Tommaso Davini, Carlotta Remelli, Chiara Mattei, Swan Specchi, Roberta Biserni, Marco Bernardini
A 5-year-old male golden retriever was presented after a subacute onset of left-sided Horner syndrome (HS). The dog had anisocoria with left-sided miosis, ptosis of the upper eyelid, and third eyelid protrusion in the left eye. Because of the absence of additional neurological abnormalities, clinical signs were suggestive of left isolated HS, and the lesion was localized at the level of either the preganglionic or postganglionic neuron of the sympathetic chain. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head and total body computed tomography (CT) identified marked narrowing and irregularity of the left internal carotid artery (ICA) in addition to loss of normal vessel flow-void and T1-weighted hyperintensity in the lumen of the left ICA. Except for these abnormalities, MRI and CT results were normal. These findings were suggestive of left internal carotid artery dissection (ICAD), suggesting that ICAD should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis of HS in dogs.
{"title":"Horner Syndrome Secondary to Suspected Internal Carotid Artery Dissection in a Golden Retriever","authors":"Tommaso Davini, Carlotta Remelli, Chiara Mattei, Swan Specchi, Roberta Biserni, Marco Bernardini","doi":"10.1111/jvim.70216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.70216","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A 5-year-old male golden retriever was presented after a subacute onset of left-sided Horner syndrome (HS). The dog had anisocoria with left-sided miosis, ptosis of the upper eyelid, and third eyelid protrusion in the left eye. Because of the absence of additional neurological abnormalities, clinical signs were suggestive of left isolated HS, and the lesion was localized at the level of either the preganglionic or postganglionic neuron of the sympathetic chain. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head and total body computed tomography (CT) identified marked narrowing and irregularity of the left internal carotid artery (ICA) in addition to loss of normal vessel flow-void and T1-weighted hyperintensity in the lumen of the left ICA. Except for these abnormalities, MRI and CT results were normal. These findings were suggestive of left internal carotid artery dissection (ICAD), suggesting that ICAD should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis of HS in dogs.</p>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.70216","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144909942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rebecca Flancman, Enrique Doster, Diego E. Gomez, Nicole Ricker, Paul S. Morley, J. Scott Weese
Background
Neonatal diarrhea accounts for 20%–25% of morbidity among calves, and antimicrobial drugs (AMDs) are often administered for treatment. Systematic approaches that mitigate antimicrobial use (AMU) can be effective in decreasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
Hypothesis/Objectives
To determine the effects of an algorithmic farm-based intervention that reduced AMU for diarrhea on the community structure of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) identified in the feces of healthy dairy calves.
Animals
Thirty-one fecal dairy calf samples collected at two timepoints and farms (N = 7–8 per sampling point) were used. Samples were obtained before AMU reductions and 12 months afterward.
Methods
Target-enriched shotgun sequencing was performed to characterize all ARGs in samples. Bioinformatics processing and statistical analysis were performed using the AMR++ pipeline, MEGARes AMR database, and R.
Results
Pre-intervention comparisons showed increased relative abundances (RA) consistent with the AMU on each farm. Intra-farm results showed that on Farm 1, there were significant increases in the RA of ARGs for tetracyclines (22.1%–27.4%, q = 0.02) and fluoroquinolones (0%–0.1%, q < 0.0001) in the Post period. On Farm 2, significant decreases were seen over time in the RA of ARGs for sulfonamides (9.6%–5.1%, q = 0.006) and fluoroquinolones (0.77%–0.12%, q = 0.004).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Despite similar reductions in AMU on both farms, implementing an antimicrobial stewardship algorithm was associated with differing effects on and changes to the fecal resistome.
