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Spatial and directional tuning of serial dependence for tracking eye movements. 用于跟踪眼球运动的序列依赖性的空间和方向调谐。
IF 2 4区 心理学 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.12.12
Alexander Goettker, Emma E M Stewart

An attractive influence of past sensory experience on current behavior has been observed in many domains ranging from perceptual decisions to motor responses. However, it is unclear what sort of information is integrated across trials, especially for oculomotor behavior. Here we provide a detailed investigation of the spatial and directional tuning of serial dependence for oculomotor tracking. Across multiple experiments, we measured oculomotor responses to sequences of movements: the first movement (prior) could move at different velocities (5 deg/s or 15 deg/s), and could vary in its spatial location or direction relative to the following movement. The second movement (probe) was constant across all experiments and moved at 10 deg/s. We observed that eye velocity for the probe was faster when following the fast prior compared to following the slow prior, replicating attractive serial dependence. Importantly, this effect stayed consistent for distances of up to 30 deg between prior and probe, indicating a retinotopic reference frame. When we manipulated the direction of the prior, we observed that the influence of the prior on eye velocity, as well as eye direction, was stronger for prior directions more similar to the probe direction, and the magnitude of the effect on eye velocity and eye direction was correlated. Across all experiments, we observed that even when the prior moved in the opposite direction, there was a residual attractive effect. This suggests that serial dependence for oculomotor tracking consists of two components, one retinotopic, direction-tuned component and one more general component that is not direction specific.

在从感知决策到运动反应的许多领域中,都观察到了过去的感官经验对当前行为的诱人影响。然而,目前还不清楚什么样的信息会被整合到不同的试验中,尤其是眼球运动行为。在此,我们对眼球运动跟踪的序列依赖性的空间和方向调谐进行了详细研究。在多个实验中,我们测量了眼球运动对运动序列的反应:第一个运动(先行运动)可以以不同的速度(5 度/秒或 15 度/秒)运动,并且相对于随后的运动,其空间位置或方向可以变化。第二个动作(探针)在所有实验中都保持不变,移动速度为 10 度/秒。我们观察到,与慢速先验相比,快速先验时探针的眼动速度更快,这复制了有吸引力的序列依赖性。重要的是,这种效应在先验体和探针之间的距离达到 30 度时仍保持一致,这表明存在视网膜参照系。当我们操纵先验方向时,我们观察到,先验方向与探针方向更接近时,先验对眼球速度和眼球方向的影响更强,而且对眼球速度和眼球方向的影响大小是相关的。在所有实验中,我们观察到即使先验方向相反,也存在残余的吸引效应。这表明,眼球运动跟踪的序列依赖性由两个部分组成,一个是视网膜方向调谐部分,另一个是没有方向特异性的一般部分。
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引用次数: 0
Individual differences reveal similarities in serial dependence effects across perceptual tasks, but not to oculomotor tasks. 个体差异揭示了知觉任务中序列依赖效应的相似性,但不包括眼球运动任务。
IF 2 4区 心理学 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.12.2
Shuchen Guan, Alexander Goettker

Serial dependence effects have been observed across a wide range of perceptual and oculomotor tasks. This opens up the question of whether these effects observed share underlying mechanisms. Here we measured serial dependence effects in a semipredictable environment for the same group of observers across four different tasks, two perceptual (color and orientation judgments) and two oculomotor (tracking moving targets and the pupil light reflex). By leveraging individual differences, we searched for links in the magnitude of serial dependence effects across the different tasks. On the group level, we observed significant attractive serial dependence effects for all tasks, except the pupil response. The rare absence of a serial dependence effect for the reflex-like pupil light response suggests that sequential effects require cortical processing or even higher-level cognition. For the tasks with significant serial dependence effects, there was substantial and reliable variance in the magnitude of the sequential effects. We observed a significant relationship in the strength of serial dependence for the two perceptual tasks, but no relation between the perceptual tasks and oculomotor tracking. This emphasizes differences in processing between perception and oculomotor control. The lack of a correlation across all tasks indicates that it is unlikely that the relation between the individual differences in the magnitude of serial dependence is driven by more general mechanisms related to for example working memory. It suggests that there are other shared perceptual or decisional mechanisms for serial dependence effects across different low-level perceptual tasks.

