Aran Nagendran, Julie A. Nettifee, Dani Carter, Karen R. Muñana
Background
Post-ictal (PI) clinical signs are a key defining stage of seizure manifestation in dogs. However, this phase remains poorly understood.
Objectives
To further characterize PI signs and their relation to other parts of a seizure, and understand the owner's perception of how PI signs affect the quality of life (QOL) of the dog.
Animals
Eight-seven dogs with a diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy from a single institution.
Methods
The prospective questionnaire-based study surveying owners of dogs previously and newly diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy.
Results
Post-ictal signs were identified in 79/87 dogs, 5/5 of dogs with focal seizures and 74/82 of dogs with generalized seizures. Median duration of PI signs was 30 minutes (range, 5-4320 minutes). The most common PI signs reported were disorientation (50/79) and wobbliness or clumsiness (49/79). Within a year, a change in PI signs was seen in 18/79 dogs. The administration of benzodiazepines was significantly associated with an increase in duration of PI signs (P = .04). Post-ictal signs had more impact on dogs' quality of life compared with ictal signs (P < .01). Groupings of co-existing PI signs identified included disorientation, blindness and deafness.
Conclusion
Post-ictal signs are a commonly reported aspect of seizures in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy, both in focal as well as generalized seizures. Co-existence of signs could provide some valuable insight into the relevance of this particular phase of a seizure. Owner-reported signs and documentation emphasize the need for a better understanding of PI signs in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy.
{"title":"Characterization of post-ictal clinical signs in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy: A questionnaire-based study","authors":"Aran Nagendran, Julie A. Nettifee, Dani Carter, Karen R. Muñana","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17302","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17302","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Post-ictal (PI) clinical signs are a key defining stage of seizure manifestation in dogs. However, this phase remains poorly understood.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To further characterize PI signs and their relation to other parts of a seizure, and understand the owner's perception of how PI signs affect the quality of life (QOL) of the dog.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Eight-seven dogs with a diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy from a single institution.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The prospective questionnaire-based study surveying owners of dogs previously and newly diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Post-ictal signs were identified in 79/87 dogs, 5/5 of dogs with focal seizures and 74/82 of dogs with generalized seizures. Median duration of PI signs was 30 minutes (range, 5-4320 minutes). The most common PI signs reported were disorientation (50/79) and wobbliness or clumsiness (49/79). Within a year, a change in PI signs was seen in 18/79 dogs. The administration of benzodiazepines was significantly associated with an increase in duration of PI signs (<i>P</i> = .04). Post-ictal signs had more impact on dogs' quality of life compared with ictal signs (<i>P</i> < .01). Groupings of co-existing PI signs identified included disorientation, blindness and deafness.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Post-ictal signs are a commonly reported aspect of seizures in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy, both in focal as well as generalized seizures. Co-existence of signs could provide some valuable insight into the relevance of this particular phase of a seizure. Owner-reported signs and documentation emphasize the need for a better understanding of PI signs in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11744365/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143007158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Weihow Hsue, Cortney E. Pelzek, Samantha Siess, Benjamin A. Terhaar, Shana B. Mintz, Romain Pariaut
Background
Left ventricular (LV) volumes can be calculated from various linear, monoplane, and multiplane echocardiographic methods, and the same method can be applied to different imaging views. However, these methods and their variations have not been comprehensively evaluated against real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography (RT3D).
Hypothesis/Objectives
To identify the LV volumetric approaches that produce the least bias and the best agreement with RT3D, and to assess interoperator reproducibility between an experienced and an inexperienced operator.
Animals
Fifty-nine client-owned dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (38 Stage B1, 13 Stage B2, 8 Stages C/D) received echocardiograms, with a subset of 28 dogs (14 Stage B1, 10 Stage B2, 4 Stages C/D) imaged by 2 operators.
Methods
Prospective method comparison study. Body weight-indexed end-diastolic and end-systolic LV volumes using linear methods in long- and short-axis views (Teichholz, cube, modified cube), monoplane methods in right parasternal and left apical views (area-length and Simpson's method of discs), biplane Simpson's method of discs, and real-time triplane (RT3P) were compared against RT3D.
