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Sensorimotor confidence for tracking eye movements. 跟踪眼球运动的感知运动信心。
IF 2 4区 心理学 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.8.12
Alexander Goettker, Shannon M Locke, Karl R Gegenfurtner, Pascal Mamassian

For successful interactions with the world, we often have to evaluate our own performance. Although eye movements are one of the most frequent actions we perform, we are typically unaware of them. Here, we investigated whether there is any evidence for metacognitive sensitivity for the accuracy of eye movements. Participants tracked a dot cloud as it followed an unpredictable sinusoidal trajectory and then reported if they thought their performance was better or worse than their average tracking performance. Our results show above-chance identification of better tracking behavior across all trials and also for repeated attempts of the same target trajectories. Sensitivity in discriminating performance between better and worse trials was stable across sessions, but judgements within a trial relied more on performance in the final seconds. This behavior matched previous reports when judging the quality of hand movements, although overall metacognitive sensitivity for eye movements was significantly lower.

为了成功地与世界互动,我们经常需要评估自己的表现。虽然眼球运动是我们最常做的动作之一,但我们通常不会意识到它的存在。在这里,我们研究了是否有证据表明元认知对眼球运动的准确性具有敏感性。受试者跟踪一个点云,当它沿着不可预测的正弦曲线轨迹移动时,然后报告他们认为自己的表现比平均跟踪表现更好还是更差。我们的结果表明,在所有试验中,以及在重复尝试相同目标轨迹时,都能以高于平均水平的概率识别出更好的跟踪行为。对较好和较差试验表现的敏感度在各次试验中保持稳定,但在一次试验中的判断更多地依赖于最后几秒钟的表现。这种行为与之前有关判断手部动作质量的报告相吻合,尽管对眼部动作的总体元认知敏感度要低得多。
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引用次数: 0
Feature binding is slow: Temporal integration explains apparent ultrafast binding. 特征结合缓慢:时间整合解释了明显的超快结合。
IF 2 4区 心理学 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.8.3
Lucija Blaževski, Timo Stein, H Steven Scholte

Visual perception involves binding of distinct features into a unified percept. Although traditional theories link feature binding to time-consuming recurrent processes, Holcombe and Cavanagh (2001) demonstrated ultrafast, early binding of features that belong to the same object. The task required binding of orientation and luminance within an exceptionally short presentation time. However, because visual stimuli were presented over multiple presentation cycles, their findings can alternatively be explained by temporal integration over the extended stimulus sequence. Here, we conducted three experiments manipulating the number of presentation cycles. If early binding occurs, one extremely short cycle should be sufficient for feature integration. Conversely, late binding theories predict that successful binding requires substantial time and improves with additional presentation cycles. Our findings indicate that task-relevant binding of features from the same object occurs slowly, supporting late binding theories.

视觉感知涉及将不同的特征结合成统一的感知。尽管传统理论将特征结合与耗时的循环过程联系在一起,但 Holcombe 和 Cavanagh(2001 年)证明了属于同一物体的特征的超快早期结合。这项任务要求在极短的呈现时间内绑定方向和亮度。然而,由于视觉刺激是在多个呈现周期内呈现的,他们的研究结果也可以用延长刺激序列的时间整合来解释。在这里,我们进行了三项实验来操纵呈现周期的数量。如果发生了早期结合,那么一个极短的周期就足以完成特征整合。相反,晚期结合理论则预测,成功的结合需要大量的时间,并随着呈现周期的增加而改善。我们的研究结果表明,来自同一对象的特征的任务相关结合发生得很慢,这支持了晚期结合理论。
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引用次数: 0
Prospective control of steering through multiple waypoints. 通过多个航点对转向进行前瞻性控制。
IF 2 4区 心理学 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.8.1
A J Jansen, Brett R Fajen

