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The Hole Size that the Japanese Marten (Martes melampus) can Pass through 日本貂(Martes melampus)可以通过的洞大小
IF 1 4区 生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-09-16 DOI: 10.3106/ms2021-0010
Hironori Ueda, S. Doyama, Y. Eguchi
Abstract. The Japanese marten (Martes melampus) invades houses through holes and causes excrement problems. These holes should be covered to prevent the marten's intrusion into houses. However, there is no information about what size of hole they can squeeze through. Therefore, we investigated the sizes of the holes that they could pass through using three reared individuals in summer and winter. We put a bait in an experimental box with a replaceable front panel, which had a square or round hole. The minimum passable sizes were recorded in summer. For a square hole the minimum size was 5.0 cm for each side, and for a round hole the minimum sized hole had a diameter of 5.5 cm. It is necessary to cover holes of these sizes or more to prevent their house invasion. The body weight and the hole shape had no significant effect on the minimum passable area. On the other hand, the season had a significant effect on the minimum passable areas. The shoulder seems to be the limiting factor for whether the martens can pass through the holes. Therefore, the seasonal change in the body size around the shoulder may affect the minimum passable area of holes.
摘要日本貂(Martes melampus)通过洞侵入房屋并引起排泄物问题。这些洞应该盖上以防止貂侵入房屋。然而,目前还没有关于它们能挤过多大的洞的信息。因此,我们使用三个饲养的个体在夏季和冬季调查了它们可以穿过的洞的大小。我们把一个诱饵放在一个有可更换前面板的实验箱里,前面板有一个方形或圆形的洞。可通过的最小尺寸记录在夏季。对于方形孔,每侧的最小尺寸为5.0厘米,而对于圆形孔,最小尺寸的孔直径为5.5厘米。有必要覆盖这些尺寸或以上的孔,以防止它们侵入房屋。体重和洞形对最小通过面积没有显著影响。另一方面,该季节对最低可通行面积产生了重大影响。肩膀似乎是貂能否通过洞的限制因素。因此,肩部周围体型的季节性变化可能会影响洞的最小可通行面积。
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引用次数: 0
Are Northeastern Forests of Bangladesh Empty? Insights from Camera-Trapping into Spatiotemporal Activity Pattern of Mammals in a Semi-Evergreen National Park 孟加拉国东北部的森林是空的吗?从相机捕捉到半常绿国家公园哺乳动物的时空活动模式
IF 1 4区 生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-09-09 DOI: 10.3106/ms2020-0114
Tania Zakir, Harish Debbarma, Rafia Mahjabin, Rasel Debbarma, Zaber Khan, Md. Mizanur Rahman Minu, F. Zahura, M. Akash
Abstract. Bangladesh holds 191 km2 semi-evergreen northeastern (NE) forests where systematic camera-trapping has never been carried out. An effort of 587 trap nights in Satchari National Park, a NE forest, revealed ten carnivores, two ungulates, two primates, two rodents, and one treeshrew (12 threatened in Bangladesh; of which three globally threatened; dhole and northern treeshrew were new discoveries). Pairwise circadian homogeneity, coefficient of temporal overlap ( ), and spatial cooccurrence pattern were measured. High values ( > 0.75) were noted in 36 pairwise comparisons, and positive spatial association (Pgt < 0.05) in five. Anthropogenic activities overlapped with diurnal species (0.65 ≤ 1 ≤ 0.88) but stood dissimilar (P < 0.05 in the Mardia-Watson-Wheeler test) except for yellow-throated marten–livestock movement (1 = 0.70). Although species-specific dietary or temporal preference explains the observed associations, low detection of the jungle cat (2) compared to the leopard cat (56), absence of the fishing cat, homogenous activity (P > 0.05) in yellow-throated marten–crab-eating mongoose (1 = 0.83) and rhesus macaque–pig-tailed macaque (4 = 0.93) pairs need further research. These insights are remarkable as NE forests, the western cusp of the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot, are contrarily deemed ‘empty’, receiving least scientific investments.
