In goat kids, choosing the appropriate age to administer the first dose of goat pox disease (GTP) vaccine requires knowing when maternal antibody decline concentrations.
Objective
Determine the persistence of maternal antibodies against goat pox virus (GTPV) in goat kids.
Animals
Twenty Saanen goat kids from birth to 120 days old.
Methods
In 2 groups, including: control (receiving colostrum from nonvaccinated does) and treatment (receiving colostrum from vaccinated does). On zero, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 70, 100 and 120 days after the birth, virus neutralization test was used to measure the serum concentration of antibodies against GTPV.
Results
At the age of 56 days, the first seronegative goat kids (n = 2) were recorded in the treatment group. At the age of 120 days, all the goat kids in the treatment group were seronegative. The average virus neutralization index (VNI) of the goat kids became negative at the age of 100 to 120 days. All goat kids in the control group were negative at all times.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
One hundred to 120 days of the age seems to be the time to administer the first GTP vaccine in the goat kids with passive immunity against goat pox.
{"title":"Persistence of maternal antibodies against goat pox virus in goat kids","authors":"Mostafa Abdollahi, Mohsen Lotfi, Samad Lotfollahzadeh, Mohammad Reza Mokhber Dezfouli, Maryam Adibi, Morteza Kamalzadeh, Sajjad Firuzyar","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17135","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17135","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In goat kids, choosing the appropriate age to administer the first dose of goat pox disease (GTP) vaccine requires knowing when maternal antibody decline concentrations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Determine the persistence of maternal antibodies against goat pox virus (GTPV) in goat kids.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twenty Saanen goat kids from birth to 120 days old.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In 2 groups, including: control (receiving colostrum from nonvaccinated does) and treatment (receiving colostrum from vaccinated does). On zero, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 70, 100 and 120 days after the birth, virus neutralization test was used to measure the serum concentration of antibodies against GTPV.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>At the age of 56 days, the first seronegative goat kids (n = 2) were recorded in the treatment group. At the age of 120 days, all the goat kids in the treatment group were seronegative. The average virus neutralization index (VNI) of the goat kids became negative at the age of 100 to 120 days. All goat kids in the control group were negative at all times.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>One hundred to 120 days of the age seems to be the time to administer the first GTP vaccine in the goat kids with passive immunity against goat pox.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.17135","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141860210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ingrid Vernemmen, Eva Buschmann, Glenn Van Steenkiste, Marie Demeyere, Lize-Maria Verhaeghe, Filip De Somer, Katrien M. J. Devreese, Stijn Schauvliege, Annelies Decloedt, Gunther van Loon
Background
Cardiac catheterizations in horses are mainly performed in the right heart, as access to the left heart traditionally requires an arterial approach. Transseptal puncture (TSP) has been adapted for horses but data on follow-up and closure of the iatrogenic atrial septal defect (iASD) are lacking.
Hypothesis/Objectives
To perform TSP and assess postoperative complications and iASD closure over a minimum of 4 weeks.
Animals
Eleven healthy adult horses.
Methods
Transseptal puncture was performed under general anesthesia. Serum cardiac troponin I concentrations were measured before and after puncture. Weekly, iASD closure was monitored using transthoracic and intracardiac echocardiography. Relationship between activated clotting time and anti-factor Xa activity during postoperative enoxaparin treatment was assessed in vitro and in vivo.
Results
Transseptal puncture was successfully achieved in all horses within a median duration of 22 (range, 10-104) minutes. Balloon dilatation of the puncture site for sheath advancement was needed in 4 horses. Atrial arrhythmias occurred in 9/11 horses, including atrial premature depolarizations (N = 1), atrial tachycardia (N = 5), and fibrillation (N = 3). Serum cardiac troponin I concentrations increased after TSP, but remained under the reference value in 10/11 horses. Median time to iASD closure was 14 (1-35) days. Activated clotting time correlated with anti-factor Xa activity in vitro but not in vivo.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Transseptal puncture was successfully performed in all horses. The technique was safe and spontaneous iASD closure occurred in all horses. Clinical application of TSP will allow characterization and treatment of left-sided arrhythmias in horses.
