Journal of Vision最新文献

A well-known finding from research on gaze perception in triadic gaze tasks is the overestimation of horizontal gaze directions. In general, a looker model's gaze appears to deviate more from the straight line of sight than is objectively the case. Although there is, up to now, a substantial amount of evidence for what Anstis et al. (1969) termed the overestimation effect, results vary regarding the absolute overestimation factor. Starting from the occlusion hypothesis by Anstis et al. (1969), the present study examines the influence of horizontal iris movement range, operationalized as the sclera size index on overestimation factors acquired for a sample of 40 looker models. The study rendered two main findings. First, horizontal iris movement range (sclera size index: M = 2.02, SD = 0.11, min = 1.79, max = 2.25) proved not useful for the explanation of variance in the overestimation factors (M = 1.79, SD = 0.16, min = 1.49, max = 2.24) obtained separately for each of the looker models. Second, intraclass correlations revealed that variance in perceived gaze directions between observers was roughly 10 times larger (ICC = 0.189) than variance between looker models (ICC = 0.019). The results strongly emphasize the need for larger and more diverse observer samples and may serve as a post hoc justification for using only a few or no different looker models in triadic gaze judgment tasks.

How are signals from the two eyes combined? We asked whether the mechanisms that limit detectability of simple binocular and dichoptic stimuli also set the limits for their identification. For example, at low contrasts, can we (a) identify monocular versus binocular stimulation and/or (b) identify stimuli that are the same in both eyes (e.g., both light discs or both dark) versus stimuli with opposite polarity (light disc in one eye, dark disc in the other). For the same- versus opposite-polarity tasks, mean proportions of correct trials for detection and for identification were almost identical. This is the classic signature of separate mechanisms for the two stimuli in question. For the monocular versus binocular task, however, identification (one eye or two?) was notably worse than detection, but these very different outcomes do not demand fundamentally different explanations. We developed a model with binocular sum and difference channels and formulated the identification task in a two-dimensional decision space whose coordinates were the sum and difference channel responses. This space was ideally suited to the same versus opposite polarity tasks, having orthogonal response axes (90° apart) for these stimuli. But monocular discs stimulated both channels, with greater overlap of monocular and binocular response distributions, hence greater perceptual confusion and poorer identification. When bias and uncertainty were also accounted for, the model fit to identification data was excellent. We conclude that the same binocular sum and difference channels are used in stimulus detection and in perceptually encoding the degree of difference between inputs to the two eyes.

A key limitation shared by both electronic and optogenetic sight recovery technologies is that they cause simultaneous rather than complementary firing within on- and off-center cells. Here, using "virtual patients"-sighted individuals viewing distorted input-we examine whether gamified training improves the ability to compensate for distortions in neuronal population coding. We measured perceptual learning using dichoptic input, filtered so that regions of the image that produced on-center responses in one eye produced off-center responses in the other eye. The Non-Gaming control group carried out an object discrimination task over five sessions using this filtered input. The Gaming group carried out an additional 25 hours of gamified training using a similarly filtered variant of the video game Fruit Ninja. Both groups showed improvements over time in the object discrimination task. However, there was no significant transfer of learning from the "Fruit Ninja" task to the object discrimination task. The lack of transfer of learning from video game training to object recognition suggests that gamification-based rehabilitation for sight recovery technologies may have limited utility and may be most effective when targeted on learning specific visual tasks.

We investigated how early human visual cortex processes color by analyzing individual variability in steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs). Sixteen participants viewed a flickering checkerboard that swept around the isoluminant hue circle at three chromatic contrasts. The current study analyzed the individual variability in the SSVEP data from the study to elucidate the hue-selective mechanisms in the early visual areas using a factor-analytic approach. The initial analyses of the correlations revealed that the responses to the nearby hues correlated highly, which is consistent with multiple overlapping color channels. Also, the correlational pattern showed consistent peaks and troughs at specific hue angles: 0° (+L-M), 30°, 120°, 180° (-L+M), 240°, and 300°. We further performed nonmetric multidimensional scaling, identifying four significant hue dimensions. Peaks and troughs of the dimension components were consistent with the hue angles revealed in the correlational pattern. Additional four hues also appeared in the last dimension: 90° (+S), 150°, 270° (-S), and 330°. The 10 (six plus four) hues suggested in these analyses may subserve the basis of early cortical color processing, including classical cone opponency and the mechanisms tuned to the intermediate hues.

