) was analyzed for the two sibling species of Myodes (the gray-sided vole M. rufocanus and the dark red-backed vole M. rex) in Hokkaido mainland and its adjacent islands of Japan. The evolutionary rate of the CR was estimated using the island–island connections during the Quaternary. The 737–741-bp were determined for 1196 individuals of M. rufocanus from 65 localities and 315 individuals of M. rex from 26 localities. The CR was highly variable in both species: 330 and 79 haplotypes were identified for M. rufocanus and M. rex, respectively. The genetic distances were estimated for six island population pairs of M. rufocanus and two pairs of M. rex. The genetic distances log-linearly increased with an increase in the separation time. Although the evolutionary rates (substitutions/site/Myr) varied around 10 000 years ago, they became less variable further back in time. The representative evolutionary rate was estimated at 0.196/Myr with 0.139–0.254 (95% CI) for M. rufocanus 40 000 years ago and 0.101/Myr with 0.068–0.134 (95% CI) for M. rex 120 000 years ago. These estimates open opportunities for comparative studies on the evolutionary history of the sibling species.","PeriodicalId":49891,"journal":{"name":"Mammal Study","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48057316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nao Shiozuka, Izumi Katano, Toko Kanzaki, Ryota Kikuchi, Nozomu J. Sato, R. Nakashita, Seiya Kudo, H. Ikeda, N. Azuma
Abstract. The water shrew Chimarrogale platycephala is an endangered species in Japan. Although immediate conservation actions are necessary, detailed information on this species is inadequate. We compared dietary trends obtained via C. platycephala digestive contents analysis with those through stable isotope analysis (δ13C, δ15N, ‰) of non-invasive body hair and invasive muscles to elucidate their diet and evaluate usefulness of the dietary stable isotope analysis. We captured 20 shrews from three streams in Aomori Prefecture from 2013 to 2016 barring snow accumulation seasons. The digestive contents analysis showed that water shrews mainly fed on aquatic insects, whereas freshwater crabs, fishes, and terrestrial insects were also observed as diets. δ13C values from the stable isotope analysis were not significantly different between muscles and body hair and indicated a primary diet of aquatic invertebrates and fishes. δ15N values were significantly lower in muscles and indicated a similar trophic position of water shrews to fishes. In the isotope mixing model, the contribution of terrestrial invertebrates was less than 0.35 except for two individuals that showed the highest terrestrial invertebrate ratio (> 0.5) and the lowest aquatic invertebrate ratio. This study also demonstrated that body hair from any part of the back was sufficiently useful for dietary stable isotope analysis.
{"title":"Isotopic Diet Analysis of the Japanese Water Shrew Chimarrogale platycephala to Estimate Their Feeding Habits and the Usefulness of Body Hair Samples","authors":"Nao Shiozuka, Izumi Katano, Toko Kanzaki, Ryota Kikuchi, Nozomu J. Sato, R. Nakashita, Seiya Kudo, H. Ikeda, N. Azuma","doi":"10.3106/ms2022-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3106/ms2022-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The water shrew Chimarrogale platycephala is an endangered species in Japan. Although immediate conservation actions are necessary, detailed information on this species is inadequate. We compared dietary trends obtained via C. platycephala digestive contents analysis with those through stable isotope analysis (δ13C, δ15N, ‰) of non-invasive body hair and invasive muscles to elucidate their diet and evaluate usefulness of the dietary stable isotope analysis. We captured 20 shrews from three streams in Aomori Prefecture from 2013 to 2016 barring snow accumulation seasons. The digestive contents analysis showed that water shrews mainly fed on aquatic insects, whereas freshwater crabs, fishes, and terrestrial insects were also observed as diets. δ13C values from the stable isotope analysis were not significantly different between muscles and body hair and indicated a primary diet of aquatic invertebrates and fishes. δ15N values were significantly lower in muscles and indicated a similar trophic position of water shrews to fishes. In the isotope mixing model, the contribution of terrestrial invertebrates was less than 0.35 except for two individuals that showed the highest terrestrial invertebrate ratio (> 0.5) and the lowest aquatic invertebrate ratio. This study also demonstrated that body hair from any part of the back was sufficiently useful for dietary stable isotope analysis.","PeriodicalId":49891,"journal":{"name":"Mammal Study","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48252350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Edgardo M. Rengifo, G. D’Elía, G. Garcia, E. Charpentier, F. Cornejo