Results
The RT3P method exhibited no bias and demonstrated the highest agreement with RT3D. The linear methods showed significant bias and lower agreements for end-diastolic volumes, end-systolic volumes, or both. Volumes derived from different imaging views using the same method showed poor agreement. Both RT3P and RT3D methods demonstrated poor interoperator reproducibility.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Incorporating additional dimensions improves bias and agreement in LV volume quantification, but comprehensive clinical experience with RT3P and RT3D is needed to improve consistency across all operators.
{"title":"Effect of additional dimensions and views in the echocardiographic determination of 3-dimensional left ventricular volume in myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs","authors":"Weihow Hsue, Cortney E. Pelzek, Samantha Siess, Benjamin A. Terhaar, Shana B. Mintz, Romain Pariaut","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17300","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17300","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Left ventricular (LV) volumes can be calculated from various linear, monoplane, and multiplane echocardiographic methods, and the same method can be applied to different imaging views. However, these methods and their variations have not been comprehensively evaluated against real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography (RT3D).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Hypothesis/Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To identify the LV volumetric approaches that produce the least bias and the best agreement with RT3D, and to assess interoperator reproducibility between an experienced and an inexperienced operator.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fifty-nine client-owned dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (38 Stage B1, 13 Stage B2, 8 Stages C/D) received echocardiograms, with a subset of 28 dogs (14 Stage B1, 10 Stage B2, 4 Stages C/D) imaged by 2 operators.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prospective method comparison study. Body weight-indexed end-diastolic and end-systolic LV volumes using linear methods in long- and short-axis views (Teichholz, cube, modified cube), monoplane methods in right parasternal and left apical views (area-length and Simpson's method of discs), biplane Simpson's method of discs, and real-time triplane (RT3P) were compared against RT3D.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The RT3P method exhibited no bias and demonstrated the highest agreement with RT3D. The linear methods showed significant bias and lower agreements for end-diastolic volumes, end-systolic volumes, or both. Volumes derived from different imaging views using the same method showed poor agreement. Both RT3P and RT3D methods demonstrated poor interoperator reproducibility.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Incorporating additional dimensions improves bias and agreement in LV volume quantification, but comprehensive clinical experience with RT3P and RT3D is needed to improve consistency across all operators.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11760142/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142965525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Megan Lin, Christopher X. Hong, Mark Rishniw, Emma S. Davies, Jonathan H. Wood
Background
Clinical characteristics of cervical hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion (HNPE) in dogs compared to other causes of cervical myelopathy are not well described.
Hypothesis/Objectives
To evaluate for clinical characteristics and mechanical ventilation likelihood associated with HNPE compared to other causes of cervical myelopathy.
Animals
Three hundred seventy-seven client-owned dogs from 2010 to 2022. Cases included 46 HNPE, 192 IVDE (intervertebral disc extrusion), 30 FCEM (fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy), 66 CSM (cervical spondylomyelopathy), and 43 neoplasia.
Methods
Retrospective study with record review and bivariate analyses. Dogs with signs of cervical myelopathy and an MRI diagnosis of HNPE, IVDE, FCEM, CSM, or neoplasia were included.
Results
When compared to dogs with other cervical myelopathies, dogs with HNPE were more likely to be older and of lower weight (median age 10 vs 8 years, P < .001; median weight 9.1 vs 20.2 kg, P < .001), be nonambulatory (89% vs 54%, P < .001), have signs of central cord syndrome (35% vs 16%, P = .002), and have nonlateralizing signs of myelopathy (65% vs 48%, P = .029). When compared to dogs with IVDE, dogs with HNPE were more likely to present with lower pain scores (30% vs 15% nonpainful, P = .002), and require mechanical ventilation (4/46 HNPE, 2/192 IVDE; odds ratio [OR] 9.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6-51.0).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Compared to dogs with other cervical myelopathies, dogs with HNPE have differences in clinical characteristics, presentation and likelihood of requiring mechanical ventilation. These differences are important to consider for case management.