Motion perception is degraded in older adults. Previous studies suggest that this effect of aging may be due in part to an increase in the bandwidth of directionally selective mechanisms. We tested this idea by measuring directional masking in younger and older adults. Experiments 1-3 measured the contrast needed to discriminate the direction of coherently moving signal dots embedded in high-contrast mask dots. The distribution of mask dot directions was varied with notch filters, and directional selectivity was indexed by the slope of the threshold-versus-notch function. Thresholds were higher and directional selectivity of masking was lower in older compared to younger adults. However, age differences were eliminated when signal and mask contrast were expressed as multiples of discrimination thresholds for unmasked motion. Experiments 4-5 measured direction discrimination thresholds by varying the proportion of coherently moving dots embedded in a mask consisting of dots whose directions varied across conditions. All dots were high contrast, so age differences in masking are unlikely to be caused by differences in contrast sensitivity in these conditions. Nevertheless, Experiments 4-5 also found higher discrimination thresholds and reduced directional selectivity in older adults. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that directionally selective mechanisms become more broadly tuned during senescence.

The distribution of long (L)-, middle (M)-, and short (S)-wavelength sensitive cones in the retina determines how different frequencies of incident light are sampled across space and has been hypothesized to influence spatial and color vision. We examined how the detection and color naming of small, short-duration increment stimuli (λ = 543 or 680 nm) depend on the local spectral topography of the cone mosaic. Stimuli were corrected for optical aberrations by an adaptive optics system and targeted to locations in the parafovea where cone spectral types were known. We found that sensitivity to 680-nm light, normalized by sensitivity to 543-nm light, grew with the proportion of L cones at the stimulated locus, although intra- and intersubject variability was considerable. A similar trend was derived from a simple model of the achromatic (L+M) pathway, suggesting that small spot detection mainly relies on a non-opponent mechanism. Most stimuli were categorized as achromatic, with red and green responses becoming more common as stimulus intensity increased and as the local proportion of L and M cones became more balanced. The proximity of S cones to the stimulated region did not influence the likelihood of eliciting a chromatic percept. Our detection data confirm earlier reports that small spot psychophysics can reveal information about local cone topography, and our color naming findings suggest that chromatic sensitivity may improve when the L/M ratio approaches unity.

Binocular integration and interocular suppression are fundamental processes underlying binocular vision, giving rise to stereopsis and binocular rivalry, respectively. To investigate how the visual system dynamically coordinates these processes to form a unified percept, we conducted four psychophysical experiments examining the temporal interactions between binocular rivalry and stereopsis. In Experiment 1a, binocular rivalry, especially with high-contrast stimuli, impaired subsequent stereopsis, significantly elevating average stereo detection thresholds from 60.5 to 111.8 arcsec. Experiment 1b revealed no effect on contrast detection, confirming that the suppression was specific to stereopsis rather than due to general attentional distraction. Experiment 2a revealed that preceding stereopsis rebalanced subsequent rivalry dynamics by reducing ocular dominance asymmetry and increasing mixed percepts, without affecting alternation rate. Experiment 2b further demonstrated that anti-correlated stereograms, which do not elicit stable stereopsis, exerted no effect on subsequent rivalry dynamics. These findings underscore a dynamic interplay between binocular integration and suppression in resolving perceptual ambiguity and achieving unified visual perception. Crucially, our results reinforce that stereopsis is not merely a passive consequence of binocular integration, but actively contributes to rebalancing ocular dominance, thus offering insights for interventions aimed at restoring binocular function.