Abstract. The subfamily Callicebinae is composed of 35 recognized living species that are grouped into the genera, Callicebus, Plecturocebus, and Cheracebus. In this study we assess the taxonomic status of the population of Cheracebus from the Nanay-Tigre interfluvium in Peruvian Amazonia, based on morphological (cranial and pelage) and molecular (mitochondrial DNA) evidence. Following the integrated assessment of the evidence, we conclude that specimens from the Nanay-Tigre interfluvium comprise a distinct lineage at the species level. It is easily distinguished from the other species of the genus, including C. lucifer to which the new species was considered to belong so far, by, among other characters, overall Reddish-brown pelage; crown intense reddish brown; Cream-colored collar, like a bow tie, with a band that does not extend laterally. The description of a new species of Cheracebus is not unexpected since other new species of titi monkeys have been described in recent years and there are several candidate species awaiting validation of their distinction. As such, we anticipate that in the next few years several taxonomic changes will be proposed in order to reveal a classification that mirrors the real species diversity of the subfamily Callicebinae.
{"title":"A New Species of Titi Monkey, Genus Cheracebus Byrne et al., 2016 (Primates: Pitheciidae), from Peruvian Amazonia","authors":"Edgardo M. Rengifo, G. D’Elía, G. Garcia, E. Charpentier, F. Cornejo","doi":"10.3106/ms2022-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3106/ms2022-0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The subfamily Callicebinae is composed of 35 recognized living species that are grouped into the genera, Callicebus, Plecturocebus, and Cheracebus. In this study we assess the taxonomic status of the population of Cheracebus from the Nanay-Tigre interfluvium in Peruvian Amazonia, based on morphological (cranial and pelage) and molecular (mitochondrial DNA) evidence. Following the integrated assessment of the evidence, we conclude that specimens from the Nanay-Tigre interfluvium comprise a distinct lineage at the species level. It is easily distinguished from the other species of the genus, including C. lucifer to which the new species was considered to belong so far, by, among other characters, overall Reddish-brown pelage; crown intense reddish brown; Cream-colored collar, like a bow tie, with a band that does not extend laterally. The description of a new species of Cheracebus is not unexpected since other new species of titi monkeys have been described in recent years and there are several candidate species awaiting validation of their distinction. As such, we anticipate that in the next few years several taxonomic changes will be proposed in order to reveal a classification that mirrors the real species diversity of the subfamily Callicebinae.","PeriodicalId":49891,"journal":{"name":"Mammal Study","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49639468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Enari, Moeri Akamatsu, Junpei Yamashita, Nozomu Kanayama, Motoki Iida, Haruka S. Enari
Abstract. There is a compelling need to develop user-friendly and sensitive techniques to monitor sika deer (Cervus nippon) populations in snowy regions, where initial stages of deer invasion have been observed. In snow, we can easily detect footsteps of terrestrial mammals, which often serve as a useful index of population size. Here, we examined the possibility of identifying tracks with similar hoof prints left by two sympatric ungulates, sika deer and Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus), using gait patterns. We then recorded tracks of free-ranging deer and serows on the snow by following ∼200-km survey routes in the Tohoku region. We successfully recorded the gait patterns of 27 deer and 34 serows. Our key findings were as follows: 1) the step width of deer tracks (mean and SE, 20.3 ± 0.7 cm) was substantially narrower than that of serow tracks (26.9 ± 0.8 cm); 2) step width was less sensitive to body size and ground conditions for both species; and 3) the step width of 22.5 cm became an optimal threshold to maintain a reasonable classification accuracy (> 80%) for both species. Thus, the gait patterns serve as a possible criterion for identifying the tracks of these two ungulates.