在各种知觉和眼球运动任务中都观察到了序列依赖效应。这就提出了一个问题,即观察到的这些效应是否具有共同的内在机制。在这里,我们测量了在半可预测环境下,同一组观察者在四项不同任务中的序列依赖效应,其中两项是知觉任务(颜色和方位判断),两项是眼球运动任务(追踪移动目标和瞳孔光反射)。通过利用个体差异,我们寻找了不同任务中序列依赖效应大小的联系。在群体水平上,除了瞳孔反应外,我们在所有任务中都观察到了有吸引力的序列依赖效应。反射性瞳孔光反应罕见地没有序列依赖效应,这表明序列效应需要大脑皮层的处理,甚至需要更高层次的认知。在具有显著序列依赖效应的任务中,序列效应的大小存在大量可靠的差异。我们观察到,在两项知觉任务中,序列依赖性的强弱有明显的关系,但在知觉任务和眼动追踪之间却没有关系。这强调了知觉和眼动控制在处理过程中的差异。所有任务之间缺乏相关性表明,序列依赖性大小的个体差异之间的关系不太可能是由与工作记忆等有关的更普遍的机制驱动的。这表明,在不同的低级知觉任务中,序列依赖效应还存在其他共同的知觉或决策机制。
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引用次数: 0
How the window of visibility varies around polar angle. 能见度窗口如何随极角变化。
IF 2 4区 心理学 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.12.4
Yuna Kwak, Zhong-Lin Lu, Marisa Carrasco

Contrast sensitivity, the amount of contrast required to discriminate an object, depends on spatial frequency (SF). The contrast sensitivity function (CSF) peaks at intermediate SFs and drops at other SFs. The CSF varies from foveal to peripheral vision, but only a couple of studies have assessed how the CSF changes with polar angle of the visual field. For many visual dimensions, sensitivity is better along the horizontal than the vertical meridian and at the lower than the upper vertical meridian, yielding polar angle asymmetries. Here, for the first time, to our knowledge, we investigate CSF attributes around polar angle at both group and individual levels and examine the relations in CSFs across locations and individual observers. To do so, we used hierarchical Bayesian modeling, which enables precise estimation of CSF parameters. At the group level, maximum contrast sensitivity and the SF at which the sensitivity peaks are higher at the horizontal than vertical meridian and at the lower than the upper vertical meridian. By analyzing the covariance across observers (n = 28), we found that, at the individual level, CSF attributes (e.g., maximum sensitivity) across locations are highly correlated. This correlation indicates that, although the CSFs differ across locations, the CSF at one location is predictive of that at another location. Within each location, the CSF attributes covary, indicating that CSFs across individuals vary in a consistent manner (e.g., as maximum sensitivity increases, so does the corresponding SF), but more so at the horizontal than the vertical meridian locations. These results show similarities and uncover some critical polar angle differences across locations and individuals, suggesting that the CSF should not be generalized across isoeccentric locations around the visual field.

对比敏感度是指辨别物体所需的对比度,它取决于空间频率(SF)。对比敏感度函数(CSF)在中等空间频率时达到峰值,在其他空间频率时下降。从眼窝到周边视觉,CSF 都会发生变化,但只有几项研究评估了 CSF 随视野极角的变化而变化的情况。对于许多视觉维度而言,水平经线上的灵敏度要优于垂直经线上的灵敏度,垂直经线下端的灵敏度要优于垂直经线上端的灵敏度,这就产生了极角的不对称性。据我们所知,我们在这里首次从群体和个体两个层面研究了极角周围的 CSF 属性,并考察了 CSF 在不同位置和观察者个体之间的关系。为此,我们采用了分层贝叶斯模型,从而能够精确地估计 CSF 参数。在群体水平上,最大对比敏感度和敏感度峰值的 SF 在水平子午线上高于垂直子午线,在垂直子午线的下方高于上方。通过分析不同观察者(n = 28)的协方差,我们发现在个体水平上,不同位置的 CSF 属性(如最大灵敏度)高度相关。这种相关性表明,尽管不同地点的 CSF 不同,但一个地点的 CSF 可以预测另一个地点的 CSF。在每个位置内,CSF 属性共变,表明不同个体的 CSF 以一致的方式变化(例如,随着最大灵敏度的增加,相应的 SF 也随之增加),但在水平经线位置比垂直经线位置更明显。这些结果显示了不同位置和个体之间的相似性,同时也发现了一些关键的极角差异,这表明 CSF 不应该在视野周围的等中心位置通用。
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引用次数: 0
Rapid eye and hand responses in an interception task are differentially modulated by context-dependent predictability. 在拦截任务中,眼和手的快速反应受上下文相关的可预测性的不同调节。
IF 2 4区 心理学 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.12.10
Jolande Fooken, Parsa Balalaie, Kayne Park, J Randall Flanagan, Stephen H Scott