{"title":"Clinical characteristics associated with cervical hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion in dogs","authors":"Megan Lin, Christopher X. Hong, Mark Rishniw, Emma S. Davies, Jonathan H. Wood","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17284","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17284","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Clinical characteristics of cervical hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion (HNPE) in dogs compared to other causes of cervical myelopathy are not well described.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Hypothesis/Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To evaluate for clinical characteristics and mechanical ventilation likelihood associated with HNPE compared to other causes of cervical myelopathy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Three hundred seventy-seven client-owned dogs from 2010 to 2022. Cases included 46 HNPE, 192 IVDE (intervertebral disc extrusion), 30 FCEM (fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy), 66 CSM (cervical spondylomyelopathy), and 43 neoplasia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Retrospective study with record review and bivariate analyses. Dogs with signs of cervical myelopathy and an MRI diagnosis of HNPE, IVDE, FCEM, CSM, or neoplasia were included.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>When compared to dogs with other cervical myelopathies, dogs with HNPE were more likely to be older and of lower weight (median age 10 vs 8 years, <i>P</i> < .001; median weight 9.1 vs 20.2 kg, <i>P</i> < .001), be nonambulatory (89% vs 54%, <i>P</i> < .001), have signs of central cord syndrome (35% vs 16%, <i>P</i> = .002), and have nonlateralizing signs of myelopathy (65% vs 48%, <i>P</i> = .029). When compared to dogs with IVDE, dogs with HNPE were more likely to present with lower pain scores (30% vs 15% nonpainful, <i>P</i> = .002), and require mechanical ventilation (4/46 HNPE, 2/192 IVDE; odds ratio [OR] 9.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6-51.0).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Compared to dogs with other cervical myelopathies, dogs with HNPE have differences in clinical characteristics, presentation and likelihood of requiring mechanical ventilation. These differences are important to consider for case management.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11724192/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143055898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thomas F. Odom, Christopher B. Riley, Jackie Benschop, Kate E. Hill
Background
Most veterinary literature examining medication compliance has described the phenomenon in dogs. The evidence available regarding factors affecting cat owner medication compliance is limited.
Objectives
Identify and describe factors associated with cat owners' noncompliance with veterinary recommendations for pet medications, as well as client-reported barriers and aids to administering medications prescribed by primary care veterinarians.
Subjects
Cat owners presenting their animals for veterinary examination and treatment.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey of cat owners' compliance with veterinary medication recommendations was performed from January 9, 2019, to July 18, 2020. A convenience sample of owners prescribed medication for their pets by veterinarians during or after elective veterinary examination was recruited to respond to questions regarding medication administration experience and compliance. Follow-up was obtained from owners to determine if the course of medication had been completed. Compliance data were analyzed descriptively, and logistic regression was performed.
Results
Medication noncompliance was recorded for 39% (26/66) of cat owners. A quarter (16/66) reported challenges in administering medication to their pets; the most commonly cited reason was a resistant pet. Oral administration of antibiotics was significantly associated with noncompliance (P = .01). Clients with limited pet ownership experience were less likely to be noncompliant (P = .04).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Clients' inability to medicate their cats PO may have implications for clinical outcomes and antimicrobial stewardship. Alternatives to direct PO administration of solid-form medications in cats should be considered. Demonstrating administration techniques to all clients may improve compliance and influence clinical outcome.
{"title":"Medication compliance by cat owners prescribed treatment for home administration","authors":"Thomas F. Odom, Christopher B. Riley, Jackie Benschop, Kate E. Hill","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17298","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17298","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Most veterinary literature examining medication compliance has described the phenomenon in dogs. The evidence available regarding factors affecting cat owner medication compliance is limited.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Identify and describe factors associated with cat owners' noncompliance with veterinary recommendations for pet medications, as well as client-reported barriers and aids to administering medications prescribed by primary care veterinarians.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Subjects</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cat owners presenting their animals for veterinary examination and treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A cross-sectional survey of cat owners' compliance with veterinary medication recommendations was performed from January 9, 2019, to July 18, 2020. A convenience sample of owners prescribed medication for their pets by veterinarians during or after elective veterinary examination was recruited to respond to questions regarding medication administration experience and compliance. Follow-up was obtained from owners to determine if the course of medication had been completed. Compliance data were analyzed descriptively, and logistic regression was performed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Medication noncompliance was recorded for 39% (26/66) of cat owners. A quarter (16/66) reported challenges in administering medication to their pets; the most commonly cited reason was a resistant pet. Oral administration of antibiotics was significantly associated with noncompliance (<i>P</i> = .01). Clients with limited pet ownership experience were less likely to be noncompliant (<i>P</i> = .04).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Clients' inability to medicate their cats PO may have implications for clinical outcomes and antimicrobial stewardship. Alternatives to direct PO administration of solid-form medications in cats should be considered. Demonstrating administration techniques to all clients may improve compliance and influence clinical outcome.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11724197/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142965538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Camille St-Jean, Allison Collier, Alex Zur Linden, Alexa Bersenas, Alice Defarges
Background
Videocapsule endoscopy (VCE) is a valuable tool for investigating gastrointestinal (GI) diseases in dogs. Its use is not recommended in dogs ≤4.3 kg, because of risks of GI endoscopic capsule (EC) retention and bowel obstruction.