{"title":"Enriched Shotgun Sequencing to Assess the Effects of Interventions to Reduce Antimicrobial Use in Neonatal Dairy Calves","authors":"Rebecca Flancman, Enrique Doster, Diego E. Gomez, Nicole Ricker, Paul S. Morley, J. Scott Weese","doi":"10.1111/jvim.70234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.70234","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Neonatal diarrhea accounts for 20%–25% of morbidity among calves, and antimicrobial drugs (AMDs) are often administered for treatment. Systematic approaches that mitigate antimicrobial use (AMU) can be effective in decreasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Hypothesis/Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To determine the effects of an algorithmic farm-based intervention that reduced AMU for diarrhea on the community structure of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) identified in the feces of healthy dairy calves.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Thirty-one fecal dairy calf samples collected at two timepoints and farms (<i>N</i> = 7–8 per sampling point) were used. Samples were obtained before AMU reductions and 12 months afterward.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Target-enriched shotgun sequencing was performed to characterize all ARGs in samples. Bioinformatics processing and statistical analysis were performed using the AMR++ pipeline, MEGARes AMR database, and R.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Pre-intervention comparisons showed increased relative abundances (RA) consistent with the AMU on each farm. Intra-farm results showed that on Farm 1, there were significant increases in the RA of ARGs for tetracyclines (22.1%–27.4%, <i>q</i> = 0.02) and fluoroquinolones (0%–0.1%, <i>q</i> < 0.0001) in the Post period. On Farm 2, significant decreases were seen over time in the RA of ARGs for sulfonamides (9.6%–5.1%, <i>q</i> = 0.006) and fluoroquinolones (0.77%–0.12%, <i>q</i> = 0.004).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Despite similar reductions in AMU on both farms, implementing an antimicrobial stewardship algorithm was associated with differing effects on and changes to the fecal resistome.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.70234","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144910505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Robert Ciardullo, Brittany E. Tagg, Elisabeth Nesta, Shana B. Mintz, Romain Pariaut, Weihow Hsue
Background
Determining right ventricular (RV) volume typically requires three-dimensional imaging due to its complex shape. The ellipsoid model offers a two-dimensional alternative, employing area- or linear-based formulas with further variations depending on the echocardiographic views used for measurements.
Hypothesis/Objectives
To identify which ellipsoid model variant best agrees with real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3D) as a reference standard and to assess within-day reproducibility.
Animals
Sixty-seven client-owned dogs (23 normal, 44 with right-sided heart diseases) underwent echocardiograms, with 20 normal dogs receiving a repeat examination.
Methods
Prospective method comparison study. Body weight-indexed end-diastolic (iEDV) and end-systolic volumes (iESV) were calculated across eight ellipsoid model variants. Agreement was assessed using concordance correlation coefficients (rc) and Bland–Altman analysis, while within-day reproducibility was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and reproducibility coefficients.
Results
The area- and linear-based variants using RV parameters from the left apical four-chamber view and perpendicular diameter from the right parasternal short-axis view (AEMA4C-RPS and LEMA4C-RPS, respectively) were the only methods to achieve moderate agreement with RT3D (rc > 0.90). The AEMA4C-RPS showed no significant systematic bias for iEDV (median of the differences [95% confidence interval]: 0.09 [0.00–0.13]), while LEMA4C-RPS exhibited no significant systematic bias for iEDV (0.03 [−0.02–0.08]) and iESV (0.04 [−0.01–0.12]), though biases increased at larger volumes. Both methods demonstrated good reproducibility (ICC > 0.75), with iESV reproducibility significantly greater than that of methods using RV parameters from the right parasternal long-axis four-chamber view.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
The AEMA4C-RPS and LEMA4C-RPS offer practical RV volume estimates.