{"title":"Gait Patterns in Snow—a Possible Criterion to Differentiate Sika Deer and Japanese Serow Tracks","authors":"H. Enari, Moeri Akamatsu, Junpei Yamashita, Nozomu Kanayama, Motoki Iida, Haruka S. Enari","doi":"10.3106/ms2022-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3106/ms2022-0024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. There is a compelling need to develop user-friendly and sensitive techniques to monitor sika deer (Cervus nippon) populations in snowy regions, where initial stages of deer invasion have been observed. In snow, we can easily detect footsteps of terrestrial mammals, which often serve as a useful index of population size. Here, we examined the possibility of identifying tracks with similar hoof prints left by two sympatric ungulates, sika deer and Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus), using gait patterns. We then recorded tracks of free-ranging deer and serows on the snow by following ∼200-km survey routes in the Tohoku region. We successfully recorded the gait patterns of 27 deer and 34 serows. Our key findings were as follows: 1) the step width of deer tracks (mean and SE, 20.3 ± 0.7 cm) was substantially narrower than that of serow tracks (26.9 ± 0.8 cm); 2) step width was less sensitive to body size and ground conditions for both species; and 3) the step width of 22.5 cm became an optimal threshold to maintain a reasonable classification accuracy (> 80%) for both species. Thus, the gait patterns serve as a possible criterion for identifying the tracks of these two ungulates.","PeriodicalId":49891,"journal":{"name":"Mammal Study","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47200672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shota Murakami, K. Tsuchiya, K. Nakata, Mana Nishikata, Kazuhiro Kitada, Hitoshi Suzuki
Abstract. Mutations in genes causing leucism are often accompanied by serious disease limiting individual fitness in laboratory animals. Mammalian species with all-white fur exist in the wild; however, the causative genes have not yet been identified, because of the difficulty of the forward genetic approach—comparisons between individuals with different phenotypes. In this study, we conducted linkage analyses using six candidate gene markers on a wild leucistic female grey red-backed vole (Myodes rufocanus) and inbreeding F1 and F2 offspring displaying variations in coat colors, agouti, and leucism. We found that the white-furred variant was associated with a specific Kit allele characterized by a nonsynonymous substitution at amino acid position 604, leading to the replacement of glycine with arginine. In addition, the leucistic phenotype was accompanied by a small portion of black hairs, which increased with growth. Our results showed a candidate gene causing leucism in viable wild animals and provided an opportunity to consider the necessity to study growth-associated traits for coat color analyses.
{"title":"A Kit Mutation Associated with Black-Eyed White Phenotype in the Grey Red-Backed Vole, Myodes rufocanus","authors":"Shota Murakami, K. Tsuchiya, K. Nakata, Mana Nishikata, Kazuhiro Kitada, Hitoshi Suzuki","doi":"10.3106/ms2022-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3106/ms2022-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Mutations in genes causing leucism are often accompanied by serious disease limiting individual fitness in laboratory animals. Mammalian species with all-white fur exist in the wild; however, the causative genes have not yet been identified, because of