The predictive value of intrarenal Doppler ultrasonography (IRD) analysis using pulsed-wave Doppler for survival in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) remains unknown.
Hypothesis/Objectives
Impaired IRD indices, such as a high venous impedance index (VII), are associated with a short survival time in dogs with MMVD.
Animals
Seventy-one client-owned dogs with MMVD.
Methods
Prospective cohort study. Dogs diagnosed with various stages of MMVD between July 2019 and February 2024 were enrolled. Echocardiography and an IRD analysis were performed. Resistance index and VII were estimated using the following formula: (maximum flow velocity—minimum flow velocity)/maximum flow velocity from renal interlobar arteries and veins, respectively. Intrarenal venous flow waveforms were categorized into continuous and discontinuous patterns. Discontinuous IRVF pattern is defined as a minimum velocity of 0. The primary endpoint was defined as a composite of cardiac- and renal-related death.
Results
During the follow-up period, 18 dogs met the primary endpoint. A multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis adjusted for the Mitral INsufficiency Echocardiographic score and plasma creatinine concentrations identified VII > 0.37 (hazard ratio, at least 4.62; 95% CI, 1.47–14.56) and discontinuous intrarenal venous pattern (hazard ratio, at least 3.62; 95% CI, 1.22–10.73) as an independent predictors of cardiac- and renal-related death. No association between resistance index and outcomes was observed in the multivariable analysis.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Worse outcomes in dogs with MMVD could be predicted by an intrarenal venous flow analysis.
{"title":"Prognostic Value of Intrarenal Venous Flow Analysis Using Pulsed-Wave Doppler","authors":"Tomoya Morita, Hiroki Terukina, Masahiro Yamasaki","doi":"10.1111/jvim.70260","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.70260","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The predictive value of intrarenal Doppler ultrasonography (IRD) analysis using pulsed-wave Doppler for survival in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) remains unknown.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Hypothesis/Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Impaired IRD indices, such as a high venous impedance index (VII), are associated with a short survival time in dogs with MMVD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Seventy-one client-owned dogs with MMVD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prospective cohort study. Dogs diagnosed with various stages of MMVD between July 2019 and February 2024 were enrolled. Echocardiography and an IRD analysis were performed. Resistance index and VII were estimated using the following formula: (maximum flow velocity—minimum flow velocity)/maximum flow velocity from renal interlobar arteries and veins, respectively. Intrarenal venous flow waveforms were categorized into continuous and discontinuous patterns. Discontinuous IRVF pattern is defined as a minimum velocity of 0. The primary endpoint was defined as a composite of cardiac- and renal-related death.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>During the follow-up period, 18 dogs met the primary endpoint. A multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis adjusted for the Mitral INsufficiency Echocardiographic score and plasma creatinine concentrations identified VII > 0.37 (hazard ratio, at least 4.62; 95% CI, 1.47–14.56) and discontinuous intrarenal venous pattern (hazard ratio, at least 3.62; 95% CI, 1.22–10.73) as an independent predictors of cardiac- and renal-related death. No association between resistance index and outcomes was observed in the multivariable analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Worse outcomes in dogs with MMVD could be predicted by an intrarenal venous flow analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.70260","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145212980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Cooper Brookshire, Larry Ballard, Anna Collinsgru, Josh Burnette, Khadija Ferdous, Joo You Park, Keun Seok Seo
Background
Effective treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in dogs and cats relies on timely recognition of antimicrobial resistance, but traditional microbiological culture and susceptibility testing require 48–72 h and can be cost-prohibitive.
Objective
To evaluate a novel, low-cost broth turbidity test for detecting ampicillin-resistant UTIs in dogs and cats compared to the gold standard microbiological methods.
Animals
One hundred sixty urine samples from 145 dogs and 15 cats at the Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine.
Methods
From September 2023 to February 2024, urine samples were tested using an ampicillin-supplemented Mueller–Hinton broth turbidity test and gold standard culture with Sensititre MIC plates. Sensitivity, specificity, Cohen's κ, and McNemar's test were calculated.
Results
The broth turbidity test showed 89.47% sensitivity (95% CI: 66.86%–98.72%) and 100% specificity (95% CI: 97.42%–100%) for the detection of ampicillin-resistant organisms in the urine, with substantial agreement (κ = 0.94, p < 0.001) and no classification difference (p = 0.500). Notably, all 36 samples with ampicillin-susceptible organisms identified by the gold standard cultures test were correctly identified as negative for ampicillin resistance by the broth turbidity test.
Conclusions
The broth turbidity test's simplicity and affordability make it a promising tool for in-house use by veterinary practitioners to guide first-line therapy decisions, though its sensitivity could be limited in cases with low bacterial loads or confounding factors such as recent antibiotic administration.