摘要孟加拉国拥有191平方公里的半常绿东北森林,在那里从未进行过系统的摄像机捕获。在东北部森林Satchari国家公园的587个陷阱夜的努力中,发现了10种食肉动物,两种有蹄类动物,两种灵长类动物,两种啮齿动物和一种树鼩(孟加拉国有12种受到威胁;其中三个全球受到威胁;洞和北方树鼩是新发现的)。测量了两两昼夜节律同质性、时间重叠系数()和空间共发生模式。36个两两比较中出现高值(> 0.75),5个空间正相关(Pgt < 0.05)。除黄喉貂-牲畜运动(1 = 0.70)外,人类活动与日活动物种重叠(0.65≤1≤0.88),但差异不显著(Mardia-Watson-Wheeler检验P < 0.05)。虽然物种特定的饮食偏好或时间偏好解释了观察到的关联,但与豹猫相比,丛林猫(2)的检测率较低(56),渔猫的缺失,黄喉貂鼠-食蟹猫鼬(1 = 0.83)和恒河猴-猪尾猕猴(4 = 0.93)对的同质性活动(P > 0.05)需要进一步研究。这些见解是值得注意的,因为东北森林,印度-缅甸生物多样性热点的西部尖端,相反被认为是“空的”,得到的科学投资最少。
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引用次数: 2
Morphological and Molecular Recharacterization of the Rodent Genus Mus from Nepal Based on Museum Specimens 基于博物馆标本的尼泊尔鼠类鼠属的形态和分子重新表征
IF 1 4区 生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-08-26 DOI: 10.3106/ms2020-0065
M. Kishimoto, Masaru Kato, Hitoshi Suzuki
Abstract. The taxonomy and phylogeny of the subgenus Mus, the Eurasian lineage of the genus Mus, remain unresolved, even for the house mouse (Mus musculus). While the subgenus is diverse in Asia, few studies cover both its morphology and molecular phylogeny. We re-examined 70 specimens identified as M. cervicolor that were collected from central Nepal in 1968 and 1975 and are currently deposited in the Hokkaido University Natural History Museum. To compare morphological features, we examined skull geometric morphometrics and body coloration, and performed a phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences of representative specimens. The specimens were most likely either M. booduga or M. musculus. The best morphological characteristics for distinguishing the two species were the nasal length ratio, which was high and low, respectively. Mus booduga was found to inhabit altitudes lower than 1000 m and have light ventral fur, while M. musculus inhabited various altitudes up to 3000 m and had variable fur color depending on the altitude. We also discuss the taxonomic status of the fawn-colored mouse M. cervicolor.
摘要小家鼠亚属的分类学和系统发育,小家鼠属的欧亚谱系,仍然没有解决,甚至家鼠(小家鼠)。虽然亚属在亚洲是多种多样的,但很少有研究涵盖其形态和分子系统发育。我们重新检查了1968年和1975年在尼泊尔中部采集的70个被鉴定为颈毛鼠的标本,这些标本目前存放在北海道大学自然历史博物馆。为了比较形态学特征,我们检查了头骨几何形态计量学和身体颜色,并对代表性标本的线粒体细胞色素b基因序列进行了系统发育分析。这些标本很可能是布杜加支原体或肌肉支原体。鼻长比高和鼻长比低是区分两种的最佳形态学特征。布杜家鼠主要分布在海拔低于1000 m的地区,腹侧毛较浅;肌鼠主要分布在海拔3000 m以下的地区,毛的颜色随海拔的不同而不同。讨论了黄褐色小鼠的分类学地位。
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引用次数: 1
New Humpback Whale Remains from the Holocene (Quaternary) of Osaka, Japan 日本大阪全新世(第四纪)的新座头鲸遗骸
IF 1 4区 生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-08-26 DOI: 10.3106/ms2021-0007
Yoshihiro Tanaka, H. Taruno
Abstract. The generic name of the humpback whale, Megaptera was named after their forelimb, which means a “large wing”. New whale remains (specimen number: OMNH-QV 60) including the right scapula, humerus, and radius from the Namba Formation, Holocene in Osaka, Japan is reported as a humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae based on diagnoses of the species; having reduced acromion and coracoid processes of the scapula, and long humerus and radius. The body length of the individual can be estimated as 13 m based on the proportion between forelimb elements and body length. It suggests that OMNH-QV 60 is adult. The specimen is a certain record of Megaptera novaeangliae from Holocene sediments in Japan with size estimation.