Objectives
Describe the feasibility and complications of VCE in dogs ≤7 kg.
Animals
Twenty-six client-owned dogs.
Methods
Retrospective study describing the signalment, previous GI imaging, indications, findings, and complications of canine VCE studies submitted to Infiniti Medical between March 2020 and January 2023.
Results
The median weight and age of dogs was 5.6 kg (range, 3-7) and 8.8 years (range, 1-16), respectively. Two capsules were administered endoscopically into the duodenum (1) and stomach (1). Sixteen out of 26 (62%, 95% CI, 40.51-79.70) dogs that underwent VCE had incomplete studies. Of the 24 capsules administered per os, 15 led to incomplete studies (battery died in the stomach (14), EC was vomited (1)). Body weight <5 kg significantly increased the risk of an incomplete study (OR: 3.67, 95% CI, 1.56-inf, P = .0074). Median esophageal, gastric, and small bowel transit time were 5 seconds (range, 1-180), 240 minutes (range, 17-335), and 73.5 minutes (range, 5-168), respectively. All 10 dogs with overt GI bleeding had a possible origin identified with VCE. Complications were limited to vomiting (1/26, 3.85%, 95% CI, 0-11.20).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Videocapsule endoscopy is a safe and informative procedure even when performed in dogs as small as 3 kg. However, weighing <5 kg increases the risk of incomplete studies.
{"title":"Feasibility and complications of videocapsule endoscopy in dogs weighing 7 kg or less","authors":"Camille St-Jean, Allison Collier, Alex Zur Linden, Alexa Bersenas, Alice Defarges","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17286","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17286","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Videocapsule endoscopy (VCE) is a valuable tool for investigating gastrointestinal (GI) diseases in dogs. Its use is not recommended in dogs ≤4.3 kg, because of risks of GI endoscopic capsule (EC) retention and bowel obstruction.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Describe the feasibility and complications of VCE in dogs ≤7 kg.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twenty-six client-owned dogs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Retrospective study describing the signalment, previous GI imaging, indications, findings, and complications of canine VCE studies submitted to Infiniti Medical between March 2020 and January 2023.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The median weight and age of dogs was 5.6 kg (range, 3-7) and 8.8 years (range, 1-16), respectively. Two capsules were administered endoscopically into the duodenum (1) and stomach (1). Sixteen out of 26 (62%, 95% CI, 40.51-79.70) dogs that underwent VCE had incomplete studies. Of the 24 capsules administered per os, 15 led to incomplete studies (battery died in the stomach (14), EC was vomited (1)). Body weight <5 kg significantly increased the risk of an incomplete study (OR: 3.67, 95% CI, 1.56-inf, <i>P</i> = .0074). Median esophageal, gastric, and small bowel transit time were 5 seconds (range, 1-180), 240 minutes (range, 17-335), and 73.5 minutes (range, 5-168), respectively. All 10 dogs with overt GI bleeding had a possible origin identified with VCE. Complications were limited to vomiting (1/26, 3.85%, 95% CI, 0-11.20).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Videocapsule endoscopy is a safe and informative procedure even when performed in dogs as small as 3 kg. However, weighing <5 kg increases the risk of incomplete studies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11720729/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142950568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
María de la Cuesta-Torrado, Ana Velloso Alvarez, José Miguel Cárdenas-Rebollo, Patricia Neira-Egea, Valentina Vitale, Juan Cuervo-Arango
Background
Understanding of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) myeloencephalopathy (EHM) is complicated by disparities among studies.
