I am writing regarding the article “An artificial neural network-based model to predict chronic kidney disease in aged cats” published in Volume 34, Issue 5 of Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine (JVIM). The authors assess the ability of their model to predict the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) within 12 months using baseline laboratory data (serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and urine specific gravity) obtained from cats ≥ 7 years old. Azotemia was defined as a serum creatinine concentrations ≥ 2 mg/dL. I am wondering whether the authors could please specify the percentage of cats with a baseline serum creatinine concentration between 1.6 and 1.9 mg/dL that were included in the testing dataset. Because these cats would be classified as having International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage 2 CKD from the outset [1], the reported performance of the model may be inflated.
The author declares no conflicts of interest.
{"title":"Letter Regarding “An Artificial Neural Network-Based Model to Predict Chronic Kidney Disease in Aged Cats”","authors":"Matthew K. Wun","doi":"10.1111/jvim.70001","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<p>I am writing regarding the article “An artificial neural network-based model to predict chronic kidney disease in aged cats” published in Volume 34, Issue 5 of Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine (JVIM). The authors assess the ability of their model to predict the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) within 12 months using baseline laboratory data (serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and urine specific gravity) obtained from cats ≥ 7 years old. Azotemia was defined as a serum creatinine concentrations ≥ 2 mg/dL. I am wondering whether the authors could please specify the percentage of cats with a baseline serum creatinine concentration between 1.6 and 1.9 mg/dL that were included in the testing dataset. Because these cats would be classified as having International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage 2 CKD from the outset [<span>1</span>], the reported performance of the model may be inflated.</p><p>The author declares no conflicts of interest.</p>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11786673/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143074915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vincent Biourge, Sebastien Delmotte, Alexandre Feugier, Richard Bradley, Molly McAllister, Jonathan Elliott
<p>We read with interest the letter from Dr. Wun regarding our article “An artificial neural network-based model to predict chronic kidney disease in aged cats” published in Volume 34, Issue 5 of Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine (JVIM). The issue he raises is a common misconception about the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) staging system, which should not be used to diagnose chronic kidney disease (CKD). Rather, it is used to stage cats (and dogs) once a clinical diagnosis of CKD has been made. All cats used to derive and validate the algorithm in our study were healthy based on history and physical examination and had serum creatinine concentrations below the diagnostic threshold for CKD according to the reference interval of the laboratory used, and thus did not have a diagnosis of CKD at the time of screening.</p><p>The IRIS staging system accounts for the fact that serum creatinine concentration is insensitive in identifying cats with early CKD. For this reason, stage 1 and the first part of stage 2 CKD for the cat use serum creatinine concentration cut-offs that are below the laboratory reference intervals of many diagnostic laboratories. In such cases, other criteria are required to make a diagnosis of CKD, such as a combination of persistent proteinuria, persistent structural changes identified in the kidney, progressive increases in serum creatinine concentration over time, or persistently increased serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) concentration. The article on the IRIS website written by Dr. Syme summarizes these clearly: https://www.iris-kidney.com/ckd-early-diagnosis.</p><p>These diagnostic criteria are more subtle and often difficult for general practitioners to clearly define. One of the goals in deriving the algorithm in our paper was to use neural network analysis to identify patterns in the commonly applied screening tests used in general practice to identify the cats that have a high likelihood of developing azotemic CKD within 12 months of the screening event. We wanted to do this based on a single screening event in a population of healthy senior cats recognizing that many owners in Europe do not want their healthy cats to have screening events more frequently than annually. The cats identified by the algorithm have early-stage CKD (as shown by prospectively following and documenting their development of persistent azotaemia, diagnostic of CKD) but are at a stage where plasma creatinine concentration is still within the laboratory reference interval and would thus be considered as normal in a regular senior screening. Neural network analysis evaluated all possible combinations of screening test results to identify at a single visit the combination with the highest specificity while not compromising on sensitivity in predicting the future development of CKD. The use of plasma creatinine concentration alone performed less well than when combined with both urine specific gravity and plasma urea concentrat