When catching a falling ball or avoiding a collision with traffic, humans can quickly generate eye and limb responses to unpredictable changes in their environment. Mechanisms of limb and oculomotor control when responding to sudden changes in the environment have mostly been investigated independently. Here, we investigated eye-hand coordination in a rapid interception task where human participants used a virtual paddle to intercept a moving target. The target moved vertically down a computer screen and could suddenly jump to the left or right. In high-certainty blocks, the target always jumped; in low-certainty blocks, the target only jumped in a portion of the trials. Further, we manipulated response urgency by varying the time of target jumps, with early jumps requiring less urgent responses and late jumps requiring more urgent responses. Our results highlight differential effects of certainty and urgency on eye-hand coordination. Participants initiated both eye and hand responses earlier for high-certainty compared with low-certainty blocks. Hand reaction times decreased and response vigor increased with increasing urgency levels. However, eye reaction times were lowest for medium-urgency levels and eye vigor was unaffected by urgency. Across all trials, we found a weak positive correlation between eye and hand responses. Taken together, these results suggest that the limb and oculomotor systems use similar early sensorimotor processing; however, rapid responses are modulated differentially to attain system-specific sensorimotor goals.

在接住掉落的球或躲避交通事故时,人类会对环境中不可预测的变化迅速做出眼部和肢体反应。对环境突变做出反应时的肢体和眼球运动控制机制的研究大多是独立进行的。在这里,我们研究了快速拦截任务中的眼手协调,在这项任务中,人类参与者使用虚拟桨来拦截移动目标。目标在电脑屏幕上垂直移动,并可能突然向左或向右跳跃。在高确定性区块中,目标总是跳跃;而在低确定性区块中,目标只在部分试验中跳跃。此外,我们还通过改变目标跳跃的时间来操纵反应的紧迫性,早期的跳跃要求较不紧迫的反应,而晚期的跳跃则要求较紧迫的反应。我们的结果凸显了确定性和紧迫性对眼手协调的不同影响。与低确定性区块相比,高确定性区块的参与者更早启动眼部和手部反应。随着紧急程度的增加,手部反应时间减少,反应力度增加。然而,在中等紧急程度时,眼部反应时间最少,眼部活力不受紧急程度的影响。在所有试验中,我们发现眼部反应和手部反应之间存在微弱的正相关性。总之,这些结果表明,肢体和眼部运动系统使用类似的早期感觉运动处理;然而,快速反应会受到不同的调节,以达到特定系统的感觉运动目标。
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引用次数: 0
Enhanced visual contrast suppression during peak psilocybin effects: Psychophysical results from a pilot randomized controlled trial. 在迷幻药峰值效应期间视觉对比度抑制增强:随机对照试验的心理物理结果。
IF 2 4区 心理学 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.12.5
Link Ray Swanson, Sophia Jungers, Ranji Varghese, Kathryn R Cullen, Michael D Evans, Jessica L Nielson, Michael-Paul Schallmo

In visual perception, an effect known as surround suppression occurs wherein the apparent contrast of a center stimulus is reduced when it is presented within a higher-contrast surrounding stimulus. Many key aspects of visual perception involve surround suppression, yet the neuromodulatory processes involved remain unclear. Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic compound known for its robust effects on visual perception, particularly texture, color, object, and motion perception. We asked whether surround suppression is altered under peak effects of psilocybin. Using a contrast-matching task with different center-surround stimulus configurations, we measured surround suppression after 25 mg of psilocybin compared with placebo (100 mg niacin). Data on harms were collected, and no serious adverse events were reported. After taking psilocybin, participants (n = 6) reported stronger surround suppression of perceived contrast compared to placebo. Furthermore, we found that the intensity of subjective psychedelic visuals induced by psilocybin correlated positively with the magnitude of surround suppression. We note the potential relevance of our findings for the field of psychiatry, given that studies have demonstrated weakened visual surround suppression in both major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. Our findings are thus relevant to understanding the visual effects of psilocybin, and the potential mechanisms of visual disruption in mental health disorders.