Some locomotor tasks involve steering at high speeds through multiple waypoints within cluttered environments. Although in principle actors could treat each individual waypoint in isolation, skillful performance would seem to require them to adapt their trajectory to the most immediate waypoint in anticipation of subsequent waypoints. To date, there have been few studies of such behavior, and the evidence that does exist is inconclusive about whether steering is affected by multiple future waypoints. The present study was designed to address the need for a clearer understanding of how humans adapt their steering movements in anticipation of future goals. Subjects performed a simulated drone flying task in a forest-like virtual environment that was presented on a monitor while their eye movements were tracked. They were instructed to steer through a series of gates while the distance at which gates first became visible (i.e., lookahead distance) was manipulated between trials. When gates became visible at least 1-1/2 segments in advance, subjects successfully flew through a high percentage of gates, rarely collided with obstacles, and maintained a consistent speed. They also approached the most immediate gate in a way that depended on the angular position of the subsequent gate. However, when the lookahead distance was less than 1-1/2 segments, subjects followed longer paths and flew at slower, more variable speeds. The findings demonstrate that the control of steering through multiple waypoints does indeed depend on information from beyond the most immediate waypoint. Discussion focuses on the possible control strategies for steering through multiple waypoints.

有些运动任务需要在杂乱的环境中高速通过多个航点。虽然原则上行动者可以孤立地对待每一个航点,但熟练的表现似乎需要他们在预测后续航点的情况下根据最直接的航点调整自己的轨迹。迄今为止,有关这种行为的研究还很少,而且现有的证据也无法确定转向是否会受到多个未来航点的影响。本研究旨在更清楚地了解人类如何根据对未来目标的预期调整转向动作。受试者在一个类似森林的虚拟环境中执行了一项模拟无人机飞行任务,该虚拟环境呈现在显示器上,同时对他们的眼球运动进行跟踪。受试者被要求操纵方向盘通过一系列大门,而大门首次显现的距离(即前瞻距离)则在两次试验之间进行调整。当大门至少提前 1-1/2 段出现时,受试者成功通过大门的比例很高,很少与障碍物相撞,并保持稳定的速度。受试者接近最前一扇门的方式也取决于后一扇门的角度位置。然而,当前视距离小于 1-1/2 段时,受试者的飞行路径更长,飞行速度更慢,变化更大。研究结果表明,通过多个航点的转向控制确实依赖于最直接航点以外的信息。讨论的重点是通过多个航点转向的可能控制策略。
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引用次数: 0
The visual statistical learning overcomes scene dissimilarity through an independent clustering process. 视觉统计学习通过独立的聚类过程克服了场景的不相似性。
IF 2 4区 心理学 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.8.5
Xiaoyu Chen, Jie Wang, Qiang Liu

Contextual cueing is a phenomenon of visual statistical learning observed in visual search tasks. Previous research has found that the degree of deviation of items from its centroid, known as variability, determines the extent of generalization for that repeated scene. Introducing variability increases dissimilarity between multiple occurrences of the same repeated layout significantly. However, current theories do not explain the mechanisms that help to overcome this dissimilarity during contextual cue learning. We propose that the cognitive system initially abstracts specific scenes into scene layouts through an automatic clustering unrelated to specific repeated scenes, and subsequently uses these abstracted scene layouts for contextual cue learning. Experiment 1 indicates that introducing greater variability in search scenes leads to a hindering in the contextual cue learning. Experiment 2 further establishes that conducting extensive visual searches involving spatial variability in entirely novel scenes facilitates subsequent contextual cue learning involving corresponding scene variability, confirming that learning clustering knowledge precedes the contextual cue learning and is independent of specific repeated scenes. Overall, this study demonstrates the existence of multiple levels of learning in visual statistical learning, where item-level learning can serve as material for layout-level learning, and the generalization reflects the constraining role of item-level knowledge on layout-level knowledge.