{"title":"Response to Letter Regarding “An Artificial Neural Network-Based Model to Predict Chronic Kidney Disease in Aged Cats”","authors":"Vincent Biourge, Sebastien Delmotte, Alexandre Feugier, Richard Bradley, Molly McAllister, Jonathan Elliott","doi":"10.1111/jvim.70000","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We read with interest the letter from Dr. Wun regarding our article “An artificial neural network-based model to predict chronic kidney disease in aged cats” published in Volume 34, Issue 5 of Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine (JVIM). The issue he raises is a common misconception about the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) staging system, which should not be used to diagnose chronic kidney disease (CKD). Rather, it is used to stage cats (and dogs) once a clinical diagnosis of CKD has been made. All cats used to derive and validate the algorithm in our study were healthy based on history and physical examination and had serum creatinine concentrations below the diagnostic threshold for CKD according to the reference interval of the laboratory used, and thus did not have a diagnosis of CKD at the time of screening.</p><p>The IRIS staging system accounts for the fact that serum creatinine concentration is insensitive in identifying cats with early CKD. For this reason, stage 1 and the first part of stage 2 CKD for the cat use serum creatinine concentration cut-offs that are below the laboratory reference intervals of many diagnostic laboratories. In such cases, other criteria are required to make a diagnosis of CKD, such as a combination of persistent proteinuria, persistent structural changes identified in the kidney, progressive increases in serum creatinine concentration over time, or persistently increased serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) concentration. The article on the IRIS website written by Dr. Syme summarizes these clearly: https://www.iris-kidney.com/ckd-early-diagnosis.</p><p>These diagnostic criteria are more subtle and often difficult for general practitioners to clearly define. One of the goals in deriving the algorithm in our paper was to use neural network analysis to identify patterns in the commonly applied screening tests used in general practice to identify the cats that have a high likelihood of developing azotemic CKD within 12 months of the screening event. We wanted to do this based on a single screening event in a population of healthy senior cats recognizing that many owners in Europe do not want their healthy cats to have screening events more frequently than annually. The cats identified by the algorithm have early-stage CKD (as shown by prospectively following and documenting their development of persistent azotaemia, diagnostic of CKD) but are at a stage where plasma creatinine concentration is still within the laboratory reference interval and would thus be considered as normal in a regular senior screening. Neural network analysis evaluated all possible combinations of screening test results to identify at a single visit the combination with the highest specificity while not compromising on sensitivity in predicting the future development of CKD. The use of plasma creatinine concentration alone performed less well than when combined with both urine specific gravity and plasma urea concentrat","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11786674/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143074919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A 15-year-old male castrated domestic shorthair cat presented with increasingly frequent vestibular episodes. The cat exhibited episodes of a head tilt, nystagmus, abnormal mental state, vocalizing, hypersalivation, restlessness, and vomiting. Episodes were <60 minutes long with normal inter-episode condition. Systemic evaluations were generally benign. Magnetic resonance imaging documented a small meningioma in the left temporoparietal junction area with no other structural evidence of vestibular system pathologies. The episode frequency decreased with administration of levetiracetam which was discontinued 91 days post-craniotomy. The cat had 2 more limited vestibular episodes: 1 at 211 days after craniotomy, and the second at 489 days after craniotomy. The cat maintained normal inter-episode condition until it was euthanized for unrelated transitional cell carcinoma 907 days post-craniotomy.