摘要座头鲸的通用名称Megaptera是以它们的前肢命名的,意思是“大翅膀”。日本大阪全新世难波组的新鲸鱼遗骸(标本编号:OMNH-QV 60),包括右肩胛骨、肱骨和桡骨,根据该物种的诊断,被报道为座头鲸,Megaptera novaeangliae;肩胛骨的肩峰和喙突缩小,肱骨和桡骨较长。根据前肢元素和体长之间的比例,个体的体长可以估计为13米。提示OMNH-QV 60为成年人。该标本是日本全新世沉积物中新翅目昆虫的一个特定记录。
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引用次数: 0
New Dental Anomalies in the Greater Japanese Shrew Mole Urotrichus talpoides (Eulipotyphla: Talpidae) 大日本Shrew Mole Urotrichus talpoides(真脂斑疹伤寒:Talpidae)牙齿新异常
IF 1 4区 生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-08-26 DOI: 10.3106/ms2020-0095
S. Okabe, A. Shinohara, M. Motokawa
Abstract. Dental anomalies in the greater Japanese shrew mole Urotrichus talpoides Temminck, 1841 (Eulipotyphla: Talpidae) were examined, based on 1001 specimens. We followed the dental formula of U. talpoides I 2/1, C 1/1, P 4/3, M 3/3 = 36, which is adopted by the most recent Japanese researchers, and found dental anomalies in 17 specimens involving 12 instances of absent tooth, four of extra tooth, and one of connate tooth. Of these, the following dental anomalies are reported in U. talpoides for the first time: extra tooth posterior to the upper canine (C1), extra tooth posterior to the upper second premolar (P2), extra teeth on the inner sides of the upper fourth premolars (P4), and connate tooth on the lower canine (C1). The most frequently observed dental anomaly was the absent tooth on C1 (52.9%), whereas the others were not common (< 11.8%). Our results indicate that dental anomalies in U. talpoides in Urotrichini possess the different pattern from those in species in Scalopini and Talpini. On the other hand, alternative hypothesis of dental formula I 3/2, C 1/1, P 3/2, M 3/3 = 36 explains the observed anomaly pattern in line with the general trend of dental anomalies in Talpini and Scalopini.
摘要基于1001个标本,对1841年大日本鼩鼹鼠Urotrichus talpoides Temminck(真脂斑疹伤寒:Talpidae)的牙齿异常进行了检查。我们遵循了日本最新研究人员采用的U.talpoides I2/1,C1/1,P4/3,M3/3=36的牙科公式,在17个标本中发现了牙齿异常,包括12个缺失牙齿、4个多余牙齿和1个共有牙齿。其中,U型距骨中首次报道了以下牙齿异常:上犬齿后方的额外牙齿(C1)、上第二前臼齿后方的多余牙齿(P2)、上第一第四前臼齿内侧的额外牙(P4)和下犬齿的合生牙(C1)。最常见的牙齿异常是C1的缺失牙齿(52.9%),而其他牙齿则不常见(<11.8%)。另一方面,牙科配方I3/2,C1/1,P3/2,M3/3=36的替代假设解释了观察到的异常模式,符合Talpini和Scalopini牙科异常的总体趋势。
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引用次数: 0
Factors Affecting Pre-Denning Activity in Asian Black Bears 影响亚洲黑熊冬眠前活动的因素
IF 1 4区 生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-08-26 DOI: 10.3106/ms2020-0101
S. Baek, T. Iwasaki, K. Yamazaki, T. Naganuma, A. Inagaki, K. Tochigi, M. L. Allen, Chinatsu Kozakai, S. Koike
Abstract. Hibernation (denning) is an important aspect of the life history of Asian black bears (Ursus thibetanus), and denning chronology can be influenced by biotic and abiotic factors. We investigated activity patterns during the pre-denning period of Asian black bears using statistical process control in combination with activity sensors to quantitatively identify a marked reduction in activity from 2006 to 2017 in the Ashio–Nikko Mountains, Japan. Pre-denning activities were detected in 29 of 35 cases (83%), with an average duration of 2.7 ± 1.7 days, which is one to three days shorter than the duration for brown bears (U. arctos). The effect of bear's age, sex, and the abundance of hard mast on the duration of pre-denning were not significant.
摘要冬眠(denning)是亚洲黑熊(Ursus thibetanus)生活史的一个重要方面,而denning的年表可能受到生物和非生物因素的影响。我们利用统计过程控制与活动传感器相结合的方法,研究了亚洲黑熊在成洞前的活动模式,定量地确定了2006年至2017年日本雅修-日光山脉的活动显著减少。35例中有29例(83%)检测到成窝前活动,平均持续时间为2.7±1.7天,比棕熊(U. arctos)短1 ~ 3天。熊的年龄、性别和硬杆的丰度对预成窝持续时间的影响不显著。
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引用次数: 1
Temporal Preference of Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx) in a Highland Forest in Northwestern Anatolia in Relation to Other Medium and Large Mammal Species 西北安纳托利亚高原森林中欧亚猞猁相对于其他大中型哺乳动物的时间偏好
IF 1 4区 生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-08-03 DOI: 10.3106/ms2020-0103
Burak Akbaba, Z. Ayas
Abstract. In this study, we aimed to determine the daily activity patterns and seasonal activity variations of the Eurasian lynx in different habitats (forests and open lands) in a geographical region where there are relatively few data on its ecological characteristics. Survey effort totaled 10 102 camera trap days, with 24 camera trap stations covering an area of approximately 650 km2. Our results showed no significant differences in the habitat preference of the lynx throughout the entire study area or between seasons. The crepuscular and nocturnal activity preferences of the lynx were similar to those of the wolf, red fox, and the European hare. The lynx's daily activity pattern peaked during 20:00–22:00 and 04:00–06:00 hours, and did not show significant variation between seasons. Kernel density estimation was used in order to reveal the temporal overlap of other carnivore and herbivore species with the lynx. The highest temporal overlap (coefficient of overlapping: 0.90) was seen with the European hare. Our findings also indicated higher temporal overlaps with the wolf, red fox, wild boar, and brown bear, and lower overlaps with the red deer, Southwest Asian badger, and Martes spp., which improved understanding of their interactions and co-existence with the lynx.