情境提示是在视觉搜索任务中观察到的一种视觉统计学习现象。以往的研究发现,项目偏离其中心点的程度(称为变异性)决定了该重复场景的泛化程度。引入变异性会显著增加同一重复布局的多次出现之间的不相似性。然而,目前的理论并不能解释在情境线索学习过程中帮助克服这种不相似性的机制。我们提出,认知系统最初是通过与特定重复场景无关的自动聚类将特定场景抽象为场景布局,然后利用这些抽象场景布局进行情境线索学习。实验 1 表明,在搜索场景中引入更大的可变性会阻碍情境线索学习。实验 2 进一步证实,在完全新颖的场景中进行涉及空间变化的广泛视觉搜索,会促进随后涉及相应场景变化的情境线索学习,从而证实聚类知识的学习先于情境线索学习,并且与具体的重复场景无关。总之,本研究证明了视觉统计学习中存在多层次的学习,其中项目层次的学习可以作为布局层次学习的材料,而泛化则反映了项目层次的知识对布局层次知识的制约作用。
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引用次数: 0
Flicker adaptation improves acuity for briefly presented stimuli by reducing crowding. 闪烁适应可通过减少拥挤来提高短暂刺激的敏锐度。
IF 2 4区 心理学 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.8.15
Selassie Tagoh, Lisa M Hamm, Dietrich S Schwarzkopf, Steven C Dakin

Adaptation to flickering/dynamic noise improves visual acuity for briefly presented stimuli (Arnold et al., 2016). Here, we investigate whether such adaptation operates directly on our ability to see detail or by changing fixational eye movements and pupil size or by reducing visual crowding. Following earlier work, visual acuity was measured in observers who were either unadapted or who had adapted to a 60-Hz flickering noise pattern. Participants reported the orientation of a white tumbling-T target (four-alternative forced choice [4AFC], ⊤⊣⊥⊢). The target was presented for 110 ms either in isolation or flanked by randomly oriented T's (e.g., ⊣⊤⊢) followed by an isolated (+) or flanked (+++) mask, respectively. We measured fixation stability (using an infrared eye tracker) while observers performed the task (with and without adaptation). Visual acuity improved modestly (around 8.4%) for flanked optotypes following adaptation to flicker (mean, -0.038 ± 0.063 logMAR; p = 0.015; BF10 = 3.66) but did not when measured with isolated letters (mean, -0.008 ± 0.055 logMAR; p = 0.5; BF10 = 0.29). The magnitude of acuity improvement was associated with individuals' (unadapted) susceptibility to crowding (the ratio of crowded to uncrowded acuity; r = -0.58, p = 0.008, BF10 = 7.70) but to neither fixation stability nor pupil size. Confirming previous reports, flicker improved acuity for briefly presented stimuli, but we show that this was only the case for crowded letters. These improvements likely arise from attenuation of sensitivity to a transient low spatial frequency (SF) image structure (Arnold et al., 2016; Tagoh et al., 2022), which may, for example, reduce masking of high SFs by low SFs. We also suggest that this attenuation could reduce backward masking and so reduce foveal crowding.