背景：马匹的心导管检查主要在右心进行，因为进入左心传统上需要动脉途径。经房间隔穿刺术（TSP）已适用于马匹，但缺乏有关随访和先天性房间隔缺损（iASD）闭合情况的数据：动物：11匹健康成年马：动物：11 匹健康成年马：方法：在全身麻醉下进行经脐穿刺。穿刺前后测量血清心肌肌钙蛋白 I 浓度。每周使用经胸超声心动图和心内超声心动图监测iASD闭合情况。在体外和体内评估了术后依诺肝素治疗期间活化凝血时间和抗因子 Xa 活性之间的关系：结果：所有马匹均在 22 分钟（10-104 分钟）的中位时间内成功完成了经窦道穿刺。有 4 匹马需要对穿刺部位进行球囊扩张以推进鞘管。9/11 匹马发生了房性心律失常，包括房性过早去极化（1 匹）、房性心动过速（5 匹）和房颤（3 匹）。TSP 后血清心肌肌钙蛋白 I 浓度升高，但 10/11 匹马的浓度仍低于参考值。iASD 关闭的中位时间为 14 (1-35) 天。活化凝血时间与体外抗因子 Xa 活性相关，但与体内无关：结论和临床意义：所有马匹都成功进行了经脐带穿刺。结论和临床意义：所有马匹都成功进行了经窦道穿刺，该技术安全可靠，所有马匹都能自发闭合iASD。经皮穿刺技术的临床应用将有助于鉴定和治疗马的左侧心律失常。
{"title":"Intracardiac ultrasound-guided transseptal puncture in horses: Outcome, follow-up, and perioperative anticoagulant treatment","authors":"Ingrid Vernemmen, Eva Buschmann, Glenn Van Steenkiste, Marie Demeyere, Lize-Maria Verhaeghe, Filip De Somer, Katrien M. J. Devreese, Stijn Schauvliege, Annelies Decloedt, Gunther van Loon","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17158","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17158","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cardiac catheterizations in horses are mainly performed in the right heart, as access to the left heart traditionally requires an arterial approach. Transseptal puncture (TSP) has been adapted for horses but data on follow-up and closure of the iatrogenic atrial septal defect (iASD) are lacking.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Hypothesis/Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To perform TSP and assess postoperative complications and iASD closure over a minimum of 4 weeks.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Eleven healthy adult horses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Transseptal puncture was performed under general anesthesia. Serum cardiac troponin I concentrations were measured before and after puncture. Weekly, iASD closure was monitored using transthoracic and intracardiac echocardiography. Relationship between activated clotting time and anti-factor Xa activity during postoperative enoxaparin treatment was assessed in vitro and in vivo.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Transseptal puncture was successfully achieved in all horses within a median duration of 22 (range, 10-104) minutes. Balloon dilatation of the puncture site for sheath advancement was needed in 4 horses. Atrial arrhythmias occurred in 9/11 horses, including atrial premature depolarizations (N = 1), atrial tachycardia (N = 5), and fibrillation (N = 3). Serum cardiac troponin I concentrations increased after TSP, but remained under the reference value in 10/11 horses. Median time to iASD closure was 14 (1-35) days. Activated clotting time correlated with anti-factor Xa activity in vitro but not in vivo.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Transseptal puncture was successfully performed in all horses. The technique was safe and spontaneous iASD closure occurred in all horses. Clinical application of TSP will allow characterization and treatment of left-sided arrhythmias in horses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.17158","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141860184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Currently, low-level evidence suggests loss of ambulation associated with acute thoracolumbar disk extrusion is best treated by decompressive spinal surgery. Conservative management can be successful, but the proportion of dogs that recover and the fate of herniated material are uncertain.
Objectives
Determine the proportion of nonambulatory dogs with conservatively treated acute thoracolumbar disk extrusion that recover ambulation and measure the change in spinal cord compression during the first 12 weeks after presentation.
Animals
Seventy-two client-owned nonambulatory dogs with acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion.
Methods
This is a prospective cohort study. Enrolled dogs underwent magnetic resonance imaging at presentation and owners were provided with conservative management recommendations. Imaging was repeated after 12 weeks. Recovery of ambulation was defined as 10 consecutive steps without falling. Spinal cord compression was determined from the cross-sectional area of the vertebral canal and extradural compressive material at the lesion epicenter. The association between recovery and change in compression over the 12-week observational period was examined.