the difficulty of the forward genetic approach—comparisons between individuals with different phenotypes. In this study, we conducted linkage analyses using six candidate gene markers on a wild leucistic female grey red-backed vole (Myodes rufocanus) and inbreeding F1 and F2 offspring displaying variations in coat colors, agouti, and leucism. We found that the white-furred variant was associated with a specific Kit allele characterized by a nonsynonymous substitution at amino acid position 604, leading to the replacement of glycine with arginine. In addition, the leucistic phenotype was accompanied by a small portion of black hairs, which increased with growth. Our results showed a candidate gene causing leucism in viable wild animals and provided an opportunity to consider the necessity to study growth-associated traits for coat color analyses.","PeriodicalId":49891,"journal":{"name":"Mammal Study","volume":"47 1","pages":"235 - 247"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42814043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Ticks are vectors that transmit zoonotic pathogens via wildlife hosts. Although the distribution of ticks varies with the expansion of wildlife populations, few studies in Japan have tracked changes in the distribution of hosts, ticks, and infectious diseases on a regional scale. We conducted a follow-up investigation of a previous study conducted from 1988 to 1993 on the distribution of ticks as potential vectors of spotted fever group rickettsiae on Boso Peninsula, Japan, a Japanese spotted fever (JSF)-endemic area. Haemaphysalis cornigera, H. kitaokai, and H. megaspinosa ticks expanded their distribution to the west of Futtsu City following the expansion of sika deer (Cervus nippon) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) populations. The distributions of H. flava and H. longicornis remained almost unchanged from 1988 to 1993. None of the tick species showed a distribution that completely coincided with the area of JSF occurrence at any time point. Rickettsia species, the causative agent of JSF, might have been transmitted by multiple tick species in this region. Abstract in Japanese（要旨）． 千葉県房総半島におけるマダニ類と野生動物の分布の関連性．マダニ類は， 野生動物を介して様々な人獣共通感染症の病原体を媒介する公衆衛生上重要な生物であり，その分布は宿主 である野生動物の個体数増加や分布拡大によって変化している可能性がある。しかし，マダニと宿主動物の 分布変化および感染被害の拡大との関係を広域スケールで追跡した研究事例は日本ではほとんどない。本研 究では，マダニ媒介性感染症「日本紅斑熱」の流行地域である千葉県房総半島において，紅斑熱群リケッチ アを媒介するマダニ類の分布を 2013 年から 2020 年に調査し，1988–1993 年時の調査結果と比較するととも に，日本紅斑熱の感染拡大状況との対応を調べた。その結果，ニホンジカ（Cervus nippon）やイノシシ（Sus scrofa）の拡大方向と同じように西側の富津市へ分布を拡大したツノチマダニ（Haemaphysalis cornigera）， ヒゲナガチマダニ（H. kitaokai），オオトゲチマダニ（H. megaspinosa）が確認された。一方，1988–1993 年時 とほとんど分布域が変わらなかったキチマダニ（H. flava）やフタトゲチマダニ（H. longicornis）も確認され た。どのマダニ種の分布域も，単独では，どの時点においても日本紅斑熱患者発生地域と完全に一致しなかっ た。房総半島では病原体リケッチアは複数のマダニ類によって媒介されている可能性がある。
{"title":"Regional Scale Distribution of Tick is Associated with Wildlife Distribution on the Boso Peninsula, Central Japan","authors":"Hiroyuki Matsuyama, Masakatsu Taira, Maki Suzuki","doi":"10.3106/ms2022-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3106/ms2022-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Ticks are vectors that transmit zoonotic pathogens via wildlife hosts. Although the distribution of ticks varies with the expansion of wildlife populations, few studies in Japan have tracked changes in the distribution of hosts, ticks, and infectious diseases on a regional scale. We conducted a follow-up investigation of a previous study conducted from 1988 to 1993 on the distribution of ticks as potential