{"title":"Comparing Two-Dimensional Ellipsoid Model Variants in Estimating Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Right Ventricular Volume in Dogs","authors":"Robert Ciardullo, Brittany E. Tagg, Elisabeth Nesta, Shana B. Mintz, Romain Pariaut, Weihow Hsue","doi":"10.1111/jvim.70232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.70232","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Determining right ventricular (RV) volume typically requires three-dimensional imaging due to its complex shape. The ellipsoid model offers a two-dimensional alternative, employing area- or linear-based formulas with further variations depending on the echocardiographic views used for measurements.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Hypothesis/Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To identify which ellipsoid model variant best agrees with real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3D) as a reference standard and to assess within-day reproducibility.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sixty-seven client-owned dogs (23 normal, 44 with right-sided heart diseases) underwent echocardiograms, with 20 normal dogs receiving a repeat examination.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prospective method comparison study. Body weight-indexed end-diastolic (iEDV) and end-systolic volumes (iESV) were calculated across eight ellipsoid model variants. Agreement was assessed using concordance correlation coefficients (<i>r</i><sub>c</sub>) and Bland–Altman analysis, while within-day reproducibility was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and reproducibility coefficients.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The area- and linear-based variants using RV parameters from the left apical four-chamber view and perpendicular diameter from the right parasternal short-axis view (AEM<sub>A4C-RPS</sub> and LEM<sub>A4C-RPS</sub>, respectively) were the only methods to achieve moderate agreement with RT3D (<i>r</i><sub>c</sub> > 0.90). The AEM<sub>A4C-RPS</sub> showed no significant systematic bias for iEDV (median of the differences [95% confidence interval]: 0.09 [0.00–0.13]), while LEM<sub>A4C-RPS</sub> exhibited no significant systematic bias for iEDV (0.03 [−0.02–0.08]) and iESV (0.04 [−0.01–0.12]), though biases increased at larger volumes. Both methods demonstrated good reproducibility (ICC > 0.75), with iESV reproducibility significantly greater than that of methods using RV parameters from the right parasternal long-axis four-chamber view.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The AEM<sub>A4C-RPS</sub> and LEM<sub>A4C-RPS</sub> offer practical RV volume estimates.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.70232","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144910054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polyarthritis (PA) is an inflammatory joint disease, sometimes with vague clinical signs.
Hypothesis/Objective
Examine the occurrence of PA in dogs with increased plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations, gait-related clinical signs, or both, and characterize the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory findings in dogs with PA.
Animals
Eighty-one dogs with increased plasma CRP concentrations, gait-related clinical signs, or both.
Methods
Single institution, prospective study. The occurrence of PA was examined in dogs with increased plasma CRP concentrations, showing gait-related clinical signs, or both. Information such as breed, age at diagnosis, sex, body weight, clinical signs, laboratory results, clinical diagnosis, treatment, and therapeutic response was determined for dogs with and without PA.
Results
Of 81 dogs, 20 (25%) were diagnosed with PA, representing 11 breeds. Sex distribution was 10 males and 10 females, with a median body weight of 5.4 kg and a median age of 13.8 years at diagnosis. Half of the cases exhibited gait-related clinical signs. Thirteen dogs had reactive PA, seven had primary immune-mediated PA, and none had infectious causes. The PA group had higher serum total calcium concentrations than the non-PA group, and the recovery rate for PA was 90%.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Polyarthritis should be included in the differential diagnosis for all dogs with increased CRP concentrations, even those without gait-related clinical signs. Synovial fluid testing is indicated for dogs with high CRP concentrations, even after treatment for underlying diseases, particularly if they are only displaying vague clinical signs.
{"title":"Epidemiologic Insights on Polyarthritis in Dogs in Primary Care Populations","authors":"Momoko Narita, Takashi Hirano, Eiji Naito, Hiroto Taira, Shunya Yokota, Takanori Inden, Masashi Yuki","doi":"10.1111/jvim.70213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.70213","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Polyarthritis (PA) is an inflammatory joint disease, sometimes with vague clinical signs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Hypothesis/Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Examine the occurrence of PA in dogs with increased plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations, gait-related clinical signs, or both, and characterize the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory findings in dogs with PA.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Eighty-one dogs with increased plasma CRP concentrations, gait-related clinical signs, or both.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Single institution, prospective study. The occurrence of PA was examined in dogs with increased plasma CRP concentrations, showing gait-related clinical signs, or both. Information such as breed, age at diagnosis, sex, body weight, clinical signs, laboratory results, clinical diagnosis, treatment, and therapeutic response was determined for dogs with and without PA.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Of 81 dogs, 20 (25%) were diagnosed with PA, representing 11 breeds. Sex distribution was 10 males and 10 females, with a median body weight of 5.4 kg and a median age of 13.8 years at diagnosis. Half of the cases exhibited gait-related clinical signs. Thirteen dogs had reactive PA, seven had primary immune-mediated PA, and none had infectious causes. The PA group had higher serum total calcium concentrations than the non-PA group, and the recovery rate for PA was 90%.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Polyarthritis should be included in the differential diagnosis for all dogs with increased CRP concentrations, even those without gait-related clinical signs. Synovial fluid testing is indicated for dogs with high CRP concentrations, even after treatment for underlying diseases, particularly if they are only displaying vague clinical signs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.70213","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144910052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Long-term freezing storage can alter the stability of proteins, thereby compromising accurate determination of indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) titers that support the diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis.