Results
Forty-nine of fifty-one (96%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 87%-99%) of deep pain-positive and 10/21 (48%; 95% CI, 28%-68%) of deep pain-negative dogs recovered ambulation within the 12-week period. The median time to ambulation was 11 and 25 days for deep pain-positive and -negative dogs, respectively. Reduction in spinal cord compression varied among individuals from minimal to complete and apparently was unrelated to the recovery of ambulation.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
A high proportion of conservatively treated dogs recovered ambulation after conservative management of acute thoracolumbar disk herniation. Recovery was not dependent on the resolution of compression.
{"title":"Recovery of ambulation in small, nonbrachycephalic dogs after conservative management of acute thoracolumbar disk extrusion","authors":"Sam Khan, Nick D. Jeffery, Paul Freeman","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17149","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17149","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Currently, low-level evidence suggests loss of ambulation associated with acute thoracolumbar disk extrusion is best treated by decompressive spinal surgery. Conservative management can be successful, but the proportion of dogs that recover and the fate of herniated material are uncertain.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Determine the proportion of nonambulatory dogs with conservatively treated acute thoracolumbar disk extrusion that recover ambulation and measure the change in spinal cord compression during the first 12 weeks after presentation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Seventy-two client-owned nonambulatory dogs with acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This is a prospective cohort study. Enrolled dogs underwent magnetic resonance imaging at presentation and owners were provided with conservative management recommendations. Imaging was repeated after 12 weeks. Recovery of ambulation was defined as 10 consecutive steps without falling. Spinal cord compression was determined from the cross-sectional area of the vertebral canal and extradural compressive material at the lesion epicenter. The association between recovery and change in compression over the 12-week observational period was examined.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Forty-nine of fifty-one (96%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 87%-99%) of deep pain-positive and 10/21 (48%; 95% CI, 28%-68%) of deep pain-negative dogs recovered ambulation within the 12-week period. The median time to ambulation was 11 and 25 days for deep pain-positive and -negative dogs, respectively. Reduction in spinal cord compression varied among individuals from minimal to complete and apparently was unrelated to the recovery of ambulation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A high proportion of conservatively treated dogs recovered ambulation after conservative management of acute thoracolumbar disk herniation. Recovery was not dependent on the resolution of compression.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.17149","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141759529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
First published: 15 April 2020, https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16998
Volume 38, Issue 2
Section 6 Discussion, 2nd paragraph, 2nd sentence, the 2nd reference is 22 and not 23. The sentence should be as follows. “Other studies have found survival rates between dogs with AKI-L who did not require RRT (68%),6 dogs with AKI of multiple etiologies treated with RRT (60%),22 and dogs with AKI-L that received RRT (86%).5”
In Table 1, the Reference Range column values are not correct. The correct Table 1 is this.
{"title":"Erratum for “Retrospective evaluation of 22 dogs with leptospirosis treated with extracorporeal renal replacement therapies (2018-2021)”","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17146","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17146","url":null,"abstract":"<p>First published: 15 April 2020, https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16998</p><p>Volume 38, Issue 2</p><p>Section 6 Discussion, 2nd paragraph, 2nd sentence, the 2nd reference is 22 and not 23. The sentence should be as follows. “Other studies have found survival rates between dogs with AKI-L who did not require RRT (68%),<sup>6</sup> dogs with AKI of multiple etiologies treated with RRT (60%),<sup>22</sup> and dogs with AKI-L that received RRT (86%).<sup>5</sup>”</p><p>In Table 1, the Reference Range column values are not correct. The correct Table 1 is this.</p>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.17146","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141627101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vanessa Alf, Federica Tirrito, Andrea Fischer, Rodolfo Cappello, Anna-Mariam Kiviranta, Tanja A. Steinberg, Federica Poli, Felix Stotz, Omar V. Del Vecchio, Stefanie Dörfelt, Cristian Falzone, André Knittel, Shenja Loderstedt, Edy Mercuriali, Joana Tabanez, Paolo Zagarella, Kaspar Matiasek, Marco Rosati
Background
Early diagnosis of neosporosis in dogs is challenging.
Objectives
To evaluate the feasibility of a compound multimodal testing approach for diagnosing in dogs neuromuscular and combined forms of neosporosis.
Animals
A total of 16 dogs diagnosed with solely neuromuscular neosporosis or with a combination of neuromuscular and central nervous system neosporosis.
Methods
Retrospective review of clinical signs, laboratory findings, treatment, and outcome with focus on the diagnostic utility of different tests. Development of a chromogenic in situ hybridization (ISH) assay for the identification of Neospora caninum in paraffin-embedded muscle samples.