{"title":"Vestibular epilepsy associated with a temporoparietal lobe meningioma in a cat","authors":"Rosanne K. Peters","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17279","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17279","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A 15-year-old male castrated domestic shorthair cat presented with increasingly frequent vestibular episodes. The cat exhibited episodes of a head tilt, nystagmus, abnormal mental state, vocalizing, hypersalivation, restlessness, and vomiting. Episodes were <60 minutes long with normal inter-episode condition. Systemic evaluations were generally benign. Magnetic resonance imaging documented a small meningioma in the left temporoparietal junction area with no other structural evidence of vestibular system pathologies. The episode frequency decreased with administration of levetiracetam which was discontinued 91 days post-craniotomy. The cat had 2 more limited vestibular episodes: 1 at 211 days after craniotomy, and the second at 489 days after craniotomy. The cat maintained normal inter-episode condition until it was euthanized for unrelated transitional cell carcinoma 907 days post-craniotomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11785452/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143074922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vasiliki Lantzaki, Emily A. Fulton, Mark McLaughlin, Euan D. Bennet, Elizabeth A. Conway, Alison E. Ridyard
Background
Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) is a biomarker for the early diagnosis of AKI.
Objectives
To evaluate uNGAL in dogs with non-associative immune mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) and to evaluate whether uNGAL correlates with disease severity markers, negative prognostic indicators and outcome.
Animals
Twenty-two dogs with non-associative IMHA and 14 healthy dogs.
Methods
Prospective case–control study. uNGAL was measured by a commercially available ELISA-kit and corrected to urine creatinine (uNGAL to creatinine ratio [UNCR]). uNGAL and UNCR of IMHA cases were compared to that of healthy dogs and the correlation with other clinicopathological markers was evaluated. uNGAL and UNCR were also compared between dogs with a CHAOS or ASA score < 3 and ≥ 3.
Results
uNGAL and UNCR were significantly higher in dogs with IMHA when compared to healthy controls (uNGAL median 114.58 and 0.43 ng/mL, respectively, p < 0.001; UNCR median 174.87 and 0.13 ng/mg, respectively, p < 0.001). uNGAL and UNCR were moderately positively correlated with urea (p = 0.005, r = 0.58, 0.20–0.81 95% CI and p = 0.001, r = 0.64, 0.29–0.84 95% CI, respectively) and total bilirubin (p = 0.003, r = 0.60, 0.22–0.82 95% CI and p = 0.002, r = 0.62, 0.25–0.83 95% CI, respectively). These were also significantly higher in dogs with hemoglobinuria compared to those without (uNGAL: median 269 and 30.99 ng/mL, respectively, p < 0.001; UNCR: median 585.3 and 352 37.47 ng/mg, respectively, p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in uNGAL or UNCR when assessing survival to discharge (p = 0.24 and p = 0.16, respectively, 95% CI).
Conclusions
This study suggests that renal injury might be underappreciated in dogs with IMHA.
{"title":"Urine Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in Non-Associative Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia: A Prospective Controlled Study in 22 Dogs","authors":"Vasiliki Lantzaki, Emily A. Fulton, Mark McLaughlin, Euan D. Bennet, Elizabeth A. Conway, Alison E. Ridyard","doi":"10.1111/jvim.70002","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) is a biomarker for the early diagnosis of AKI.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To evaluate uNGAL in dogs with non-associative immune mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) and to evaluate whether uNGAL correlates with disease severity markers, negative prognostic indicators and outcome.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twenty-two dogs with non-associative IMHA and 14 healthy dogs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prospective case–control study. uNGAL was measured by a commercially available ELISA-kit and corrected to urine creatinine (uNGAL to creatinine ratio [UNCR]). uNGAL and UNCR of IMHA cases were compared to that of healthy dogs and the correlation with other clinicopathological markers was evaluated. uNGAL and UNCR were also compared between dogs with a CHAOS or ASA score < 3 and ≥ 3.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>uNGAL and UNCR were significantly higher in dogs with IMHA when compared to healthy controls (uNGAL median 114.58 and 0.43 ng/mL, respectively, <i>p</i> < 0.001; UNCR median 174.87 and 0.13 ng/mg, respectively, <i>p</i> < 0.001). uNGAL and UNCR were moderately positively correlated with urea (<i>p</i> = 0.005, <i>r</i> = 0.58, 0.20–0.81 95% CI and <i>p</i> = 0.001, <i>r</i> = 0.64, 0.29–0.84 95% CI, respectively) and total bilirubin (<i>p</i> = 0.003, <i>r</i> = 0.60, 0.22–0.82 95% CI and <i>p</i> = 0.002, <i>r</i> = 0.62, 0.25–0.83 95% CI, respectively). These were also significantly higher in dogs with hemoglobinuria compared to those without (uNGAL: median 269 and 30.99 ng/mL, respectively, <i>p</i> < 0.001; UNCR: median 585.3 and 352 37.47 ng/mg, respectively, <i>p</i> < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in uNGAL or UNCR when assessing survival to discharge (<i>p</i> = 0.24 and <i>p</i> = 0.16, respectively, 95% CI).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study suggests that renal injury might be underappreciated in dogs with IMHA.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11772105/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143059179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oxidative injury occurs in septic people, but the role of oxidative stress and antioxidants has rarely been evaluated in foals.