Objective
Assess the effect of long-term storage at −80°C on IFAT against S. neurona and N. hughesi in equine serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Samples
Paired serum and CSF (n = 46), and serum only (n = 25) samples.
Methods
Prospective study of samples stored 6–12, 13–18, and 19–24 months. Comparing antibody titers across time points, McNemar and Wilcoxon rank tests were used for statistical analysis.
Results
After long-term freezing storage for 19–24 months, N. hughesi IFAT results for CSF were significantly different compared with their fresh-testing time point (p = 0.04), but a similar difference was not observed for serum samples. No statistical differences were observed for serum or CSF samples tested for S. neurona after 6–12, 13–18, or 19–24 months compared with their original fresh testing results. However, the serum to CSF ratio cutoff of ≤ 64 in support of disease changed in 41% (19 of 46) of paired samples.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Freezing samples at −80°C for more than 18 months might alter test results, leading to possible changes in serum to CSF ratio calculations and affecting the interpretation of results for clinical and research purposes.
{"title":"Effect of Long-Term Freezing on Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Titers for the Diagnosis of Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis","authors":"Claudia Valderrama-Martinez, Andrea Packham, Woutrina Smith, Jorge Eduardo Mendoza-Flores, Shichen Zheng, Munashe Chigerwe, Magdalena Plancarte, Monica Aleman","doi":"10.1111/jvim.70225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.70225","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Long-term freezing storage can alter the stability of proteins, thereby compromising accurate determination of indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) titers that support the diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Assess the effect of long-term storage at −80°C on IFAT against <i>S. neurona</i> and <i>N. hughesi</i> in equine serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Samples</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Paired serum and CSF (<i>n</i> = 46), and serum only (<i>n</i> = 25) samples.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prospective study of samples stored 6–12, 13–18, and 19–24 months. Comparing antibody titers across time points, McNemar and Wilcoxon rank tests were used for statistical analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>After long-term freezing storage for 19–24 months, <i>N. hughesi</i> IFAT results for CSF were significantly different compared with their fresh-testing time point (<i>p</i> = 0.04), but a similar difference was not observed for serum samples. No statistical differences were observed for serum or CSF samples tested for <i>S. neurona</i> after 6–12, 13–18, or 19–24 months compared with their original fresh testing results. However, the serum to CSF ratio cutoff of ≤ 64 in support of disease changed in 41% (19 of 46) of paired samples.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Freezing samples at −80°C for more than 18 months might alter test results, leading to possible changes in serum to CSF ratio calculations and affecting the interpretation of results for clinical and research purposes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.70225","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144910239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tommaso Vezzosi, Giovanni Grosso, Liva Vatne, Francesco Porciello, Elena Dall'Aglio, Carlo Guglielmini, Helena Broch, Dave Dickson, Marta Croce, Valentina Patata, Federica Marchesotti, Rosalba Tognetti, Mark Rishniw, Oriol Domenech
Background
Outcome-based cardiac risk stratification schemes are lacking for preclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). The Mitral INsufficiency Echocardiographic (MINE) score was developed as an easy-to-use severity classification of MMVD.
Hypothesis/Objectives
The primary aim was to verify the efficacy of the MINE score in stratifying the cardiac risk in preclinical MMVD. Secondary aims were to evaluate a simplification of the original score and propose a definition of “advanced B2”.