在视觉感知中,会出现一种被称为 "环绕抑制 "的效应,当中心刺激物出现在对比度较高的环绕刺激物中时,其明显对比度就会降低。视觉感知的许多关键方面都涉及环绕抑制,但其中的神经调节过程仍不清楚。迷幻药是一种血清素能迷幻化合物,因其对视觉感知,尤其是对纹理、颜色、物体和运动感知的强烈影响而闻名。我们的问题是,在迷幻药的峰值效应下,环绕抑制是否会发生改变。通过使用不同中心-环绕刺激配置的对比匹配任务,我们测量了服用 25 毫克迷幻药后的环绕抑制与安慰剂(100 毫克烟酸)的比较。我们收集了有关危害的数据,没有发现严重的不良反应。与安慰剂相比,服用迷幻药后,参与者(n = 6)报告其感知对比度的环绕抑制更强。此外,我们还发现,西洛赛宾诱导的主观迷幻视觉的强度与周围抑制的程度呈正相关。我们注意到我们的研究结果与精神病学领域的潜在相关性,因为有研究表明重度抑郁症和精神分裂症患者的视觉环绕抑制减弱。因此,我们的研究结果与了解迷幻药的视觉效应以及精神疾病视觉干扰的潜在机制息息相关。
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引用次数: 0
Modeling the dynamics of contextual cueing effect by reinforcement learning. 通过强化学习模拟情境提示效应的动态变化。
IF 2 4区 心理学 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.12.11
Yasuhiro Hatori, Zheng-Xiong Yuan, Chia-Huei Tseng, Ichiro Kuriki, Satoshi Shioiri

Humans use environmental context for facilitating object searches. The benefit of context for visual search requires learning. Modeling the learning process of context for efficient processing is vital to understanding visual function in everyday environments. We proposed a model that accounts for the contextual cueing effect, which refers to the learning effect of scene context to identify the location of a target item. The model extracted the global feature of a scene and gradually strengthened the relationship between the global feature and its target location with repeated observations. We compared the model and human performance with two visual search experiments (letter arrangements on a gray background or a natural scene). The proposed model successfully simulated the faster reduction of the number of saccades required before target detection for the natural scene background compared with the uniform gray background. We further tested whether the model replicated the known characteristics of the contextual cueing effect in terms of local learning around the target, the effect of the ratio of repeated and novel stimuli, and the superiority of natural scenes.

人类利用环境背景来促进物体搜索。环境对视觉搜索的益处需要学习。为有效处理而建立情境学习过程模型,对于理解日常环境中的视觉功能至关重要。我们提出了一个能够解释情境提示效应的模型,情境提示效应是指通过学习场景情境来识别目标物品位置的效果。该模型提取了场景的全局特征,并通过反复观察逐步加强全局特征与目标位置之间的关系。我们用两个视觉搜索实验(灰色背景上的字母排列或自然场景)比较了模型和人类的表现。与统一的灰色背景相比,提出的模型成功地模拟了自然场景背景下目标检测前所需的眼动次数的快速减少。我们还进一步测试了该模型是否复制了已知的情境提示效应特征,包括目标周围的局部学习、重复刺激和新刺激比例的影响以及自然场景的优越性。
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引用次数: 0
Flexible Relations Between Confidence and Confidence RTs in Post-Decisional Models of Confidence: A Reply to Chen and Rahnev. 决策后信心模型中信心与信心 RT 之间的灵活关系:回复 Chen 和 Rahnev。
IF 2 4区 心理学 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.12.9
Stef Herregods, Luc Vermeylen, Kobe Desender
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引用次数: 0
Investigating the relationship between subjective perception and unconscious feature integration. 调查主观感知与无意识特征整合之间的关系
IF 2 4区 心理学 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.12.1
Lukas Vogelsang, Maëlan Q Menétrey, Leila Drissi-Daoudi, Michael H Herzog