Objectives/Hypothesis
To measure reactive oxygen species (ROS), biomarkers of oxidative injury, and antioxidants in neonatal foals. We hypothesized that ill foals would have higher blood concentrations of ROS and biomarkers of oxidative injury and lower concentrations of antioxidants compared to healthy foals.
Animals
Seventy-two hospitalized and 21 healthy neonatal foals.
Methods
Prospective cohort study. Reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide [H2O2]), biomarkers of oxidative injury (malondialdehyde [MDA], protein carbonyl), and antioxidants (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione, and glutathione reductase [GR] and peroxidase [GPx]) were measured from foals at admission. Measured variables were compared between healthy and ill foals using a 1-way ANOVA by Tukey's multiple comparisons test.
Oxidative stress and lower antioxidant concentrations occur in ill and bacteremic neonatal foals. These variables should be considered during the treatment of ill foals.
{"title":"Oxidative stress in critically ill neonatal foals","authors":"David Wong, Dipak Kumar Sahoo, Cosette Faivre, Jamie Kopper, Katie Dersh, Theresa Beachler, Melissa Esser","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17297","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17297","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Oxidative injury occurs in septic people, but the role of oxidative stress and antioxidants has rarely been evaluated in foals.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives/Hypothesis</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To measure reactive oxygen species (ROS), biomarkers of oxidative injury, and antioxidants in neonatal foals. We hypothesized that ill foals would have higher blood concentrations of ROS and biomarkers of oxidative injury and lower concentrations of antioxidants compared to healthy foals.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Seventy-two hospitalized and 21 healthy neonatal foals.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prospective cohort study. Reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide [H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>]), biomarkers of oxidative injury (malondialdehyde [MDA], protein carbonyl), and antioxidants (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione, and glutathione reductase [GR] and peroxidase [GPx]) were measured from foals at admission. Measured variables were compared between healthy and ill foals using a 1-way ANOVA by Tukey's multiple comparisons test.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ill foals (n = 51) had significantly higher mean concentrations of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (healthy 2.6 ± 1.4 nmol/mL, ill 6.8 ± 4.6 L nmol/mL; 95% CI), MDA (healthy 31.2 ± 14.4 nmol/mL, ill 114.3 ± 94.0 nmol/mL; 95% CI), and protein carbonyl (healthy 0.07 ± 0.01 nmol/mg protein, ill 0.12 ± 0.02 nmol/mg protein, 95% CI). Significant lower CAT (healthy 0.4 ± 0.3 mU/mg protein, ill 0.02 ± 0.02 mU/mg protein, 95% CI), glutathione (healthy 238.5 ± 101.9 μg/mL, ill 110.7 ± 37.8 μg/mL, 95% CI; <i>P</i> < .0001), GR (healthy 1.6 ± 1.8 mU/mg protein, ill 0.4 ± 0.5 mU/mg protein, 95% CI), and GPx (healthy 0.01 ± 0.003 mU/mg protein, ill 0.007 ± 0.002 mU/mg protein, 95% CI) were also noted.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Oxidative stress and lower antioxidant concentrations occur in ill and bacteremic neonatal foals. These variables should be considered during the treatment of ill foals.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11758150/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143033394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenqing Wang, Justine Gibson, Sara Horsman, Deirdre Mikkelsen, François-René Bertin
Background
Altered gut microbiota has been associated with dopaminergic degenerative diseases in people, but studies on horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) are lacking.