Animals
Seven hundred forty-nine dogs with preclinical MMVD.
Methods
Retrospective, multicenter, cohort study. Clinical usefulness of the MINE score was tested by evaluating its association with median time to cardiac event. The Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate the echocardiographic independent predictors of cardiac endpoint. Long-term outcome was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier curves and log-rank test.
Results
Based on multivariate analysis, a simplified version of the MINE score was redefined including only the left atrium-to-aorta ratio, the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, and the E-wave velocity. Mild cases had longer median time to cardiac event [2604 days, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2344–2604 days] in comparison to moderate (1216 days, 95% CI 998–1882 days) and severe cases (718 days, 95% CI 599–980 days; p < 0.001). Among stage B2, severe cases had shorter median time to cardiac event (718 days, 95% CI 599–980 days) in comparison to moderate (1141 days, 95% CI 980–1725 days) and mild cases (not available; p < 0.001).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
For this study cohort, the simplified version of the MINE score was clinically effective for risk stratification of preclinical MMVD. Dogs in stage B2 classified as “severe” can be defined “advanced” B2.
临床前二尖瓣黏液瘤病（MMVD）缺乏基于结果的心脏风险分层方案。二尖瓣功能不全超声心动图（MINE）评分是一种易于使用的MMVD严重程度分级方法。假设/目的本研究的主要目的是验证MINE评分对临床前MMVD患者心脏风险分层的有效性。次要目的是评估原始分数的简化，并提出“高级B2”的定义。749只患有临床前MMVD的狗。方法回顾性、多中心、队列研究。通过评估MINE评分与发生心脏事件的中位时间的相关性来检验其临床实用性。采用Cox比例风险回归评价超声心动图独立的心脏终点预测因子。采用Kaplan-Meier曲线和log-rank检验分析远期疗效。结果基于多变量分析，重新定义了MINE评分的简化版本，仅包括左心房与主动脉比值、左心室舒张末期内径和e波速度。与中度患者（1216天，95% CI 998-1882天）和重度患者（718天，95% CI 599-980天；p < 0.001）相比，轻度患者发生心脏事件的中位时间更长[2604天，95%可信区间（CI） 2344-2604天]。在B2期患者中，重度患者发生心脏事件的中位时间（718天，95% CI 599-980天）短于中度患者（1141天，95% CI 980-1725天）和轻度患者（p < 0.001）。结论和临床意义在本研究队列中，简化版MINE评分在临床前MMVD风险分层中是有效的。B2阶段的狗被分类为“严重”，可以定义为“高级”B2。
{"title":"Risk Stratification Using Mitral INsufficiency Echocardiographic Score 2 in Dogs With Preclinical Mitral Valve Disease","authors":"Tommaso Vezzosi, Giovanni Grosso, Liva Vatne, Francesco Porciello, Elena Dall'Aglio, Carlo Guglielmini, Helena Broch, Dave Dickson, Marta Croce, Valentina Patata, Federica Marchesotti, Rosalba Tognetti, Mark Rishniw, Oriol Domenech","doi":"10.1111/jvim.70215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.70215","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Outcome-based cardiac risk stratification schemes are lacking for preclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). The Mitral INsufficiency Echocardiographic (MINE) score was developed as an easy-to-use severity classification of MMVD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Hypothesis/Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The primary aim was to verify the efficacy of the MINE score in stratifying the cardiac risk in preclinical MMVD. Secondary aims were to evaluate a simplification of the original score and propose a definition of “advanced B2”.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Seven hundred forty-nine dogs with preclinical MMVD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Retrospective, multicenter, cohort study. Clinical usefulness of the MINE score was tested by evaluating its association with median time to cardiac event. The Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate the echocardiographic independent predictors of cardiac endpoint. Long-term outcome was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier curves and log-rank test.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Based on multivariate analysis, a simplified version of the MINE score was redefined including only the left atrium-to-aorta ratio, the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, and the E-wave velocity. Mild cases had longer median time to cardiac event [2604 days, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2344–2604 days] in comparison to moderate (1216 days, 95% CI 998–1882 days) and severe cases (718 days, 95% CI 599–980 days; <i>p</i> < 0.001). Among stage B2, severe cases had shorter median time to cardiac event (718 days, 95% CI 599–980 days) in comparison to moderate (1141 days, 95% CI 980–1725 days) and mild cases (not available; <i>p</i> < 0.001).