摘要在这项研究中,我们旨在确定欧亚山猫在不同栖息地(森林和开阔地)的日常活动模式和季节活动变化,而该地理区域的生态特征数据相对较少。调查工作共进行了10202天的相机捕捉,共有24个相机捕捉站,面积约650平方公里。我们的研究结果表明,在整个研究区域或不同季节,山猫的栖息地偏好没有显著差异。山猫的黄昏和夜间活动偏好与狼、赤狐和欧洲野兔相似。山猫的日常活动模式在20:00-22:00和04:00-06:00达到峰值,并且在不同季节之间没有表现出显著的变化。使用核密度估计来揭示其他食肉动物和草食动物物种与山猫的时间重叠。欧洲野兔的时间重叠程度最高(重叠系数:0.90)。我们的研究结果还表明,与狼、赤狐、野猪和棕熊的时间重叠程度更高,与马鹿、西南亚獾和马鹿的重叠程度更低。这提高了对它们与山猫相互作用和共存的理解。
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引用次数: 0
First Observation of Pregnancy and Parturition in a Captive Pantropical Spotted Dolphin (Stenella attenuata) 圈养泛热带斑点海豚妊娠和分娩的首次观察
IF 1 4区 生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-08-03 DOI: 10.3106/ms2020-0066
Shunya Ikeshima, Suguru Higa, Yuuta Mitani, Mariko Omata, Nozomi Kobayashi, K. Ueda, Isao Kawazu
Abstract. A female pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) successfully mated with a mature male in captivity on April 13, 2017. This mating event was followed by an evaluation of the plasma progesterone concentration, appetite, and rectum temperature of the dolphin during pregnancy. We recorded the progesterone profiles during pregnancy, the gestation period, and the parturition events. The progesterone level (ng/mL) ranged between 0.7 and 133.4 (n = 27), and the average was 45.1 (SD = 38.5). Immediately after mating, extremely high progesterone levels were observed, which showed a decreasing trend towards the parturition day. The gestation period was 352 days. On the morning of the parturition day on March 31, the female displayed symptoms such as a drop in rectal temperature by approximately 1°C and reduced appetite. The time from the first observation of vaginal discharge to the fluke's appearance was 5.5 hr, while the subsequent period until birth was 4 hr in length. The time from parturition to the first successful nursing was approximately 4 hr, while the time from the nursing to the placental passage was less than 1 hr. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the pregnancy period of pantropical spotted dolphins in captivity.
摘要2017年4月13日,一只雌性泛热带斑点海豚(Stenella attenuta)在圈养条件下与一只成年雄性成功交配。交配后,对怀孕期间海豚的血浆孕酮浓度、食欲和直肠温度进行了评估。我们记录了妊娠期、妊娠期和分娩事件中的孕酮水平。孕酮水平(ng/mL)在0.7至133.4之间(n=27),平均值为45.1(SD=38.5)。交配后立即观察到极高的孕酮水平,这在分娩日呈下降趋势。妊娠期352天。3月31日分娩当天上午,该女性出现直肠温度下降约1°C和食欲下降等症状。从第一次观察到阴道分泌物到出现吸虫的时间为5.5小时,而随后直到出生的时间为4小时。从分娩到第一次成功护理的时间约为4小时,而从护理到胎盘通过的时间不到1小时。据我们所知,这是首次报道圈养泛热带斑海豚的妊娠期。
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引用次数: 1
Different Responses of Endemic and Alien Tree Squirrels to Tree Seed Chemicals 乡土松鼠和外来松鼠对树种化学物质的不同反应
IF 1 4区 生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-17 DOI: 10.3106/ms2020-0108
N. Tamura, Mutsumi Ito, F. Hayashi
Abstract. Quercus acorns and coniferous cones are the main food sources for tree squirrels, and the chemical contents of seeds, such as tannins and terpenes, are predicted to affect the squirrels' food preference. The tolerance of squirrels to chemical contents may vary between species that have evolved in different environments. The consumption of artificial food containing tannic acids or terpenes were compared between the endemic Sciurus lis and two alien species, S. vulgaris and Callosciurus erythraeus. Sciurus lis ate foods containing up to 4% tannic acid, whereas S. vulgaris and C. erythraeus ate foods containing 8% tannic acid. Sciurus lis and S. vulgaris could eat food containing a high concentration of terpenes (up to 0.3% α-pinene and 2% limonene), whereas the food consumption by C. erythraeus decreased drastically with increasing terpene concentrations. The two alien squirrels are highly resistant to tannins and thus the acorns of most Quercus species may be available for them. Sciurus lis exhibits a lower tolerance to tannins, but can consume foods with high concentrations of terpenes, suggesting a strong adaptation to coniferous forests, but not to Quercus forests. More attention must be paid to conserving suitable habitats for S. lis, an endemic relict species.