Hypothesis/Objectives
Investigate the effect of PPID on fecal microbiota in horses.
Animals
Nine horses with PPID and 13 age-matched control horses.
Methods
Prospective control study. Fecal samples were collected bimonthly. Microbial analysis used 16S rRNA sequencing to determine the relative abundance at genus and phylum levels, assess alpha and beta diversity and identify core microbiota.
Results
Horses with PPID had decreased relative abundances of Christensenellaceae R-7 group (median; 95% confidence interval [CI]: PPID, 2.04; 1.82-2.35 vs control, 2.54; 2.37-2.76; P = .02) and NK4A214 group (PPID, 2.21; 2.02-2.56 vs control, 2.62; 2.44-2.85; P = .05), and significant lower abundances of Romboutsia (log2FoldChange = −3.54; P = .04) and Peptococcaceae uncultured (log2FoldChange = −0.89; P = .04) by differential abundance analysis. However, the abundance of Fibrobacter (log2FoldChange = 0.74; P = .04) was significantly higher in the PPID group. A significant effect of PPID on beta diversity was observed (P = .004), whereas alpha diversity varied with months (P = .001). Seven unique genera were identified in horses with PPID and 12 in control horses.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
The fecal microbial composition is altered in horses with PPID. These findings support the potential role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis of PPID.
{"title":"Characterization and comparison of fecal microbiota in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and age-matched controls","authors":"Wenqing Wang, Justine Gibson, Sara Horsman, Deirdre Mikkelsen, François-René Bertin","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17288","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17288","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Altered gut microbiota has been associated with dopaminergic degenerative diseases in people, but studies on horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) are lacking.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Hypothesis/Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Investigate the effect of PPID on fecal microbiota in horses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nine horses with PPID and 13 age-matched control horses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prospective control study. Fecal samples were collected bimonthly. Microbial analysis used 16S rRNA sequencing to determine the relative abundance at genus and phylum levels, assess alpha and beta diversity and identify core microbiota.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Horses with PPID had decreased relative abundances of <i>Christensenellaceae</i> R-7 group (median; 95% confidence interval [CI]: PPID, 2.04; 1.82-2.35 vs control, 2.54; 2.37-2.76; <i>P</i> = .02) and NK4A214 group (PPID, 2.21; 2.02-2.56 vs control, 2.62; 2.44-2.85; <i>P</i> = .05), and significant lower abundances of <i>Romboutsia</i> (log2FoldChange = −3.54; <i>P</i> = .04) and <i>Peptococcaceae uncultured</i> (log2FoldChange = −0.89; <i>P</i> = .04) by differential abundance analysis. However, the abundance of <i>Fibrobacter</i> (log2FoldChange = 0.74; <i>P</i> = .04) was significantly higher in the PPID group. A significant effect of PPID on beta diversity was observed (<i>P</i> = .004), whereas alpha diversity varied with months (<i>P</i> = .001). Seven unique genera were identified in horses with PPID and 12 in control horses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The fecal microbial composition is altered in horses with PPID. These findings support the potential role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis of PPID.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11758151/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143033392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Giovanni Grosso, Rosalba Tognetti, Oriol Domenech, Andrea Della Pina, Federica Marchesotti, Valentina Patata, Tommaso Vezzosi
Background
Evaluating the size of the pulmonary artery (PA) is key for the echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in dogs.
Hypothesis/Objectives
To compare the diagnostic accuracy of the main PA (MPA) and right PA (RPA) sizes for the echocardiographic detection of PH in dogs, and to evaluate differences between precapillary and postcapillary PH dogs.