对闪烁/动态噪音的适应可以提高短暂刺激的视觉敏锐度(Arnold 等人,2016 年)。在此,我们将研究这种适应是否直接作用于我们观察细节的能力,或通过改变固定眼球运动和瞳孔大小或减少视觉拥挤来实现。根据之前的研究,我们测量了未适应或已适应 60Hz 闪烁噪声模式的观察者的视觉敏锐度。受试者报告一个白色翻滚-T 目标的方向(四选一强迫选择 [4AFC],⊤⊣⊥⊢)。目标在 110 毫秒的时间内要么单独出现,要么在两侧出现随机方向的 T(例如⊣⊤⊢),然后分别出现一个单独(+)或两侧(+++)的掩码。我们测量了观察者在完成任务(有适应和无适应)时的固定稳定性(使用红外眼动仪)。在适应闪烁后,侧面光型的视敏度略有提高(约为 8.4%)(平均值为 -0.038 ± 0.063 logMAR;p = 0.015;BF10 = 3.66),但用孤立字母测量时视敏度没有提高(平均值为 -0.008 ± 0.055 logMAR;p = 0.5;BF10 = 0.29)。敏锐度提高的幅度与个体(未适应的)对拥挤的敏感性(拥挤与非拥挤敏锐度之比;r = -0.58,p = 0.008,BF10 = 7.70)有关,但与定点稳定性和瞳孔大小无关。与之前的报告相印证的是,闪烁提高了短暂呈现刺激的敏锐度,但我们的研究表明,这只适用于拥挤的字母。这些改善可能源于对瞬时低空间频率(SF)图像结构敏感性的衰减(Arnold 等人,2016 年;Tagoh 等人,2022 年),例如,这可能会减少低 SF 对高 SF 的掩蔽。我们还认为,这种衰减可能会减少后向遮蔽,从而减少眼窝拥挤。
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引用次数: 0
Perception of #TheDress in childhood is influenced by age and green-leaf preference. 童年时期对 #TheDress 的认知受年龄和绿叶偏好的影响。
IF 2 4区 心理学 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.8.11
Guillermo Salcedo-Villanueva, Catalina Becerra-Revollo, Luis Antonio Rhoads-Avila, Julian García-Sánchez, Flor Angélica Jácome-Gutierrez, Linda Cernichiaro-Espinosa, Andrée Henaine-Berra, Axel Orozco-Hernandez, Humberto Ruiz-García, Eduardo Torres-Porras

The perception of the ambiguous image of #TheDress may be influenced by optical factors, such as macular pigments. Their accumulation during childhood could increase with age and the ingestion of carotenoid-containing foods. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the visual perception of the dress in children would differ based on age and carotenoid preference. This was a cross-sectional, observational, and comparative study. A poll was administered to children aged 2 to 10 years. Parents were instructed to inquire about the color of #TheDress from their children. A carotenoid preference survey was also completed. A total of 413 poll responses were analyzed. Responses were categorized based on the perceived color of the dress: blue/black (BB) (n = 204) and white/gold (WG) (n = 209). The mean and median age of the WG group was higher than the BB group (mean 6.1, median 6.0 years, standard deviation [SD] 2.2; mean 5.5, median 5.0 years, SD 2.3; p = 0.007). Spearman correlation between age and group was 0.133 (p = 0.007). Green-leaf preference (GLP) showed a statistically significant difference between groups (Mann-Whitney U: p = 0.038). Spearman correlation between GLP and group was 0.102 (p = 0.037). Logistic regression for the perception of the dress as WG indicated that age and GLP were significant predictors (age: B weight 0.109, p = 0.012, odds ratio: 1.115; GLP: B weight 0.317, p = 0.033, odds ratio: 1.373). Older children and those with a higher GLP were more likely to perceive #TheDress as WG. These results suggest a potential relationship with the gradual accumulation of macular pigments throughout a child's lifetime.

对#TheDress模糊图像的感知可能会受到黄斑色素等光学因素的影响。它们在儿童时期的积累可能会随着年龄的增长和摄入含类胡萝卜素食物的增加而增加。本研究旨在探讨儿童对裙子的视觉感知是否会因年龄和类胡萝卜素偏好而有所不同。这是一项横断面观察比较研究。研究人员对 2 至 10 岁的儿童进行了民意测验。指导家长向孩子询问 #TheDress 的颜色。同时还完成了类胡萝卜素偏好调查。共分析了 413 份投票回复。根据孩子对裙子颜色的看法,对回答进行了分类:蓝色/黑色(BB)(n = 204)和白色/金色(WG)(n = 209)。WG 组的平均年龄和中位年龄均高于 BB 组(平均 6.1 岁,中位 6.0 岁,标准差 [SD] 2.2;平均 5.5 岁,中位 5.0 岁,标准差 2.3;P = 0.007)。年龄与组别的 Spearman 相关性为 0.133(p = 0.007)。各组之间的绿叶偏好(GLP)差异具有统计学意义(Mann-Whitney U:p = 0.038)。GLP 与组别的 Spearman 相关性为 0.102(p = 0.037)。对穿着 WG 感知的逻辑回归表明,年龄和 GLP 是重要的预测因素(年龄:B 重量 0.109,p = 0.012,几率:1.115;GLP:B 重量 0.317,p = 0.033,几率:1.373)。年龄较大和 GLP 较高的儿童更有可能将 #TheDress 视为 WG。这些结果表明,这可能与儿童一生中黄斑色素的逐渐积累有关。
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引用次数: 0
Corrections to: Exploring the extent to which shared mechanisms contribute to motion-position illusions. 更正:探索共同机制对运动位置错觉的影响程度。
IF 2 4区 心理学 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.8.9
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引用次数: 0
Active mutual conjoint estimation of multiple contrast sensitivity functions. 多种对比敏感度函数的主动相互联合估计。
IF 2 4区 心理学 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.8.6
Dom C P Marticorena, Quinn Wai Wong, Jake Browning, Ken Wilbur, Pinakin Gunvant Davey, Aaron R Seitz, Jacob R Gardner, Dennis L Barbour