In everyday life, we must adapt our behavior to a continuous stream of tasks and time motor responses and periods of resting accordingly. To mimic these challenges, we used a continuous interception computer game (Pong) on an iPad. This allowed us to measure the coordination of eye, hand, and head movements during natural sequential behavior while maintaining the benefits of experimental control. Participants intercepted a moving ball by sliding a paddle at the bottom of the screen so that the ball bounced back and moved toward the computerized opponent. We tested (i) how participants adapted their eye, hand, and head movements to this dynamic, continuous task, (ii) whether these adaptations are related to interception performance, and (iii) how their behavior changed under different conditions and (iv) over time. We showed that all movements are carefully adapted to the upcoming action. Pursuit eye movements provide crucial motion information and are emphasized shortly before participants must act; a strategy associated with better performance. Participants also increasingly used pursuit eye movements under more difficult conditions (fast targets and small paddles). Saccades, blinks, and head movements, which would lead to information loss, are minimized at critical times of interception. These strategic patterns are intuitively established and maintained over time and across manipulations. We conclude that humans carefully orchestrate their full repertoire of movements to aid performance and finely adjust them to the changing demands of our environment.

The ability to maintain visual attention to track multiple moving objects has been reported to be impaired in individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). We investigated whether deficits in multiple object tracking (MOT) following mTBI is associated with behavioral markers of attention, particularly cognitively driven pupillary dilation responses and eye movement patterns. Thirty-five adults were recruited. Pupillary responses and eye movements were tracked while participants performed a MOT task in which the duration of tracking (five and ten seconds), number of target dots (three, four, and five), and number of distractor dots (three, six, and nine) were independent variables. Patients with mTBI had reduced pupil dilation when tracking a high number of target dots (four dots: Mean difference [MD] = 0.79, p < 0.001; five dots: MD = 0.67, p < 0.001) compared to controls. Similarly, patients with mTBI had reduced pupil dilation when the number of distractor dots increased (six distractors: MD = 0.43, p < 0.001; nine distractors: MD = 0.46, p < 0.001) compared to controls. A reduction in pupil dilation observed in patients with mTBI may reflect a limitation in the mental capacity to meet increasing cognitive demands. Eye movement analysis showed that patients with mTBI made significantly more fixations (and with reduced fixation durations), consistent with a local tracking strategy, than controls. In conclusion, tracking pupil response and eye movements while tracking multiple moving objects provided an indication of possible factors that contributed to the poor performance among patients with mTBI.

Object individuation, the process of endowing visual elements with objecthood, is known to have a limited capacity, as demonstrated by the subitizing phenomenon-the rapid and precise enumeration of small quantities (up to three or four items). Previous research has primarily focused on multiple object individuation when components defining each object are presented simultaneously. However, the impact of temporal factors remains understudied. This study investigates the role of temporal processing modes in subitizing. Specifically, we investigated whether subitizing remains feasible and maintains a comparable capacity when object-defining components are presented at different times and need to be either combined into a single object (temporal integration) or separated into distinct objects (temporal segregation). Across two experiments using paradigms based on the missing/odd element task, the impact of different temporal operations (integration vs. segregation) on subitizing was examined after task difficulty was equalized by individually-adjusted inter-stimulus intervals. The results revealed that subitizing is a ubiquitous phenomenon even when target components are presented at different times. Critically, whether these components are temporally integrable or separable influences subitizing capacity. Temporal segregation exhibited a higher subitizing capacity and lower cognitive resource demands than temporal integration, likely because it prioritizes perceptual sensitivity to change over maintaining perceptual continuity and stability during the initial stage of object individuation. Additionally, temporal integration-based subitizing benefits more from an increased repetition of displays than temporal segregation-based subitizing. These findings demonstrate that task-dependent temporal processing modes modulate the efficiency and capacity of numerical individuation, underscoring the importance of temporal organization in multiple object individuation.