Results
13/16 dogs had only neuromuscular signs of neosporosis, 3/16 had disease signs with concomitant central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Serology was performed in 15/16, with 10/15 showing titers >1 : 160 at admission. PCR on muscle samples detected N. caninum DNA in 11/16. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) detected N. caninum in 9/16 and ISH in 9/16. Histopathology revealed inflammatory myopathy in 10/16, necrotizing myopathy in 5/16, borderline changes in 1/16 and tachyzoites in 9/16. In 4 cases, N. caninum infection was confirmed with all 5 diagnostic methods, 3 cases with 4, 2 with 3, 6 with 2, and 1 animal with 1.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Diagnosis of N. caninum infection should rely on a multimodal diagnostic approach and negativity of 1 single test should not allow for exclusion. Serology in combination with direct parasite identification via histopathology, DNA via PCR, or both modalities, appears a reliable diagnostic approach.
{"title":"A multimodal approach to diagnosis of neuromuscular neosporosis in dogs","authors":"Vanessa Alf, Federica Tirrito, Andrea Fischer, Rodolfo Cappello, Anna-Mariam Kiviranta, Tanja A. Steinberg, Federica Poli, Felix Stotz, Omar V. Del Vecchio, Stefanie Dörfelt, Cristian Falzone, André Knittel, Shenja Loderstedt, Edy Mercuriali, Joana Tabanez, Paolo Zagarella, Kaspar Matiasek, Marco Rosati","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17145","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17145","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Early diagnosis of neosporosis in dogs is challenging.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To evaluate the feasibility of a compound multimodal testing approach for diagnosing in dogs neuromuscular and combined forms of neosporosis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 16 dogs diagnosed with solely neuromuscular neosporosis or with a combination of neuromuscular and central nervous system neosporosis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Retrospective review of clinical signs, laboratory findings, treatment, and outcome with focus on the diagnostic utility of different tests. Development of a chromogenic in situ hybridization (ISH) assay for the identification of <i>Neospora caninum</i> in paraffin-embedded muscle samples.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>13/16 dogs had only neuromuscular signs of neosporosis, 3/16 had disease signs with concomitant central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Serology was performed in 15/16, with 10/15 showing titers >1 : 160 at admission. PCR on muscle samples detected <i>N. caninum</i> DNA in 11/16. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) detected <i>N. caninum</i> in 9/16 and ISH in 9/16. Histopathology revealed inflammatory myopathy in 10/16, necrotizing myopathy in 5/16, borderline changes in 1/16 and tachyzoites in 9/16. In 4 cases, <i>N. caninum</i> infection was confirmed with all 5 diagnostic methods, 3 cases with 4, 2 with 3, 6 with 2, and 1 animal with 1.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Diagnosis of <i>N. caninum</i> infection should rely on a multimodal diagnostic approach and negativity of 1 single test should not allow for exclusion. Serology in combination with direct parasite identification via histopathology, DNA via PCR, or both modalities, appears a reliable diagnostic approach.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.17145","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141627100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ann Biscop, Donatienne Castelain, Emmelie Stock, Kristel Demeyere, Evelyne Meyer, Nausikaa Devriendt, Elisabeth Dorn, Nikita De Laet, Dominique Paepe
Background
Cell cycle arrest biomarkers (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 [uTIMP-2] and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 [uIGFBP7]), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) variables are valuable biomarkers for early diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in people.
Objectives
To evaluate uTIMP-2, uIGFBP7, fractional excretion of NGAL (FeNGAL), and urinary to serum NGAL ratio (u/sNGAL) in healthy dogs, dogs with AKI, dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and critically ill (CI) dogs.
Animals
Forty-two client-owned dogs (healthy, n = 10; AKI, n = 11; CKD, n = 11; CI, n = 10).
Methods
Prospective, observational study. After assessment of routine renal biomarkers, stress (uTIMP-2, uIGFBP7) and damage (NGAL) biomarkers were measured, using ELISA kits, and normalized to urinary creatinine (uCr).