Visual features need to be temporally integrated to detect motion signals and solve the many ill-posed problems of vision. It has previously been shown that such integration occurs in windows of unconscious processing of up to 450 milliseconds. However, whether features are integrated should be governed by perceptually meaningful mechanisms. Here, we expand on previous findings suggesting that subjective perception and integration may be linked. Specifically, different observers were found to group elements differently and to exhibit corresponding feature integration behavior. If the former were to influence the latter, perception would appear to not only be the outcome of integration but to potentially also be part of it. To test any such linkages more systematically, we here examined the role of one of the key perceptual grouping cues, color similarity, in the Sequential Metacontrast Paradigm (SQM). In the SQM, participants are presented with two streams of lines that are expanding from the center outwards. If several lines in the attended motion stream are offset, offsets integrate unconsciously and mandatorily for periods of up to 450 milliseconds. Across three experiments, we presented lines of varied colors. Our results reveal that individuals who perceive differently colored lines as "popping out" from the motion stream do not exhibit mandatory integration but that individuals who perceive such lines as part of an integrated motion stream do show offset integration behavior across the entire stream. These results attest to the proposed linkage between subjective perception and integration behavior in the SQM.

视觉特征需要在时间上进行整合,以检测运动信号并解决视觉中的许多问题。以前的研究表明,这种整合发生在长达 450 毫秒的无意识处理窗口中。然而,特征是否被整合应受感知机制的制约。在此,我们对之前的研究结果进行了扩展,这些研究结果表明,主观感知和整合可能存在联系。具体来说,我们发现不同的观察者会以不同的方式对元素进行分组,并表现出相应的特征整合行为。如果前者会影响后者,那么感知似乎不仅是整合的结果,也可能是整合的一部分。为了更系统地检验这种联系,我们在此研究了序列元对比范式(Sequential Metacontrast Paradigm,SQM)中关键感知分组线索之一--颜色相似性--的作用。在 SQM 中,参与者会看到两条从中心向外扩展的线条流。如果被试运动流中的几条线发生偏移,偏移会在无意识中强制整合,持续时间长达 450 毫秒。在三个实验中,我们呈现了不同颜色的线条。我们的结果表明,将不同颜色的线条视为从运动流中 "跳出 "的个体不会表现出强制性整合,但将这些线条视为整合运动流一部分的个体确实会在整个运动流中表现出偏移整合行为。这些结果证明了 SQM 中主观感知与整合行为之间的联系。
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引用次数: 0
Deep convolutional neural networks are sensitive to face configuration. 深度卷积神经网络对人脸结构非常敏感。
IF 2 4区 心理学 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.12.6
Virginia E Strehle, Natalie K Bendiksen, Alice J O'Toole

Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) are remarkably accurate models of human face recognition. However, less is known about whether these models generate face representations similar to those used by humans. Sensitivity to facial configuration has long been considered a marker of human perceptual expertise for faces. We tested whether DCNNs trained for face identification "perceive" alterations to facial features and their configuration. We also compared the extent to which representations changed as a function of the alteration type. Facial configuration was altered by changing the distance between the eyes or the distance between the nose and mouth. Facial features were altered by replacing the eyes or mouth with those of another face. Altered faces were processed by DCNNs (Ranjan et al., 2018; Szegedy et al., 2017) and the similarity of the generated representations was compared. Both DCNNs were sensitive to configural and feature changes-with changes to configuration altering the DCNN representations more than changes to face features. To determine whether the DCNNs' greater sensitivity to configuration was due to a priori differences in the images or characteristics of the DCNN processing, we compared the representation of features and configuration between the low-level, pixel-based representations and the DCNN-generated representations. Sensitivity to face configuration increased from the pixel-level image to the DCNN encoding, whereas the sensitivity to features did not change. The enhancement of configural information may be due to the utility of configuration for discriminating among similar faces combined with the within-category nature of face identification training.