Objective
Compare clinical findings and outcome in horses involved in 2 recent EHM outbreaks.
Animals
Twenty-five and 10 horses affected during 2 natural EHM outbreaks were admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital (VTH) in 2021 and 2023, respectively.
Methods
Data collected from the VTH and surveys completed by riders and horse owners were analyzed retrospectively.
Results
No risk factors associated with EHM development showed significant differences between the outbreaks; both outbreaks were caused by A2254/N752 strains. Treatments administered for EHM were not significantly different, whereas the duration was longer in 2021 for flunixin meglumine (P = .01) and dimethyl sulfoxide (P < .001). In 2021, more horses required hospitalization (P = .02), and fatality rate was 32%, whereas in 2023, no patient died. Hospitalization duration was longer in 2021 than in 2023 (P = .06) and 11.7% of horses from 2021 returned to competition within 6 months, whereas 100% in 2023 did (P < .001). Ataxia grade upon admission was equivalent in 2021 and 2023, but factors related to poor prognosis, such as simultaneous development of urinary and vascular complications, occurred in 2021 but not in 2023 (P = .01).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Two EHM outbreaks caused by the A2254/N752 strain differed in disease severity. Urinary complications and systemic signs of vasculitis were important clinical variables associated with prognosis. Systemic complications in horses with EHM lead to a worse prognosis.
{"title":"Comparison of clinical variables and outcome of 2 natural equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy outbreaks induced by equine herpesvirus-1 A2254/N752 strain in sport horses","authors":"María de la Cuesta-Torrado, Ana Velloso Alvarez, José Miguel Cárdenas-Rebollo, Patricia Neira-Egea, Valentina Vitale, Juan Cuervo-Arango","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17287","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17287","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Understanding of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) myeloencephalopathy (EHM) is complicated by disparities among studies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Compare clinical findings and outcome in horses involved in 2 recent EHM outbreaks.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twenty-five and 10 horses affected during 2 natural EHM outbreaks were admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital (VTH) in 2021 and 2023, respectively.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data collected from the VTH and surveys completed by riders and horse owners were analyzed retrospectively.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>No risk factors associated with EHM development showed significant differences between the outbreaks; both outbreaks were caused by A2254/N752 strains. Treatments administered for EHM were not significantly different, whereas the duration was longer in 2021 for flunixin meglumine (<i>P</i> = .01) and dimethyl sulfoxide (<i>P</i> < .001). In 2021, more horses required hospitalization (<i>P</i> = .02), and fatality rate was 32%, whereas in 2023, no patient died. Hospitalization duration was longer in 2021 than in 2023 (<i>P</i> = .06) and 11.7% of horses from 2021 returned to competition within 6 months, whereas 100% in 2023 did (<i>P</i> < .001). Ataxia grade upon admission was equivalent in 2021 and 2023, but factors related to poor prognosis, such as simultaneous development of urinary and vascular complications, occurred in 2021 but not in 2023 (<i>P</i> = .01).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Two EHM outbreaks caused by the A2254/N752 strain differed in disease severity. Urinary complications and systemic signs of vasculitis were important clinical variables associated with prognosis. Systemic complications in horses with EHM lead to a worse prognosis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11710857/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142950625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jorge Pérez-Accino, Mazdak Salavati, Laura Glendinning, Silke Salavati Schmitz
Background
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been advocated as a treatment for chronic enteropathy (CE) in dogs. However, so far only short-term clinical effects have been reported whereas the effect on the microbiota remains unexplored.
Hypothesis/Objectives
Assess if a single FMT enema can lead to clinical improvement in dogs with CE when accompanied by presumed favorable microbiota changes. The effect of glycerol as a cryopreservative when storing FMT preparations also was assessed.
Animals
Seven dogs with CE that received FMTs from 2 healthy donor dogs.
Materials and Methods
Six dogs received a single FMT, 1 dog received 3 consecutive FMTs. Canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI) and fecal samples were obtained before (Day 0), and 7, 30 and 90 days after FMT. Samples were stored with and without 10% glycerol. Sequencing of microbiota (16S rRNA, Illumina) was performed and compared by accepted analysis pipelines.