Results
Normalized uTIMP-2 and [uTIMP-2] × [uIGFBP7]/uCr were significantly higher in the AKI group (median 151.9 [range, 2.2-534.2] and 62.9 [1.1-266.8] pg/mL respectively), compared to healthy dogs (0.3 [0.2-74.7]; P < .001 and 0.16 [0.1-58.1] pg/mL; P < .001), dogs with CKD (0.7 [0.3-742.5]; P = .04 and 0.37 [0.2-180.1] pg/mL; P = .03) and CI dogs (1.9 [0.2-37.0]; P = .03 and 0.8 [0.1-16.1] pg/mL; P = .02). Fractional excretion of NGAL was significantly higher in dogs with AKI (54.17 [7.93-155.32] %), than in healthy (0.03 [0.01-0.21] %; P < .001) and CI dogs (3.05 [0.05-28.86] %; P = .02).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Normalized uTIMP-2, [uTIMP-2] × [uIGFBP7]/uCr, and FeNGAL can be valuable renal biomarkers for early diagnosis of AKI in dogs.
{"title":"Assessment of cell cycle arrest biomarkers and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin to distinguish acute kidney injury from other diseases in dogs","authors":"Ann Biscop, Donatienne Castelain, Emmelie Stock, Kristel Demeyere, Evelyne Meyer, Nausikaa Devriendt, Elisabeth Dorn, Nikita De Laet, Dominique Paepe","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17143","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17143","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cell cycle arrest biomarkers (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 [uTIMP-2] and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 [uIGFBP7]), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) variables are valuable biomarkers for early diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in people.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To evaluate uTIMP-2, uIGFBP7, fractional excretion of NGAL (FeNGAL), and urinary to serum NGAL ratio (u/sNGAL) in healthy dogs, dogs with AKI, dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and critically ill (CI) dogs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Forty-two client-owned dogs (healthy, n = 10; AKI, n = 11; CKD, n = 11; CI, n = 10).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prospective, observational study. After assessment of routine renal biomarkers, stress (uTIMP-2, uIGFBP7) and damage (NGAL) biomarkers were measured, using ELISA kits, and normalized to urinary creatinine (uCr).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Normalized uTIMP-2 and [uTIMP-2] × [uIGFBP7]/uCr were significantly higher in the AKI group (median 151.9 [range, 2.2-534.2] and 62.9 [1.1-266.8] pg/mL respectively), compared to healthy dogs (0.3 [0.2-74.7]; <i>P</i> < .001 and 0.16 [0.1-58.1] pg/mL; <i>P</i> < .001), dogs with CKD (0.7 [0.3-742.5]; <i>P</i> = .04 and 0.37 [0.2-180.1] pg/mL; <i>P</i> = .03) and CI dogs (1.9 [0.2-37.0]; <i>P</i> = .03 and 0.8 [0.1-16.1] pg/mL; <i>P</i> = .02). Fractional excretion of NGAL was significantly higher in dogs with AKI (54.17 [7.93-155.32] %), than in healthy (0.03 [0.01-0.21] %; <i>P</i> < .001) and CI dogs (3.05 [0.05-28.86] %; <i>P</i> = .02).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Normalized uTIMP-2, [uTIMP-2] × [uIGFBP7]/uCr, and FeNGAL can be valuable renal biomarkers for early diagnosis of AKI in dogs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.17143","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141620276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kimberly L. Hallowell, Kate L. Hepworth-Warren, Katarzyna Dembek
Background
Available descriptive studies on equine pneumonia are outdated or focus on specific horse or bacterial populations.
Objectives
To describe the clinical presentation and bacterial isolates of adult horses with bacterial pneumonia and identify factors associated with death.
Animals
One hundred sixteen horses >2 years old with bacterial pneumonia.
Methods
Retrospective case series. Data regarding history, physical examination, clinicopathologic features, treatment, bacterial culture and sensitivity, and outcome were collected and analyzed retrospectively.
Results
Historical risk factors were present for 60% of cases, whereas abnormal vital signs on intake were present for <50%. Most horses (58%) underwent at least 1 change of antimicrobial treatment, and 67% received the highest-priority critically important antimicrobials. Streptococcus zooepidemicus was the most isolated bacteria (44%), followed by Escherichia coli (19%), Klebsiella spp. (18%), other Streptococcus species (17%), and Bacillus spp. (13%). Fusobacterium spp. were the most common anaerobic isolates (11%). Antimicrobial susceptibility varied widely. Survival to discharge was 73%. Heart rate at presentation (odds ratio [OR] 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.008-1.17, P = .03) and higher creatinine (OR 14.1, 95% CI 1.56-127.6, P = .02) increased the risk of death. Higher lymphocyte count (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.08-0.94, P = .04) reduced risk.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Contrasting older literature, Fusobacterium spp. were the most common anaerobes. Streptococcus zooepidemicus remained the most common isolate and was predictably susceptible to penicillin. Antimicrobial susceptibility was otherwise variable and broad applicability is limited as this was a single-center study. Increased risk of death associated with tachycardia and abnormally high serum creatinine concentration is consistent with previous studies.