{"title":"Evaluation of a Rapid, Low-Cost Broth Turbidity Test for Detecting Ampicillin-Resistant Lower Urinary Tract Infections in Dogs and Cats","authors":"W. Cooper Brookshire, Larry Ballard, Anna Collinsgru, Josh Burnette, Khadija Ferdous, Joo You Park, Keun Seok Seo","doi":"10.1111/jvim.70259","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.70259","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Effective treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in dogs and cats relies on timely recognition of antimicrobial resistance, but traditional microbiological culture and susceptibility testing require 48–72 h and can be cost-prohibitive.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To evaluate a novel, low-cost broth turbidity test for detecting ampicillin-resistant UTIs in dogs and cats compared to the gold standard microbiological methods.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>One hundred sixty urine samples from 145 dogs and 15 cats at the Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>From September 2023 to February 2024, urine samples were tested using an ampicillin-supplemented Mueller–Hinton broth turbidity test and gold standard culture with Sensititre MIC plates. Sensitivity, specificity, Cohen's <i>κ</i>, and McNemar's test were calculated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The broth turbidity test showed 89.47% sensitivity (95% CI: 66.86%–98.72%) and 100% specificity (95% CI: 97.42%–100%) for the detection of ampicillin-resistant organisms in the urine, with substantial agreement (<i>κ</i> = 0.94, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and no classification difference (<i>p</i> = 0.500). Notably, all 36 samples with ampicillin-susceptible organisms identified by the gold standard cultures test were correctly identified as negative for ampicillin resistance by the broth turbidity test.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The broth turbidity test's simplicity and affordability make it a promising tool for in-house use by veterinary practitioners to guide first-line therapy decisions, though its sensitivity could be limited in cases with low bacterial loads or confounding factors such as recent antibiotic administration.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.70259","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145206864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amy L. M. M. Andrews, Eneko Izaguirre, Jodie Green, Emma Scurrell, Savina Gogova, Sarah Tayler, Christiane Kafarnik
Background
Remdesivir and GS-441524 have successfully treated cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) but the changes in associated signs of ocular disease are not reported.
Objective
Evaluate the response of FIP-associated signs of ocular disease before and after treatment with remdesivir, GS-441524, or both.
Animals
Sixty-one cats diagnosed with FIP by the Internal Medicine services between October 2021 and December 2022 that were treated with injectable, oral, or a combination of anti-viral therapies were reviewed.
Methods
Observation study. Signalment, associated signs of ocular disease, treatment, outcome, and follow-up of affected cats were analyzed.
Results
Associated signs of ocular disease in cats with FIP were diagnosed in 33% (20/61) cats, with a median follow-up of 55 days (IQR 47.3–90.8, range: 16–1071 days) in 11 cats with FIP. Ocular changes were all associated with uveitis, of which 20% (4/20) had anterior uveitis, 25% (5/20) had posterior uveitis, and 55% (11/20) had panuveitis. Ocular disease occurred in effusive (11/20; 55%) and non-effusive (9/20; 45%) FIP and was bilateral in 70% (14/20) cats. All cats started an 84-day course of treatment, with the majority (17/20; 85%) receiving remdesivir in the initial period. Of those, 70% (12/17) received a high dose of 15–20 mg/kg/day. Eleven cats with uveitis had long-term follow-up nine (9/11; 82%) of these had resolution of uveitis. Eighty-seven percent (13/15) of cases with anterior uveitis received topical anti-inflammatory medication. Eighty percent (16/20) of cats survived.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance
Cats with FIP commonly have ocular involvement. Associated uveitis responded to remdesivir or GS-441524 treatment effectively in 82% of cases.