Animals
Four hundred four dogs; 136 controls and 268 with PH.
Methods
Prospective, multicenter, observational study. The MPA, maximum and minimum RPA diameter were normalized to body weight (MPA_N, RPAmax_N, and RPAmin_N). The MPA was also indexed to the ascending aorta (MPA/AO), while the RPA size was indexed to the aortic annulus (RPAmax/Aod and RPAmin/Aod). The right pulmonary artery distensibility index (RPADi) was also calculated. The diagnostic accuracy of PA parameters for PH was assessed through the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and area under the curve (AUC). Measurement variability was assessed trough the coefficient of variation (CV).
Results
The RPADi, RPAmin_N, and RPAmin/Aod showed similar diagnostic accuracy for the detection of PH (AUC = 0.975, AUC = 0.971, and AUC = 0.953, respectively), higher than MPA/AO (AUC = 0.926), MPA_N (AUC = 0.880), RPAmax_N (AUC = 0.814), and RPAmax/Aod (AUC = 0.803; P < .05). Aside from RPAmax variables, no differences were found between precapillary and postcapillary PH. RPA size parameters showed lower CVs in comparison to MPA/AO and RPADi.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Although MPA/AO showed an excellent sensitivity and specificity for the detection of PH, the RPAmin exhibited a higher diagnostic accuracy and less measurement variability, thus could represent a new useful parameter for the detection of PH in dogs.
{"title":"Echocardiographic evaluation of the size of the main pulmonary artery and right pulmonary artery in dogs with pulmonary hypertension","authors":"Giovanni Grosso, Rosalba Tognetti, Oriol Domenech, Andrea Della Pina, Federica Marchesotti, Valentina Patata, Tommaso Vezzosi","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17241","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17241","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Evaluating the size of the pulmonary artery (PA) is key for the echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in dogs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Hypothesis/Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To compare the diagnostic accuracy of the main PA (MPA) and right PA (RPA) sizes for the echocardiographic detection of PH in dogs, and to evaluate differences between precapillary and postcapillary PH dogs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Four hundred four dogs; 136 controls and 268 with PH.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prospective, multicenter, observational study. The MPA, maximum and minimum RPA diameter were normalized to body weight (MPA_N, RPAmax_N, and RPAmin_N). The MPA was also indexed to the ascending aorta (MPA/AO), while the RPA size was indexed to the aortic annulus (RPAmax/Aod and RPAmin/Aod). The right pulmonary artery distensibility index (RPADi) was also calculated. The diagnostic accuracy of PA parameters for PH was assessed through the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and area under the curve (AUC). Measurement variability was assessed trough the coefficient of variation (CV).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The RPADi, RPAmin_N, and RPAmin/Aod showed similar diagnostic accuracy for the detection of PH (AUC = 0.975, AUC = 0.971, and AUC = 0.953, respectively), higher than MPA/AO (AUC = 0.926), MPA_N (AUC = 0.880), RPAmax_N (AUC = 0.814), and RPAmax/Aod (AUC = 0.803; <i>P</i> < .05). Aside from RPAmax variables, no differences were found between precapillary and postcapillary PH. RPA size parameters showed lower CVs in comparison to MPA/AO and RPADi.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although MPA/AO showed an excellent sensitivity and specificity for the detection of PH, the RPAmin exhibited a higher diagnostic accuracy and less measurement variability, thus could represent a new useful parameter for the detection of PH in dogs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11755767/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143024039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jocelyn Mott, Arnon Gal, Antonio Maria Tardo, Alisa Berg, Riley Claude, Alexis Hoelmer, Mei Lun Mui, Avin Arjoonsingh, Chen Gilor
Background
The advantages of insulin degludec 100 U/mL (IDeg100) in the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) include consistent release, predictable glucose-lowering effect, and minimal day-to-day variability.
Hypothesis/Objectives
To describe the use of IDeg100 in dogs with DM, level of diabetic control and adverse effects.