{"title":"An updated description of bacterial pneumonia in adult horses and factors associated with death","authors":"Kimberly L. Hallowell, Kate L. Hepworth-Warren, Katarzyna Dembek","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17141","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17141","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Available descriptive studies on equine pneumonia are outdated or focus on specific horse or bacterial populations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To describe the clinical presentation and bacterial isolates of adult horses with bacterial pneumonia and identify factors associated with death.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>One hundred sixteen horses >2 years old with bacterial pneumonia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Retrospective case series. Data regarding history, physical examination, clinicopathologic features, treatment, bacterial culture and sensitivity, and outcome were collected and analyzed retrospectively.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Historical risk factors were present for 60% of cases, whereas abnormal vital signs on intake were present for <50%. Most horses (58%) underwent at least 1 change of antimicrobial treatment, and 67% received the highest-priority critically important antimicrobials. <i>Streptococcus zooepidemicus</i> was the most isolated bacteria (44%), followed by <i>Escherichia coli</i> (19%), <i>Klebsiella</i> spp. (18%), other <i>Streptococcus</i> species (17%), and <i>Bacillus</i> spp. (13%). <i>Fusobacterium</i> spp. were the most common anaerobic isolates (11%). Antimicrobial susceptibility varied widely. Survival to discharge was 73%. Heart rate at presentation (odds ratio [OR] 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.008-1.17, <i>P</i> = .03) and higher creatinine (OR 14.1, 95% CI 1.56-127.6, <i>P</i> = .02) increased the risk of death. Higher lymphocyte count (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.08-0.94, <i>P</i> = .04) reduced risk.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Contrasting older literature, <i>Fusobacterium</i> spp. were the most common anaerobes. <i>Streptococcus zooepidemicus</i> remained the most common isolate and was predictably susceptible to penicillin. Antimicrobial susceptibility was otherwise variable and broad applicability is limited as this was a single-center study. Increased risk of death associated with tachycardia and abnormally high serum creatinine concentration is consistent with previous studies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.17141","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141616749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephanie M. Skinner, Andrew J. Specht, Victoria Cicchirillo, Stacey Fox-Alvarez, Autumn N. Harris
Background
Lymphoma has been implicated as a possible cause of proteinuria in dogs. However, information about the potential importance of proteinuria in dogs with lymphoma is limited.
Hypothesis
To determine if the presence of proteinuria at diagnosis was associated with median survival times in dogs with lymphoma and if lymphoma stage (I-V) or type (B vs T) were associated with the presence of proteinuria.
Animals
Eighty-six client-owned dogs with a new diagnosis of lymphoma between 2008 and 2020.
Methods
This was a retrospective cross-sectional study with dogs divided into proteinuric or nonproteinuric groups based on dipstick urine protein (protein ≥30 mg/dL classified as proteinuric) or a ratio of dipstick protein to urine specific gravity (ratio ≥1.5 classified as proteinuric). Dogs were excluded for: (1) treatment within 2 months with glucocorticoid, anti-neoplastic, or anti-proteinuric therapies, (2) diagnosed hypercortisolism or renal lymphoma, (3) active urine sediment, or (4) urine pH >8. Survival analysis utilized a Kaplan-Meier estimator and log-rank testing.
Results
There was a significant difference in median survival between proteinuric and nonproteinuric dogs classified by urine dipstick (245 days [91, 399] vs 335 days [214, 456]; P = .03) or UP : USG (237 days [158, 306] vs 304 days [173, 434]; P = .03). No difference in prevalence of proteinuria was identified between stages (I-V) or types (B and T).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Proteinuria appears to be negatively associated with survival time in dogs newly diagnosed with lymphoma.