vectors of spotted fever group rickettsiae on Boso Peninsula, Japan, a Japanese spotted fever (JSF)-endemic area. Haemaphysalis cornigera, H. kitaokai, and H. megaspinosa ticks expanded their distribution to the west of Futtsu City following the expansion of sika deer (Cervus nippon) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) populations. The distributions of H. flava and H. longicornis remained almost unchanged from 1988 to 1993. None of the tick species showed a distribution that completely coincided with the area of JSF occurrence at any time point. Rickettsia species, the causative agent of JSF, might have been transmitted by multiple tick species in this region. Abstract in Japanese（要旨）． 千葉県房総半島におけるマダニ類と野生動物の分布の関連性．マダニ類は， 野生動物を介して様々な人獣共通感染症の病原体を媒介する公衆衛生上重要な生物であり，その分布は宿主 である野生動物の個体数増加や分布拡大によって変化している可能性がある。しかし，マダニと宿主動物の 分布変化および感染被害の拡大との関係を広域スケールで追跡した研究事例は日本ではほとんどない。本研 究では，マダニ媒介性感染症「日本紅斑熱」の流行地域である千葉県房総半島において，紅斑熱群リケッチ アを媒介するマダニ類の分布を 2013 年から 2020 年に調査し，1988–1993 年時の調査結果と比較するととも に，日本紅斑熱の感染拡大状況との対応を調べた。その結果，ニホンジカ（Cervus nippon）やイノシシ（Sus scrofa）の拡大方向と同じように西側の富津市へ分布を拡大したツノチマダニ（Haemaphysalis cornigera）， ヒゲナガチマダニ（H. kitaokai），オオトゲチマダニ（H. megaspinosa）が確認された。一方，1988–1993 年時 とほとんど分布域が変わらなかったキチマダニ（H. flava）やフタトゲチマダニ（H. longicornis）も確認され た。どのマダニ種の分布域も，単独では，どの時点においても日本紅斑熱患者発生地域と完全に一致しなかっ た。房総半島では病原体リケッチアは複数のマダニ類によって媒介されている可能性がある。","PeriodicalId":49891,"journal":{"name":"Mammal Study","volume":"47 1","pages":"265 - 273"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41727241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Funakoshi, Hsi-Chi Cheng, Hisao Tamura, Chia-Wei Hsu
Abstract. Three vespertilionid bats were captured from Amami-Oshima Island, and had an average forearm length of 35 mm and average body weight of 8 g. From the side of the bat skulls, the ridge of the crown was slightly curved at the base of the snout; the second upper premolar (P2) in the bats was relatively large; the male baculum was shaped like an elongated, 3-mm-long spear tip and was very similar in both shape and size to that of Hypsugo pulveratus. The phylogenetic tree inferred from the mitochondrial COI gene sequences revealed that these bats clustered with H. pulveratus. Therefore, the bats from Amami-Oshima Island were identified as H. pulveratus. The present paper lists and depicts the morphological differences between H. pulveratus and H. alaschanicus so far known from the territory of Japan. Finally, genetic analysis based on the barcoding gene sequences revealed that these species formed distinct clades.
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Kandai Doi, Mikuni Tokuyoshi, Kaori Morishima, Kazunobu Kogi, Y. Watari
Abstract. Relatively few studies have investigated host-tick relationships in island environments. To assess the relationships, we captured a total of 51 rodents (Norway rat, n = 29; black rat, n = 22) from which a total of 56 ticks were collected to assess host-tick relationships on Mikura-shima Island, Izu Islands, Japan. We also collected two ticks from a free-ranging cat and a tick from a human resident on the island. The 53 morphologically identifiable ticks were Ixodes granulatus, whose distribution on Mikura-shima Island was not previously reported. Interestingly, the tick infestation rates significantly differed between two rodent species: 44.8% (n = 29) in the Norway rats and 4.5% (n = 22) in the black rat. This insight prompts consideration of the mechanisms behind the differential tick-infestation rate in wildlife hosts and infectious disease transmission in rodent-dominated ecosystems. This study is also the first record of this ixodid infesting domestic cats and a human from the Izu Islands and is the second case of this ixodid biting a human in Japan. Future work should characterize the tick fauna of the island environment and the potential risks of tick-borne diseases. Abstract in Japanese（要旨）． ドブネズミとクマネズミにおける異なるマダニ寄生率，および御蔵島からの ミナミネズミマダニ Ixodes granulatus の分布とそのネズミ，イエネコ，ヒトへの刺咬事例の初記録．