Animals
Thirty-three client-owned dogs with DM.
Methods
A prospective, multi-institutional, uncontrolled study of newly diagnosed or previously insulin-treated, with or without comorbidities and with or without concurrent medications. Clinical signs and continuous glucose monitoring data were monitored and guided insulin dose adjustments. A per-protocol analysis was performed.
Results
The final dose of IDeg100 in dogs was 1.3 U/kg (median, range, 0.4-2.2) achieved in 14 days (median, range, 3-32). Seventy-nine percent (26/33) of the dogs had comorbidities with 42% (11/26) having more than 1 comorbidity. Sixty-four percent (21/33) of dogs were receiving concurrent medications with 62% (13/21) receiving more than 1 non-insulin medication. Seventy-six percent (25/33) were scored as having excellent/very good DM control. From baseline to study exit, dogs showed improvements in both ALIVE DM clinical score (from 3 [0-8, 96.49% CI (2-5)] to 1 [0-7, 96.49% CI (1-2)]; P = .0007) and average 3-day interstitial glucose (from 332.8 ± 68.7 mg/dL, 95% CI [308.8-357.2] to 229.0 ± 56.3 mg/dL [CI 209.0 - 248.9]; P < .0001).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Insulin degludec 100 U/mL is effective for the treatment of dogs with DM. Eighty-four percent (28/33) of dogs responded to once daily dose of IDeg100 with low frequency of clinical hypoglycemia.
{"title":"Insulin degludec 100 U/mL for treatment of spontaneous diabetes mellitus in dogs","authors":"Jocelyn Mott, Arnon Gal, Antonio Maria Tardo, Alisa Berg, Riley Claude, Alexis Hoelmer, Mei Lun Mui, Avin Arjoonsingh, Chen Gilor","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17303","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17303","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The advantages of insulin degludec 100 U/mL (IDeg100) in the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) include consistent release, predictable glucose-lowering effect, and minimal day-to-day variability.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Hypothesis/Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To describe the use of IDeg100 in dogs with DM, level of diabetic control and adverse effects.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Thirty-three client-owned dogs with DM.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A prospective, multi-institutional, uncontrolled study of newly diagnosed or previously insulin-treated, with or without comorbidities and with or without concurrent medications. Clinical signs and continuous glucose monitoring data were monitored and guided insulin dose adjustments. A per-protocol analysis was performed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The final dose of IDeg100 in dogs was 1.3 U/kg (median, range, 0.4-2.2) achieved in 14 days (median, range, 3-32). Seventy-nine percent (26/33) of the dogs had comorbidities with 42% (11/26) having more than 1 comorbidity. Sixty-four percent (21/33) of dogs were receiving concurrent medications with 62% (13/21) receiving more than 1 non-insulin medication. Seventy-six percent (25/33) were scored as having excellent/very good DM control. From baseline to study exit, dogs showed improvements in both ALIVE DM clinical score (from 3 [0-8, 96.49% CI (2-5)] to 1 [0-7, 96.49% CI (1-2)]; <i>P</i> = .0007) and average 3-day interstitial glucose (from 332.8 ± 68.7 mg/dL, 95% CI [308.8-357.2] to 229.0 ± 56.3 mg/dL [CI 209.0 - 248.9]; <i>P</i> < .0001).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Insulin degludec 100 U/mL is effective for the treatment of dogs with DM. Eighty-four percent (28/33) of dogs responded to once daily dose of IDeg100 with low frequency of clinical hypoglycemia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11754072/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143023968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The European College of Equine Internal Medicine (ECEIM) Congress and the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine (JVIM) are not responsible for the content or dosage recommendations in the abstracts. The abstracts are not peer-reviewed before publication. The opinions expressed in the abstracts are those of the author(s) and may not represent the views or position of the ECEIM. The authors are solely responsible for the content of the abstracts.