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>For this study cohort, the simplified version of the MINE score was clinically effective for risk stratification of preclinical MMVD. Dogs in stage B2 classified as “severe” can be defined “advanced” B2.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.70215","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144910050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bianca G. Landfield, Elizabeth H. Appleman, Heather Daverio, Cassandra Guarino, Mary Elizabeth Moore, Gloria Gioia
A 5-year-old Basenji Mix achieved extended survival with treatment for disseminated protothecosis. The dog originally presented with iridal hyperemia and ocular ultrasonographic examination revealed a mass effect. Histopathology revealed ocular protothecosis and staging confirmed disseminated protothecosis. Treatment with itraconazole and amphotericin B (AmB) infusions resulted in remission. Four years later, restaging revealed recurrence of infection in colonic biopsy samples. An extended AmB protocol was restarted for a cumulative dose of 84 mg/kg and the dog received isavuconazole based on susceptibility testing. The dog was euthanized 4 years and 8 months after initial diagnosis due to decline of neurologic status. Necropsy confirmed the presence of disseminated protothecosis in multiple arteries, multiple lymph nodes, the pituitary gland, thyroid glands, kidneys, colon, cecum, right eyelid, right eye, heart, brain, and periosteum of one bone associated with the middle ear. This report documents the extended survival of a dog with widespread disseminated protothecosis after prolonged administration of AmB.
{"title":"Extended Survival in a Dog With Disseminated Protothecosis","authors":"Bianca G. Landfield, Elizabeth H. Appleman, Heather Daverio, Cassandra Guarino, Mary Elizabeth Moore, Gloria Gioia","doi":"10.1111/jvim.70231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.70231","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A 5-year-old Basenji Mix achieved extended survival with treatment for disseminated protothecosis. The dog originally presented with iridal hyperemia and ocular ultrasonographic examination revealed a mass effect. Histopathology revealed ocular protothecosis and staging confirmed disseminated protothecosis. Treatment with itraconazole and amphotericin B (AmB) infusions resulted in remission. Four years later, restaging revealed recurrence of infection in colonic biopsy samples. An extended AmB protocol was restarted for a cumulative dose of 84 mg/kg and the dog received isavuconazole based on susceptibility testing. The dog was euthanized 4 years and 8 months after initial diagnosis due to decline of neurologic status. Necropsy confirmed the presence of disseminated protothecosis in multiple arteries, multiple lymph nodes, the pituitary gland, thyroid glands, kidneys, colon, cecum, right eyelid, right eye, heart, brain, and periosteum of one bone associated with the middle ear. This report documents the extended survival of a dog with widespread disseminated protothecosis after prolonged administration of AmB.</p>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.70231","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144905517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pernilla Syrjä, Mathilda M. H. Ylenius, Matilda Kråkström, Alex M. Dickens, Elina Rautala, Anna Huupponen, Anders Eriksson, Sanna J. Viitanen
Cholesterol ester storage disease (CESD) is a rare genetic lysosomal storage disorder resulting from lower lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) activity. LAL is an essential enzyme required in intracellular lipid metabolism, and deficiency results in disability to properly break down and utilize lipids and in the accumulation of especially cholesterol esters in many organs such as the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. This case report describes clinical findings, LAL activity measurement, blood and liver tissue lipidomic changes, as well as pathological findings in two unrelated Field Spaniels with LAL deficiency and CESD.