島嶼域 における移入ネズミ類とマダニの関係を評価した研究は比較的少ない．本研究では，伊豆諸島の御蔵島にお けるマダニとホストの関係を明らかにするために，51 頭のネズミ（ドブネズミ 29 頭，クマネズミ 22 頭） を捕獲し，これらから 56 頭のマダニを採集した．また，ノネコから 2 頭と島民から 1 頭のマダニを採集した． 種同定が可能であった 53 頭のマダニのすべてがミナミネズミマダニ Ixodes granulatus と同定され，御蔵島 において本種の初めての分布記録となった．興味深いことに，2 種のネズミの間でマダニの寄生率が異なり， ドブネズミが 44.8%（n = 29），クマネズミが 4.5%（n = 22）であった．この結果は，ネズミ類が優占する生 態系における宿主間の寄生率の違いや感染症伝播プロセスのメカニズムの解明に示唆を与えるであろう．ま た，本研究は伊豆諸島においてミナミネズミマダニがイエネコとヒトを刺咬した初めての報告になる．特に， ヒトの刺咬例としては私たちが知る限り日本で 2 例目となる．島嶼におけるマダニの基本的な情報について はまだ不足しており，今後のマダニ相の把握やマダニ媒介感染症の潜在的リスクの評価が求められる
{"title":"Differential Tick-Infestation Rate between Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus, with the First Records of the Ixodid Tick Ixodes granulatus and Its Infestation in Rodents, Free-Ranging Cats, and Humans from Mikura-Shima Island, Japan","authors":"Kandai Doi, Mikuni Tokuyoshi, Kaori Morishima, Kazunobu Kogi, Y. Watari","doi":"10.3106/ms2022-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3106/ms2022-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Relatively few studies have investigated host-tick relationships in island environments. To assess the relationships, we captured a total of 51 rodents (Norway rat, n = 29; black rat, n = 22) from which a total of 56 ticks were collected to assess host-tick relationships on Mikura-shima Island, Izu Islands, Japan. We also collected two ticks from a free-ranging cat and a tick from a human resident on the island. The 53 morphologically identifiable ticks were Ixodes granulatus, whose distribution on Mikura-shima Island was not previously reported. Interestingly, the tick infestation rates significantly differed between two rodent species: 44.8% (n = 29) in the Norway rats and 4.5% (n = 22) in the black rat. This insight prompts consideration of the mechanisms behind the differential tick-infestation rate in wildlife hosts and infectious disease transmission in rodent-dominated ecosystems. This study is also the first record of this ixodid infesting domestic cats and a human from the Izu Islands and is the second case of this ixodid biting a human in Japan. Future work should characterize the tick fauna of the island environment and the potential risks of tick-borne diseases. Abstract in Japanese（要旨）． ドブネズミとクマネズミにおける異なるマダニ寄生率，および御蔵島からの ミナミネズミマダニ Ixodes granulatus の分布とそのネズミ，イエネコ，ヒトへの刺咬事例の初記録．島嶼域 における移入ネズミ類とマダニの関係を評価した研究は比較的少ない．本研究では，伊豆諸島の御蔵島にお けるマダニとホストの関係を明らかにするために，51 頭のネズミ（ドブネズミ 29 頭，クマネズミ 22 頭） を捕獲し，これらから 56 頭のマダニを採集した．また，ノネコから 2 頭と島民から 1 頭のマダニを採集した． 種同定が可能であった 53 頭のマダニのすべてがミナミネズミマダニ Ixodes granulatus と同定され，御蔵島 において本種の初めての分布記録となった．興味深いことに，2 種のネズミの間でマダニの寄生率が異なり， ドブネズミが 44.8%（n = 29），クマネズミが 4.5%（n = 22）であった．この結果は，ネズミ類が優占する生 態系における宿主間の寄生率の違いや感染症伝播プロセスのメカニズムの解明に示唆を与えるであろう．ま た，本研究は伊豆諸島においてミナミネズミマダニがイエネコとヒトを刺咬した初めての報告になる．特に， ヒトの刺咬例としては私たちが知る限り日本で 2 例目となる．島嶼におけるマダニの基本的な情報について はまだ不足しており，今後のマダニ相の把握やマダニ媒介感染症の潜在的リスクの評価が求められる","PeriodicalId":49891,"journal":{"name":"Mammal Study","volume":"47 1","pages":"275 - 282"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44843532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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