背景：淋巴瘤可能是导致犬蛋白尿的原因之一。然而，有关淋巴瘤犬蛋白尿潜在重要性的信息非常有限：研究目的：确定诊断时出现蛋白尿是否与淋巴瘤犬的中位生存时间有关，以及淋巴瘤分期（I-V）或类型（B 型与 T 型）是否与出现蛋白尿有关：方法：这是一项回顾性横断面研究：这是一项回顾性横断面研究，根据浸量棒尿蛋白（蛋白≥30 mg/dL 为蛋白尿）或浸量棒蛋白与尿比重的比值（比值≥1.5 为蛋白尿）将犬分为蛋白尿组和非蛋白尿组。排除以下情况的犬只(采用卡普兰-梅耶估计器和对数秩检验进行生存期分析：结果：根据尿液量尺（245 天 [91, 399] vs 335 天 [214, 456]; P = .03）或 UP ：USG (237 天 [158, 306] vs 304 天 [173, 434]; P = .03)。不同阶段（I-V）或不同类型（B 和 T）的蛋白尿发生率没有差异：结论和临床意义：蛋白尿似乎与新诊断为淋巴瘤的狗的存活时间呈负相关。
{"title":"Association of proteinuria at time of diagnosis with survival times in dogs with lymphoma","authors":"Stephanie M. Skinner, Andrew J. Specht, Victoria Cicchirillo, Stacey Fox-Alvarez, Autumn N. Harris","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17144","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17144","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Lymphoma has been implicated as a possible cause of proteinuria in dogs. However, information about the potential importance of proteinuria in dogs with lymphoma is limited.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Hypothesis</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To determine if the presence of proteinuria at diagnosis was associated with median survival times in dogs with lymphoma and if lymphoma stage (I-V) or type (B vs T) were associated with the presence of proteinuria.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Eighty-six client-owned dogs with a new diagnosis of lymphoma between 2008 and 2020.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This was a retrospective cross-sectional study with dogs divided into proteinuric or nonproteinuric groups based on dipstick urine protein (protein ≥30 mg/dL classified as proteinuric) or a ratio of dipstick protein to urine specific gravity (ratio ≥1.5 classified as proteinuric). Dogs were excluded for: (1) treatment within 2 months with glucocorticoid, anti-neoplastic, or anti-proteinuric therapies, (2) diagnosed hypercortisolism or renal lymphoma, (3) active urine sediment, or (4) urine pH >8. Survival analysis utilized a Kaplan-Meier estimator and log-rank testing.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There was a significant difference in median survival between proteinuric and nonproteinuric dogs classified by urine dipstick (245 days [91, 399] vs 335 days [214, 456]; <i>P</i> = .03) or UP : USG (237 days [158, 306] vs 304 days [173, 434]; <i>P</i> = .03). No difference in prevalence of proteinuria was identified between stages (I-V) or types (B and T).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Proteinuria appears to be negatively associated with survival time in dogs newly diagnosed with lymphoma.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.17144","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141600311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although regular health screening is recommended, long-term follow-up data in healthy aged cats are lacking.
Objectives
Determine the most common conditions in a large group of apparently healthy older cats and which diseases are manifested within 2 years in cats confirmed to be healthy based on extensive health screening.
Animals
Client-owned cats.
Methods
Prospective study. Thorough history, physical examination, blood tests, and urinalysis were performed in 259 apparently healthy mature adult (7-10 years) and senior (>10 years) cats. Semi-annual follow-up examinations were performed in 201 confirmed healthy cats.
Results
At baseline, 21% of apparently healthy cats were not considered healthy but were diagnosed with International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) ≥ stage 2 chronic kidney disease (CKD; 7.7%) or hyperthyroidism (4.6%), among other disorders. Disease occurred significantly more frequently in senior cats compared with mature adult cats. In addition, 40% cats were overweight, 35% had moderate to severe dental disease, and 22% had abnormal cardiac auscultation findings. Within 2 years, 28% of mature adult and 54% of senior cats that were confirmed healthy at inclusion developed new diseases, most commonly IRIS ≥ stage 2 CKD (cumulative incidence, 13.4%), hyperthyroidism (8.5%), chronic enteropathy, hepatopathy or pancreatitis (7.5%), or neoplasia (7%).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
The high prevalence and 2-year incidence of physical examination abnormalities and systemic diseases in apparently healthy older cats argue for regular health screening in cats ≥7 years of age. Although more common in senior cats, occult disease also occurs in mature adult cats, and owners should be informed accordingly.