Recent advances in nonparametric contrast sensitivity function (CSF) estimation have yielded a new tradeoff between accuracy and efficiency not available to classical parametric estimators. An additional advantage of this new framework is the ability to independently tune multiple aspects of the estimator to seek further improvements. Machine learning CSF estimation with Gaussian processes allows for design optimization in the kernel, acquisition function, and underlying task representation, to name a few. This article describes a novel kernel for CSF estimation that is more flexible than a kernel based on strictly functional forms. Despite being more flexible, it can result in a more efficient estimator. Further, trial selection for data acquisition that is generalized beyond pure information gain can also improve estimator quality. Finally, introducing latent variable representations underlying general CSF shapes can enable simultaneous estimation of multiple CSFs, such as from different eyes, eccentricities, or luminances. The conditions under which the new procedures perform better than previous nonparametric estimation procedures are presented and quantified.

非参数对比灵敏度函数(CSF)估算的最新进展在准确性和效率之间实现了新的权衡,这是传统参数估算方法所不具备的。这种新框架的另一个优势是能够独立调整估计器的多个方面,以寻求进一步的改进。利用高斯过程的机器学习 CSF 估计可以在内核、获取函数和底层任务表示等方面进行设计优化。本文介绍了一种用于 CSF 估计的新型核,它比基于严格函数形式的核更加灵活。尽管更灵活,但它能产生更高效的估计器。此外,超越纯信息增益的数据采集试验选择也能提高估算质量。最后,在一般 CSF 形状的基础上引入潜变量表征,可以同时估算多个 CSF,例如来自不同眼睛、偏心率或亮度的 CSF。本文介绍了新程序比以前的非参数估计程序表现更好的条件,并对其进行了量化。
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引用次数: 0
Determining the efficacy of visual inspections at detecting non-biosecurity-compliant goods. 确定目视检查在检测不符合生物安全要求的货物方面的功效。
IF 2 4区 心理学 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.8.8
Kambiz Esfandi, Saeedeh Afsar, Kate Richards, Duncan Hedderley, Samuel D J Brown, Adriana Najar-Rodriguez, Mike Ormsby

Examination of imported commodities by trained inspectors searching for pest organisms is a common practice that phytosanitary regulatory agencies use to mitigate biosecurity risks along trade pathways. To investigate the effects of target size and color on the efficacy of these visual assessments, we affixed square decals to polystyrene models of mandarins. Sample units of 100 model fruit containing up to 10 marked models were examined by inspectors. Six sizes in six shades of brown were tested across two prevalence levels. The experiment consisted of five inspection rounds where 11 inspectors examined 77 sample units within an allocated time. The probability that decals were detected increased with mark size and color contrast. Smaller, low-contrast marks were mainly missed. The prevalence rate did not affect the detectability. Through the experiment, the false-positive rate dropped from 6% to 3%, whereas false-negative rates were constant throughout. Large, dark targets were readily found with a mean recall of >90%, whereas small, pale marks had a mean recall of 9%. Increased experience made inspectors more competent at recognizing decals, reducing the false positive rate. However, constant false-negative rates indicate that experience did not prevent inspectors from overlooking targets they could not perceive.