{"title":"Cholesterol Ester Storage Disease in Two Field Spaniels With Lysosomal Acid Lipase Deficiency","authors":"Pernilla Syrjä, Mathilda M. H. Ylenius, Matilda Kråkström, Alex M. Dickens, Elina Rautala, Anna Huupponen, Anders Eriksson, Sanna J. Viitanen","doi":"10.1111/jvim.70223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.70223","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cholesterol ester storage disease (CESD) is a rare genetic lysosomal storage disorder resulting from lower lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) activity. LAL is an essential enzyme required in intracellular lipid metabolism, and deficiency results in disability to properly break down and utilize lipids and in the accumulation of especially cholesterol esters in many organs such as the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. This case report describes clinical findings, LAL activity measurement, blood and liver tissue lipidomic changes, as well as pathological findings in two unrelated Field Spaniels with LAL deficiency and CESD.</p>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.70223","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144905550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael J. Byron, Alison L. Parker, Stephen Parry, Yael Merbl
Background
Current diagnosis of brain disease in dogs is dependent on imaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, including total nucleated cell counts and albumin concentrations.
Hypothesis/Objectives
To determine whether multiplex cytokine/chemokine (Ct/Cm) analysis can differentiate among dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (MUE), idiopathic epilepsy (IE), and brain neoplasia.
Animals
Client owned dogs diagnosed with brain disease with MRI and CSF diagnostics. Groups included 18 dogs with a diagnosis of MUE, 21 dogs with IE, and 7 dogs with brain tumors.
Methods
A retrospective observational study; a multiplex immunoassay was utilized to measure CSF concentrations for the following: Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, and IL-18, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC)-like protein, IFN-γ-inducible protein-10 (IP-10), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α).
Results
Several Ct/Cm were detected only in MUE cases: GM-CSF (9/18), IFN-γ (13/18), IL-2 (8/18), IL-15 (4/18), and TNF-α (11/18). Other Ct/Cm concentrations were significantly higher in MUE cases (IL-8: median 101 pg/mL, range 144, p = 0.019; IL-18: median 3 pg/mL, range 0.52, p < 0.001; MCP-1: median 814 pg/mL, range 1319, p = 0.004; and IL-6: median 5 pg/mL, range 16, p < 0.001) compared to epilepsy and neoplasia.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
IFN-γ, TNF-α, GM-CSF, IL-2, and IL-15 might be specific markers of MUE in canine CSF and could be potentially useful biomarkers in the diagnosis of MUE.
{"title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine and Chemokine Analysis in Dogs With Meningoencephalitis of Unknown Origin or Idiopathic Epilepsy","authors":"Michael J. Byron, Alison L. Parker, Stephen Parry, Yael Merbl","doi":"10.1111/jvim.70229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.70229","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Current diagnosis of brain disease in dogs is dependent on imaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, including total nucleated cell counts and albumin concentrations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Hypothesis/Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To determine whether multiplex cytokine/chemokine (Ct/Cm) analysis can differentiate among dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (MUE), idiopathic epilepsy (IE), and brain neoplasia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Client owned dogs diagnosed with brain disease with MRI and CSF diagnostics. Groups included 18 dogs with a diagnosis of MUE, 21 dogs with IE, and 7 dogs with brain tumors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A retrospective observational study; a multiplex immunoassay was utilized to measure CSF concentrations for the following: Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, and IL-18, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC)-like protein, IFN-γ-inducible protein-10 (IP-10), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Several Ct/Cm were detected only in MUE cases: GM-CSF (9/18), IFN-γ (13/18), IL-2 (8/18), IL-15 (4/18), and TNF-α (11/18). Other Ct/Cm concentrations were significantly higher in MUE cases (IL-8: median 101 pg/mL, range 144, <i>p</i> = 0.019; IL-18: median 3 pg/mL, range 0.52, <i>p</i> < 0.001; MCP-1: median 814 pg/mL, range 1319, <i>p</i> = 0.004; and IL-6: median 5 pg/mL, range 16, <i>p</i> < 0.001) compared to epilepsy and neoplasia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>IFN-γ, TNF-α, GM-CSF, IL-2, and IL-15 might be specific markers of MUE in canine CSF and could be potentially useful biomarkers in the diagnosis of MUE.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.70229","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144905548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francesca Del Baldo, Andrea Corsini, Francesca Bresciani, Valeria Pergolese, Isabella Tirelli, Antonio Maria Tardo, Federico Fracassi
Background
Velagliflozin is a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor licensed for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) in cats, but its use in cats with hypersomatotropism is not described.