Oral Presentation
Friday 15 November 2024, 11.30-11.45
Poster Presentation 1
{"title":"17th European College of Equine Internal Medicine (ECEIM) Congress Copenhagen, Denmark 14-16 November 2024","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17292","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17292","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>The European College of Equine Internal Medicine (ECEIM) Congress and the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine (JVIM) are not responsible for the content or dosage recommendations in the abstracts. The abstracts are not peer-reviewed before publication. The opinions expressed in the abstracts are those of the author(s) and may not represent the views or position of the ECEIM. The authors are solely responsible for the content of the abstracts</i>.</p><p><b>Oral Presentation</b></p><p>Friday 15 November 2024, 11.30-11.45</p><p><b>Poster Presentation 1</b></p>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11748567/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143007243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is frequently diagnosed in small breed dogs. Pimobendan oral solution has been developed to improve dosing accuracy in small and toy breed dogs.
Hypothesis/Objectives
Demonstrate bioequivalence of pimobendan oral solution with pimobendan chewable tablets using a pharmacokinetic and a pharmacodynamic study in healthy purpose bred dogs.
Animals
In the pharmacokinetic study, 24 beagle dogs were dosed in a 4-period crossover design. In the pharmacodynamic study, 4 mongrel and 2 beagle dogs implanted with telemetry probes were included in a 2-way crossover design.
Methods
Both studies were designed as prospective, randomized crossover trials. Dogs were given single doses of 5 mg/dog of either formulation followed by serial blood sampling for determination of pimobendan and O-desmethyl-pimobendan (ODMP; main metabolite). Because of high variability in the pharmacokinetics, the reference scaled average bioequivalence (RSABE) method was applied. For the pharmacodynamic study, animals were dosed with 0.25 mg/kg of either formulation. Baseline corrected left ventricular maximal pressure (LVdP/dtmax) and heart rate were recorded continuously and compared with a predefined bioequivalence threshold.
Results
Pimobendan was verified as a high variability drug. Based on the RSABE method, both formulations were bioequivalent. Pharmacodynamic results supported bioequivalence.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
The novel oral solution of pimobendan was found to be bioequivalent, both applying the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) supported RSABE method and based on pharmacodynamic data. Thus, the novel liquid formulation can be used to facilitate accurate dosing of small and toy breed dogs.
{"title":"Pimobendan oral solution is bioequivalent to pimobendan chewable tablets in beagle dogs","authors":"Olaf Kuhlmann, Michael Markert","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17248","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17248","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is frequently diagnosed in small breed dogs. Pimobendan oral solution has been developed to improve dosing accuracy in small and toy breed dogs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Hypothesis/Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Demonstrate bioequivalence of pimobendan oral solution with pimobendan chewable tablets using a pharmacokinetic and a pharmacodynamic study in healthy purpose bred dogs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the pharmacokinetic study, 24 beagle dogs were dosed in a 4-period crossover design. In the pharmacodynamic study, 4 mongrel and 2 beagle dogs implanted with telemetry probes were included in a 2-way crossover design.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Both studies were designed as prospective, randomized crossover trials. Dogs were given single doses of 5 mg/dog of either formulation followed by serial blood sampling for determination of pimobendan and O-desmethyl-pimobendan (ODMP; main metabolite). Because of high variability in the pharmacokinetics, the reference scaled average bioequivalence (RSABE) method was applied. For the pharmacodynamic study, animals were dosed with 0.25 mg/kg of either formulation. Baseline corrected left ventricular maximal pressure (LVdP/dt<sub>max</sub>) and heart rate were recorded continuously and compared with a predefined bioequivalence threshold.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Pimobendan was verified as a high variability drug. Based on the RSABE method, both formulations were bioequivalent. Pharmacodynamic results supported bioequivalence.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The novel oral solution of pimobendan was found to be bioequivalent, both applying the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) supported RSABE method and based on pharmacodynamic data. Thus, the novel liquid formulation can be used to facilitate accurate dosing of small and toy breed dogs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11747864/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143007308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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