由训练有素的检查员对进口商品进行有害生物检查,是植物检疫监管机构用来降低贸易通道生物安全风险的常用方法。为了研究目标大小和颜色对这些视觉评估效果的影响,我们在柑橘的聚苯乙烯模型上贴上了方形贴纸。检查员以 100 个模型水果为单位进行抽样检查,其中包含多达 10 个有标记的模型。在两个流行水平上测试了六种大小、六种深浅的棕色。实验包括五轮检查,11 名检查员在规定时间内检查了 77 个样本单位。检测到贴花的概率随着标记大小和颜色对比度的增加而增加。较小、对比度低的标记主要被漏检。普遍率并不影响检测率。在整个实验过程中,假阳性率从 6% 下降到 3%,而假阴性率则始终保持不变。大而深的目标很容易被发现,平均召回率大于 90%,而小而浅的目标平均召回率为 9%。经验的增加使检查员识别标记的能力增强,从而降低了假阳性率。然而,恒定的假阴性率表明,经验并不能防止检查员忽略他们无法感知的目标。
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引用次数: 0
Direction-selective adaptation from implied motion in infancy. 婴儿期对隐含运动的方向选择性适应。
IF 2 4区 心理学 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.8.7
Riku Umekawa, So Kanazawa, Masami K Yamaguchi

We investigated whether adaptation from implied motion (IM) is transferred to real motion using optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) in infants. Specifically, we examined whether viewing a series of images depicting motion shifted infants' OKN responses to the opposite direction of random dot kinematograms (RDKs). Each RDK was presented 10 times in a pre-test, followed by 10 trials of IM adaptation and test. During the pre-test, the signal dots of the RDK moved left or right. During IM adaptation, 10 randomly selected images depicting leftward (or rightward) IM were presented. In the test, the RDK was presented immediately after the last IM image. An observer, blinded to the motion direction, assessed the OKN direction. The number of matches in OKN responses for each RDK direction was calculated as the match ratio of OKN. We conducted a two-way mixed analysis of variance, with age group (5-6 months and 7-8 months) as the between-participant factor and adaptation (pre-test and test) as the within-participant factor. Only in 7-8 months the OKN responses were shifted in the opposite direction of RDK by viewing a series of images depicting motion, and these infants could detect both IM and RDK motion directions in the pre-test. Our results indicate that detecting the IM and RDK directions might induce direction-selective adaptation in 7-8 months.

我们利用婴儿的视运动眼震(OKN)研究了隐含运动(IM)的适应是否会转移到真实运动中。具体来说,我们研究了观看一系列描述运动的图像是否会使婴儿的 OKN 反应转向随机点运动图(RDK)的相反方向。每个 RDK 在预测试中呈现 10 次,然后进行 10 次 IM 适应和测试。在预测试期间,随机点运动图的信号点向左或向右移动。在 IM 适应过程中,随机选择 10 幅描述向左(或向右)IM 的图像。在测试中,RDK 紧随最后一幅 IM 图像之后出现。一名对运动方向视而不见的观察者对 OKN 方向进行评估。每个 RDK 方向的 OKN 反应的匹配数被计算为 OKN 的匹配率。我们进行了双向混合方差分析,年龄组(5-6 个月和 7-8 个月)为参与者间因素,适应(测试前和测试)为参与者内因素。只有 7-8 个月大的婴儿在观看一系列运动图像时,OKN 反应才会向 RDK 的反方向移动,而且这些婴儿在前测中既能检测到 IM 运动方向,也能检测到 RDK 运动方向。我们的结果表明,在 7-8 个月时,检测 IM 和 RDK 方向可能会诱发方向选择性适应。
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引用次数: 0
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