Results
Median CCECAI before FMT was 8 (range, 5-14), decreased to a median of 3 (range, 1-12) within 1 week and a median of 1 (range, 0-12) by Day 30 (P < .01), with an average duration of response of approximately 10 weeks. Significant variation in the donors' microbiota composition was observed across different donations. Recipient microbiota composition or diversity did not change over time. Glycerol addition was associated with a difference in microbiota composition (P ≤ .001).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
A single FMT can be considered an appropriate treatment in dogs with CE, but consistent microbiota changes were not observed.
{"title":"Effect of a single rectal fecal microbiota transplantation on clinical severity and fecal microbial communities in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy","authors":"Jorge Pérez-Accino, Mazdak Salavati, Laura Glendinning, Silke Salavati Schmitz","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17264","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17264","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been advocated as a treatment for chronic enteropathy (CE) in dogs. However, so far only short-term clinical effects have been reported whereas the effect on the microbiota remains unexplored.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Hypothesis/Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Assess if a single FMT enema can lead to clinical improvement in dogs with CE when accompanied by presumed favorable microbiota changes. The effect of glycerol as a cryopreservative when storing FMT preparations also was assessed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Seven dogs with CE that received FMTs from 2 healthy donor dogs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Six dogs received a single FMT, 1 dog received 3 consecutive FMTs. Canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI) and fecal samples were obtained before (Day 0), and 7, 30 and 90 days after FMT. Samples were stored with and without 10% glycerol. Sequencing of microbiota (16S rRNA, Illumina) was performed and compared by accepted analysis pipelines.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Median CCECAI before FMT was 8 (range, 5-14), decreased to a median of 3 (range, 1-12) within 1 week and a median of 1 (range, 0-12) by Day 30 (<i>P</i> < .01), with an average duration of response of approximately 10 weeks. Significant variation in the donors' microbiota composition was observed across different donations. Recipient microbiota composition or diversity did not change over time. Glycerol addition was associated with a difference in microbiota composition (<i>P</i> ≤ .001).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A single FMT can be considered an appropriate treatment in dogs with CE, but consistent microbiota changes were not observed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11710856/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142950563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nuttha Hengtrakul, Eva Furrow, Michael Borofsky, Ferenc Toth, Jody P. Lulich
Background
Nephrocalcinosis is a common pathological finding in cats with chronic kidney disease and nephrolithiasis. Understanding its pathogenesis may identify future therapeutic targets.
Hypothesis
Nephrocalcinosis is associated with expression of an osteogenic phenotype.
Animals
Kidneys with medullary mineralization were obtained from 18 cats (10 with and 8 without nephroliths) undergoing necropsy.
Methods
Cross-sectional study. Microradiography and histopathology (modified von Kossa stain) were used to confirm parenchymal mineralization. Immunohistochemistry for 5 osteogenic markers was performed to determine their co-localization with nephrocalcinosis. The proportion of kidneys with stronger immunointensity in mineralized versus non-mineralized regions was analyzed using 1-tailed sign tests. The proportion of kidneys with co-localization of nephrocalcinosis and each marker was compared between kidneys with and without nephroliths using Fisher's exact tests.
Results
Nephrocalcinosis co-localized with osteopontin immunoreactivity in all 18 cats (100%) and with osteocalcin in 12 cats (67%). Both osteogenic markers had stronger immunointensity in mineralized regions compared with non-mineralized regions. Limited co-localization was observed with other markers: bone morphogenic protein-2 in 2 kidneys (both with nephroliths) and tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase in 1 kidney (without nephroliths); runt-related transcription factor-2 was undetected. No statistically significant differences were found in the co-localization of nephrocalcinosis with osteogenic proteins between kidneys with and without nephroliths.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Expression of osteogenic proteins in areas of nephrocalcinosis indicates that nephrocalcinosis is associated with the development of an osteogenic phenotype. Targeting these processes could offer a novel approach to prevent nephrolithiasis at its origin.