摘要栎果和针叶锥是树松鼠的主要食物来源,据预测,种子中的化学成分,如单宁和萜烯,会影响松鼠的食物偏好。松鼠对化学物质的耐受性可能因在不同环境中进化的物种而异。比较了地方性Sciurus lis与两种外来物种S.vulgaris和Callosciurus erytraeus对含单宁酸或萜烯的人工食物的消费情况。Sciurus lis吃的食物含有高达4%的鞣酸,而S.vulgaris和C.erytraeus吃的食物含8%的鞣酸。Sciurus lis和S.vulgaris可以食用含有高浓度萜烯(高达0.3%的α-蒎烯和2%的柠檬烯)的食物,而C.erythraeus的食物消耗量随着萜烯浓度的增加而急剧减少。这两只外来松鼠对单宁有很强的抵抗力,因此大多数栎属物种的橡子可能对它们有用。Sciurus lis对单宁的耐受性较低,但可以食用高浓度萜烯的食物,这表明它对针叶林有很强的适应能力,但对栎林没有适应能力。必须更加注意为S.lis(一种特有的遗迹物种)保护合适的栖息地。
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引用次数: 2
Comparative Morphology of the Male Genitalia of Japanese Muroidea Species 日本Muroidea种雄性生殖器的比较形态
IF 1 4区 生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-17 DOI: 10.3106/ms2020-0096
Takashi O. Yato, M. Motokawa
Abstract. We examined the morphology of the male genitalia of six Muridae and five Cricetidae in the Muroidea focusing on the medial and lateral bacular mounds, as well as their ossification patterns to discuss the diversity and the movement mechanism of the trident structure. All examined species possessed a medial bacular mound and two lateral bacular mounds, which collectively formed a trident structure. In the Muridae species, the medial bacular mound was ossified or consisted of cartilage, while the lateral bacular mounds were composed of soft tissue. By contrast, both the medial and lateral bacular mounds were ossified in the Cricetidae species. Among the Muridae species, the medial bacular mound was well developed, and the lateral bacular mounds were small in Mus and Micromys species while the medial bacular mound was highly developed, and the lateral bacular mounds were developed in Apodemus speciosus. Different combinations of developmental characteristics of the medial and lateral bacular mounds produced variation in the glans penis morphology. Histological examination of A. speciosus and Craseomys rufocanus suggested that the movement of the lateral bacular mounds was driven by blood flowing into the cavernous space, and the movement increases the cross-sectional area of the glans penis.
摘要我们以内侧和外侧杆状丘为重点,对鼠总科中6只鼠科和5只鼠科的雄性生殖器的形态及其骨化模式进行了研究,以探讨三叉戟结构的多样性和运动机制。所有被检查的物种都有一个内侧杆状丘和两个外侧杆状丘,它们共同形成了三叉戟结构。在鼠科物种中,内侧杆状丘骨化或由软骨组成,而外侧杆状丘由软组织组成。相比之下,蟋蟀科物种的内侧和外侧杆状丘均已骨化。在鼠科物种中,内侧杆状丘发育良好,Mus和Micromys物种的外侧杆状丘较小,而内侧杆状丘高度发育,Apodemus specious物种的外侧棒状丘发育。内侧和外侧杆状丘发育特征的不同组合导致龟头形态的变化。对A.specious和Craseomys rufocanus的组织学检查表明,侧杆状丘的运动是由流入海绵状间隙的血液驱动的,这种运动增加了龟头的横截面积。
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引用次数: 2
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Mammal Study
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