Hypothesis/Objectives
To describe the use of velagliflozin in cats with DM and hypersomatotropism.
Animals
Eight client-owned cats with DM and hypersomatotropism treated with velagliflozin.
Methods
Retrospective multicentric case series. Clinical data, including diabetic clinical score, insulin dose, and continuous glucose monitoring-derived metrics were compared between the last follow-up before velagliflozin introduction (T0) and the first (T1) and last (T2) follow-ups after velagliflozin introduction.
Results
Diabetic clinical score improved in 6/8 cats after velagliflozin initiation. Median daily insulin dose decreased from 1.9 U/kg (range 0.8–7.1) at T0 to 0.5 U/kg (0–2.3) at T1 (median difference [MD] = −1.2 U/kg; 95% CI: −5.2 to 0.5; p = 0.02). Mean glucose was lower both at T1 (207 mg/dL, 96–326) and T2 (273 mg/dL, 155–350) than at T0 (435 mg/dL, 298–477; MD = −177 mg/dL, 95% CI: −238 to −92, p = 0.008 and MD = −113 mg/dL, 95% CI: −280 to −18, p = 0.03, respectively). Percentage of time in range was higher at T1 (71%, 21–98) and T2 (41%, 14–100) than at T0 (3%, 0–32; MD = 61%, 95% CI: 21 to 80, p = 0.008 and MD = 34%, 95% CI: 2 to 98, p = 0.03, respectively). Velagliflozin allowed for insulin discontinuation in two cats. One cat developed diabetic ketoacidosis on day 143, and one cat had acute kidney injury.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Velagliflozin improved diabetic control in cats with DM and hypersomatotropism, either in combination with insulin or as monotherapy.
{"title":"Effects of Velagliflozin in 8 Cats With Diabetes Mellitus and Hypersomatotropism","authors":"Francesca Del Baldo, Andrea Corsini, Francesca Bresciani, Valeria Pergolese, Isabella Tirelli, Antonio Maria Tardo, Federico Fracassi","doi":"10.1111/jvim.70222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.70222","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Velagliflozin is a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor licensed for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) in cats, but its use in cats with hypersomatotropism is not described.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Hypothesis/Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To describe the use of velagliflozin in cats with DM and hypersomatotropism.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Eight client-owned cats with DM and hypersomatotropism treated with velagliflozin.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Retrospective multicentric case series. Clinical data, including diabetic clinical score, insulin dose, and continuous glucose monitoring-derived metrics were compared between the last follow-up before velagliflozin introduction (T0) and the first (T1) and last (T2) follow-ups after velagliflozin introduction.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Diabetic clinical score improved in 6/8 cats after velagliflozin initiation. Median daily insulin dose decreased from 1.9 U/kg (range 0.8–7.1) at T0 to 0.5 U/kg (0–2.3) at T1 (median difference [MD] = −1.2 U/kg; 95% CI: −5.2 to 0.5; <i>p</i> = 0.02). Mean glucose was lower both at T1 (207 mg/dL, 96–326) and T2 (273 mg/dL, 155–350) than at T0 (435 mg/dL, 298–477; MD = −177 mg/dL, 95% CI: −238 to −92, <i>p</i> = 0.008 and MD = −113 mg/dL, 95% CI: −280 to −18, <i>p</i> = 0.03, respectively). Percentage of time in range was higher at T1 (71%, 21–98) and T2 (41%, 14–100) than at T0 (3%, 0–32; MD = 61%, 95% CI: 21 to 80, <i>p</i> = 0.008 and MD = 34%, 95% CI: 2 to 98, <i>p</i> = 0.03, respectively). Velagliflozin allowed for insulin discontinuation in two cats. One cat developed diabetic ketoacidosis on day 143, and one cat had acute kidney injury.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Velagliflozin improved diabetic control in cats with DM and hypersomatotropism, either in combination with insulin or as monotherapy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.70222","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144894424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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