{"title":"Value of repeated health screening in 259 apparently healthy mature adult and senior cats followed for 2 years","authors":"Femke Mortier, Sylvie Daminet, Sofie Marynissen, Pascale Smets, Dominique Paepe","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17138","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17138","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although regular health screening is recommended, long-term follow-up data in healthy aged cats are lacking.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Determine the most common conditions in a large group of apparently healthy older cats and which diseases are manifested within 2 years in cats confirmed to be healthy based on extensive health screening.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Client-owned cats.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prospective study. Thorough history, physical examination, blood tests, and urinalysis were performed in 259 apparently healthy mature adult (7-10 years) and senior (>10 years) cats. Semi-annual follow-up examinations were performed in 201 confirmed healthy cats.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>At baseline, 21% of apparently healthy cats were not considered healthy but were diagnosed with International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) ≥ stage 2 chronic kidney disease (CKD; 7.7%) or hyperthyroidism (4.6%), among other disorders. Disease occurred significantly more frequently in senior cats compared with mature adult cats. In addition, 40% cats were overweight, 35% had moderate to severe dental disease, and 22% had abnormal cardiac auscultation findings. Within 2 years, 28% of mature adult and 54% of senior cats that were confirmed healthy at inclusion developed new diseases, most commonly IRIS ≥ stage 2 CKD (cumulative incidence, 13.4%), hyperthyroidism (8.5%), chronic enteropathy, hepatopathy or pancreatitis (7.5%), or neoplasia (7%).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The high prevalence and 2-year incidence of physical examination abnormalities and systemic diseases in apparently healthy older cats argue for regular health screening in cats ≥7 years of age. Although more common in senior cats, occult disease also occurs in mature adult cats, and owners should be informed accordingly.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11256131/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141534723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Berk BA, Law TH, Packer RMA, et al. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of medium-chain triglyceride dietary supplementation on epilepsy in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2020;34(3):1248-1259. doi:10.1111/jvim.15756
The conflict of interest declaration was missing information about two authors. The missing information is shown below:
Andrea Tipold serves as Associate Editor for the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. She was not involved in review of this manuscript.
Holger Volk in last 5 years served as contract researcher for: Nestle 2012-2014 and 2017-2020—dietary modification of epilepsy in dogs; Boehringer Ingelheim 2014-2015—investigating the effects of imepitoin behavioral, physiologic and owner reported indicators of anxiety in dogs treated for idiopathic epilepsy; CASE BBSRC PhD studentship 2012-2016—metabolic profiling of epilepsy in dogs; American Kennel Club American Health Foundation 2016-2020—Investigating the Effect of a Ketogenic Medium Chain Triglycerides Supplement on the treatment of Canine Idiopathic Epilepsy and its behavioral comorbidities; BBSRC 2017-2020—Investigating the relationship between epilepsy, drug-resistance and affective disorders in the domestic dog BB/P001874/1; provided continuous education for veterinary surgeons sponsored by Nestle, Boehringer Ingelheim and Virbac in the last 5 years.
The authors did not allow any bias from any of these conflicts of interest to affect the design, analysis or writing of the paper.
{"title":"Erratum for “A multicenter randomized controlled trial of medium-chain triglyceride dietary supplementation on epilepsy in dogs”","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17140","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17140","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Berk BA, Law TH, Packer RMA, et al. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of medium-chain triglyceride dietary supplementation on epilepsy in dogs. <i>J Vet Intern Med</i>. 2020;34(3):1248-1259. doi:10.1111/jvim.15756</p><p>The conflict of interest declaration was missing information about two authors. The missing information is shown below:</p><p>Andrea Tipold serves as Associate Editor for the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. She was not involved in review of this manuscript.</p><p>Holger Volk in last 5 years served as contract researcher for: Nestle 2012-2014 and 2017-2020—dietary modification of epilepsy in dogs; Boehringer Ingelheim 2014-2015—investigating the effects of imepitoin behavioral, physiologic and owner reported indicators of anxiety in dogs treated for idiopathic epilepsy; CASE BBSRC PhD studentship 2012-2016—metabolic profiling of epilepsy in dogs; American Kennel Club American Health Foundation 2016-2020—Investigating the Effect of a Ketogenic Medium Chain Triglycerides Supplement on the treatment of Canine Idiopathic Epilepsy and its behavioral comorbidities; BBSRC 2017-2020—Investigating the relationship between epilepsy, drug-resistance and affective disorders in the domestic dog BB/P001874/1; provided continuous education for veterinary surgeons sponsored by Nestle, Boehringer Ingelheim and Virbac in the last 5 years.</p><p>The authors did not allow any bias from any of these conflicts of interest to affect the design, analysis or writing of the paper.</p>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11256153/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141498346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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