{"title":"Expression of osteogenic proteins in kidneys of cats with nephrocalcinosis","authors":"Nuttha Hengtrakul, Eva Furrow, Michael Borofsky, Ferenc Toth, Jody P. Lulich","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17278","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17278","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nephrocalcinosis is a common pathological finding in cats with chronic kidney disease and nephrolithiasis. Understanding its pathogenesis may identify future therapeutic targets.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Hypothesis</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nephrocalcinosis is associated with expression of an osteogenic phenotype.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Kidneys with medullary mineralization were obtained from 18 cats (10 with and 8 without nephroliths) undergoing necropsy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cross-sectional study. Microradiography and histopathology (modified von Kossa stain) were used to confirm parenchymal mineralization. Immunohistochemistry for 5 osteogenic markers was performed to determine their co-localization with nephrocalcinosis. The proportion of kidneys with stronger immunointensity in mineralized versus non-mineralized regions was analyzed using 1-tailed sign tests. The proportion of kidneys with co-localization of nephrocalcinosis and each marker was compared between kidneys with and without nephroliths using Fisher's exact tests.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nephrocalcinosis co-localized with osteopontin immunoreactivity in all 18 cats (100%) and with osteocalcin in 12 cats (67%). Both osteogenic markers had stronger immunointensity in mineralized regions compared with non-mineralized regions. Limited co-localization was observed with other markers: bone morphogenic protein-2 in 2 kidneys (both with nephroliths) and tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase in 1 kidney (without nephroliths); runt-related transcription factor-2 was undetected. No statistically significant differences were found in the co-localization of nephrocalcinosis with osteogenic proteins between kidneys with and without nephroliths.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Expression of osteogenic proteins in areas of nephrocalcinosis indicates that nephrocalcinosis is associated with the development of an osteogenic phenotype. Targeting these processes could offer a novel approach to prevent nephrolithiasis at its origin.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11702495/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142931801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jessica Milne, Sophie Ekkebus, Daniel Thompson, Robert Brash
Background
Approximately 80% of nasal masses in dogs and 91% of nasal masses in cats are reported to be malignant, but the currently reported diagnostic rate of neoplasia is 54% using blind or rhinoscopic biopsy techniques.
Hypothesis/Objectives
Describe the technique of computed tomography (CT)-guided Tru-Cut (Tru-Cut biopsy needle, Merit Medical Systems, Utah, USA) nasal biopsies in cats and dogs to determine the diagnostic rate of neoplasia on the first round of sampling and to evaluate the safety of the technique.
Animals
Thirty client-owned animals, 16 dogs and 14 cats, that had CT-guided nasal biopsies performed to investigate nasal masses.
Methods
Retrospective, single-center, medical record review of 16 dogs and 14 cats that had CT-guided nasal biopsies performed between 2022 and 2024.
Results
Diagnostic biopsy samples were acquired using CT-guided Tru-Cut sampling in 28/30 cases (93%). The diagnosis was considered clinically appropriate in 26/30 cases (87%): neoplasia in 24/30 cases (80%) and rhinitis in 2/30 cases (7%). Neoplasia was the final diagnosis in 14/16 dogs (88%) and 10/14 cats (71%).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Computed tomographic-guided Tru-Cut biopsies can result in a high first-round diagnosis of neoplasia in nasal masses in cats and dogs, without clinically relevant complications. This technique is a useful alternative method of sampling nasal masses that may be difficult to access via rhinoscopy.
{"title":"Retrospective evaluation of computed tomographic-guided Tru-Cut biopsies in 16 dogs and 14 cats with nasal cavity mass lesions","authors":"Jessica Milne, Sophie Ekkebus, Daniel Thompson, Robert Brash","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17296","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17296","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Approximately 80% of nasal masses in dogs and 91% of nasal masses in cats are reported to be malignant, but the currently reported diagnostic rate of neoplasia is 54% using blind or rhinoscopic biopsy techniques.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Hypothesis/Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Describe the technique of computed tomography (CT)-guided Tru-Cut (Tru-Cut biopsy needle, Merit Medical Systems, Utah, USA) nasal biopsies in cats and dogs to determine the diagnostic rate of neoplasia on the first round of sampling and to evaluate the safety of the technique.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Thirty client-owned animals, 16 dogs and 14 cats, that had CT-guided nasal biopsies performed to investigate nasal masses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Retrospective, single-center, medical record review of 16 dogs and 14 cats that had CT-guided nasal biopsies performed between 2022 and 2024.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Diagnostic biopsy samples were acquired using CT-guided Tru-Cut sampling in 28/30 cases (93%). The diagnosis was considered clinically appropriate in 26/30 cases (87%): neoplasia in 24/30 cases (80%) and rhinitis in 2/30 cases (7%). Neoplasia was the final diagnosis in 14/16 dogs (88%) and 10/14 cats (71%).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Computed tomographic-guided Tru-Cut biopsies can result in a high first-round diagnosis of neoplasia in nasal masses in cats and dogs, without clinically relevant complications. This technique is a useful alternative method of sampling nasal masses that may be difficult to access via rhinoscopy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11683400/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142909784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
João Miguel De Frias, Sofie F. M. Bhatti, George Nye, Rita Gonçalves, Tom Harcourt-Brown, Angela Fadda, Katia Marioni-Henry, Hannah Padley, Steven De Decker
Background
Spinal arachnoid diverticulum (SAD) is considered a rare disease in cats. Previous reports mainly classified SAD in cats as acquired.