深度卷积神经网络(DCNN)是非常精确的人类人脸识别模型。然而,人们对这些模型是否能生成类似于人类使用的人脸表征却知之甚少。长期以来,对人脸构型的敏感性一直被认为是人类对人脸的感知能力的标志。我们测试了接受过人脸识别训练的 DCNN 是否能 "感知 "面部特征及其配置的变化。我们还比较了表征随改变类型而改变的程度。通过改变眼睛之间的距离或鼻子和嘴巴之间的距离来改变面部构造。改变面部特征的方法是将眼睛或嘴巴换成另一张脸的眼睛或嘴巴。改变后的人脸由 DCNNs(Ranjan 等人,2018 年;Szegedy 等人,2017 年)处理,并比较生成的表征的相似性。两种 DCNN 对构型和特征的变化都很敏感--构型的变化对 DCNN 表征的改变比人脸特征的变化更大。为了确定 DCNN 对构型更敏感是否是由于图像的先验差异或 DCNN 处理的特点,我们比较了基于像素的低级表征和 DCNN 生成的表征之间的特征和构型表征。从像素级图像到 DCNN 编码,对人脸构型的敏感度增加了,而对特征的敏感度没有变化。构型信息的增强可能是由于构型在区分相似人脸方面的作用,以及人脸识别训练的类别内性质。
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引用次数: 0
Ocular biometric responses to simulated polychromatic defocus. 模拟多色散焦的眼部生物测量反应。
IF 2 4区 心理学 Q2 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.12.3
Sowmya Ravikumar, Elise N Harb, Karen E Molina, Sarah E Singh, Joel Segre, Christine F Wildsoet

Evidence from human studies of ocular accommodation and studies of animals reared in monochromatic conditions suggest that chromatic signals can guide ocular growth. We hypothesized that ocular biometric response in humans can be manipulated by simulating the chromatic contrast differences associated with imposition of optical defocus. The red, green, and blue (RGB) channels of an RGB movie of the natural world were individually incorporated with computational defocus to create two different movie stimuli. The magnitude of defocus incorporated in the red and blue layers was chosen such that, in one case, it simulated +3 D defocus, referred to as color-signed myopic (CSM) defocus, and in another case it simulated -3 D defocus, referred to as color-signed hyperopic (CSH) defocus. Seventeen subjects viewed the reference stimulus (unaltered movie) and at least one of the two color-signed defocus stimuli for ∼1 hour. Axial length (AL) and choroidal thickness (ChT) were measured immediately before and after each session. AL and subfoveal ChT showed no significant change under any of the three conditions. A significant increase in vitreous chamber depth (VCD) was observed following viewing of the CSH stimulus compared with the reference stimulus (0.034 ± 0.03 mm and 0 ± 0.02 mm, respectively; p = 0.018). A significant thinning of the crystalline lens was observed following viewing of the CSH stimulus relative to the CSM stimulus (-0.033 ± 0.03 mm and 0.001 ± 0.03 mm, respectively; p = 0.015). Differences in the effects of CSM and CSH conditions on VCD and lens thickness suggest a directional, modulatory influence of chromatic defocus. On the other hand, ChT responses showed large variability, rendering it an unreliable biomarker for chromatic defocus-driven responses, at least for the conditions of this study.

人类对眼球调节的研究以及对单色条件下饲养的动物的研究都表明,色度信号可以引导眼球的生长。我们假设,可以通过模拟与光学散焦相关的色度对比差异来操纵人类的眼部生物测量反应。我们将自然界 RGB 电影的红、绿、蓝(RGB)通道分别与计算离焦相结合,创造出两种不同的电影刺激。红色和蓝色层中的散焦幅度是这样选择的:一种情况是模拟 +3 D 散焦,称为色标近视(CSM)散焦;另一种情况是模拟 -3 D 散焦,称为色标远视(CSH)散焦。17 名受试者观看了参考刺激物(未改动的电影)和两种颜色符号离焦刺激物中的至少一种,时间为 1 小时。在每次训练前后立即测量轴长(AL)和脉络膜厚度(ChT)。在这三种条件下,AL和眼底ChT均无明显变化。与参考刺激相比,观看 CSH 刺激后观察到玻璃体腔深度(VCD)明显增加(分别为 0.034 ± 0.03 毫米和 0 ± 0.02 毫米;p = 0.018)。与 CSM 刺激相比,观看 CSH 刺激后观察到晶状体明显变薄(分别为 -0.033 ± 0.03 毫米和 0.001 ± 0.03 毫米;p = 0.015)。CSM 和 CSH 条件对 VCD 和晶状体厚度的影响差异表明,色散焦具有定向调节作用。另一方面,ChT 反应显示出很大的变异性,使其成为色散焦驱动反应的不可靠生物标记,至少在本研究的条件下是这样。
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Journal of Vision
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