Hypothesis/Objectives
The aim of this study was to describe the signalment, clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging findings, and outcome in a group of cats with SAD.
Animals
Twenty-one client-owned cats.
Methods
Multicenter observational retrospective review of the medical records of cats diagnosed with SAD by magnetic resonance imaging.
Results
Most cats were Domestic Short Hair (67%), male (63%), and had a wide range of ages (18 weeks to 13 years old). Neuroanatomical localization was consistent with a T3-L3 myelopathy in 18 cats (86%) and C1-C5 myelopathy in 3 cats (14%). One cat with a C1-C5 myelopathy demonstrated bilateral vestibular clinical signs. One cat (5%) had fecal incontinence. Most cats demonstrated a chronic, progressive, nonlateralized, nonpainful myelopathy. No underlying previous or concurrent spinal condition was found in 48% of the cats. No difference in age, body weight, breed, sex, treatment, or outcome was found between cats with or without a concurrent spinal disorder. One cat was euthanized after diagnosis. Six cats improved, 1 deteriorated and 1 remained static after surgery, whereas 3 cats improved, 5 deteriorated and 4 remained static after medical management on the short-term outcome. Overall, 73% (8/11) of the cats deteriorated on available long-term follow-up information.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Spinal arachnoid diverticulum should be considered for cats with chronic, progressive, symmetrical, nonpainful myelopathy, particularly if male and with a history of spinal disease or surgery.
{"title":"Spinal arachnoid diverticula in cats: Clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging findings, treatment, and outcome","authors":"João Miguel De Frias, Sofie F. M. Bhatti, George Nye, Rita Gonçalves, Tom Harcourt-Brown, Angela Fadda, Katia Marioni-Henry, Hannah Padley, Steven De Decker","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17294","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17294","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Spinal arachnoid diverticulum (SAD) is considered a rare disease in cats. Previous reports mainly classified SAD in cats as acquired.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Hypothesis/Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The aim of this study was to describe the signalment, clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging findings, and outcome in a group of cats with SAD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twenty-one client-owned cats.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Multicenter observational retrospective review of the medical records of cats diagnosed with SAD by magnetic resonance imaging.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Most cats were Domestic Short Hair (67%), male (63%), and had a wide range of ages (18 weeks to 13 years old). Neuroanatomical localization was consistent with a T3-L3 myelopathy in 18 cats (86%) and C1-C5 myelopathy in 3 cats (14%). One cat with a C1-C5 myelopathy demonstrated bilateral vestibular clinical signs. One cat (5%) had fecal incontinence. Most cats demonstrated a chronic, progressive, nonlateralized, nonpainful myelopathy. No underlying previous or concurrent spinal condition was found in 48% of the cats. No difference in age, body weight, breed, sex, treatment, or outcome was found between cats with or without a concurrent spinal disorder. One cat was euthanized after diagnosis. Six cats improved, 1 deteriorated and 1 remained static after surgery, whereas 3 cats improved, 5 deteriorated and 4 remained static after medical management on the short-term outcome. Overall, 73% (8/11) of the cats deteriorated on available long-term follow-up information.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Spinal arachnoid diverticulum should be considered for cats with chronic, progressive, symmetrical, nonpainful myelopathy, particularly if male and with a history of spinal disease or surgery.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11683399/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142909786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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