{"title":"Treatment With Remdesivir Alone or in Combination With GS-441524 in Cats With Ocular Involvement of Feline Infectious Peritonitis: An Observational Case Series","authors":"Amy L. M. M. Andrews, Eneko Izaguirre, Jodie Green, Emma Scurrell, Savina Gogova, Sarah Tayler, Christiane Kafarnik","doi":"10.1111/jvim.70253","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.70253","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Remdesivir and GS-441524 have successfully treated cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) but the changes in associated signs of ocular disease are not reported.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Evaluate the response of FIP-associated signs of ocular disease before and after treatment with remdesivir, GS-441524, or both.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sixty-one cats diagnosed with FIP by the Internal Medicine services between October 2021 and December 2022 that were treated with injectable, oral, or a combination of anti-viral therapies were reviewed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Observation study. Signalment, associated signs of ocular disease, treatment, outcome, and follow-up of affected cats were analyzed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Associated signs of ocular disease in cats with FIP were diagnosed in 33% (20/61) cats, with a median follow-up of 55 days (IQR 47.3–90.8, range: 16–1071 days) in 11 cats with FIP. Ocular changes were all associated with uveitis, of which 20% (4/20) had anterior uveitis, 25% (5/20) had posterior uveitis, and 55% (11/20) had panuveitis. Ocular disease occurred in effusive (11/20; 55%) and non-effusive (9/20; 45%) FIP and was bilateral in 70% (14/20) cats. All cats started an 84-day course of treatment, with the majority (17/20; 85%) receiving remdesivir in the initial period. Of those, 70% (12/17) received a high dose of 15–20 mg/kg/day. Eleven cats with uveitis had long-term follow-up nine (9/11; 82%) of these had resolution of uveitis. Eighty-seven percent (13/15) of cases with anterior uveitis received topical anti-inflammatory medication. Eighty percent (16/20) of cats survived.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cats with FIP commonly have ocular involvement. Associated uveitis responded to remdesivir or GS-441524 treatment effectively in 82% of cases.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.70253","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145206885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gianira Candelario, George Kramer, Brienne Williams, Samantha Seies, Nikki Gaudette, Laura Patterson Rosa
A 14-year-old miniature Pinscher was presented with azotemia, severe hyperkalemia, and oliguria caused by decompensation of chronic renal disease, along with bradycardia resulting from third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block. Supportive medical treatment was instituted for the oliguria, azotemia, and hyperkalemia. Within 12 h of hospitalization, multifocal central neurologic signs developed, including nystagmus, quadriparesis, decreased mentation, and ventral neck flexion. A diagnosis of cardiorenal cerebral syndrome was made. A transvenous permanent pacemaker was placed to improve cardiac output. Within 24 h, clinical signs improved, and the patient was discharged from the hospital on day three.
{"title":"Reversible Cardio-Renal-Cerebral Syndrome in a Dog: A Case Report","authors":"Gianira Candelario, George Kramer, Brienne Williams, Samantha Seies, Nikki Gaudette, Laura Patterson Rosa","doi":"10.1111/jvim.70249","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.70249","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A 14-year-old miniature Pinscher was presented with azotemia, severe hyperkalemia, and oliguria caused by decompensation of chronic renal disease, along with bradycardia resulting from third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block. Supportive medical treatment was instituted for the oliguria, azotemia, and hyperkalemia. Within 12 h of hospitalization, multifocal central neurologic signs developed, including nystagmus, quadriparesis, decreased mentation, and ventral neck flexion. A diagnosis of cardiorenal cerebral syndrome was made. A transvenous permanent pacemaker was placed to improve cardiac output. Within 24 h, clinical signs improved, and the patient was discharged from the hospital on day three.</p>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.70249","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145206821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tao Tang, Jing Zhou, Jiahao Shao, Meigui Wang, Siqi Xia, Wenqiang Sun, Xianbo Jia, Jie Wang, Songjia Lai
Background
The muscle tissue of dairy cows is a site of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) metabolism. The mechanisms underlying the changes in proteins and metabolites in the muscle tissue of cows with ketosis remain unclear.
Objectives
To elucidate the metabolic and physiological molecular adaptation mechanisms in the muscle tissue of cows with ketosis through metabolomics and proteomics.
Animals
Six cows diagnosed with ketosis (CK, BHBA ≥ 2.4 mM) and six apparently healthy cows with BHBA < 1 mM (Con), all 1 week postpartum.
Methods
Prospective cohort observational study. The content of BHBA in whole blood was detected by WST-1 and TNN methods. HE staining was used to observe the physiological changes in the muscle tissue of cows with ketosis. Metabolomic analysis, proteomic analysis, and WB experiments were employed to identify differential metabolites and proteins.
Results
The 685 metabolites and 356 proteins were identified to be differentially expressed in the CK group. In the muscle tissue of cows with ketosis, significant changes were observed in processes such as oxidative phosphorylation, PPAR signaling pathway, TCA cycle, amino acid degradation, and fatty acid oxidation. At the protein level, SDHA, SDHB, QCR6, QCR7, and IDH2 were significantly downregulated, while metabolites such as pyruvate were downregulated and BHBA was upregulated.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
The TCA cycle and mitochondrial respiratory chain in the muscle tissue of cows with ketosis might be impaired. These results provide valuable insights into the metabolic mechanisms of muscle tissue in cows with ketosis.
{"title":"Complementary Muscle Metabolomics and Proteomics of Muscle in Cows With Post-Calving Ketosis","authors":"Tao Tang, Jing Zhou, Jiahao Shao, Meigui Wang, Siqi Xia, Wenqiang Sun, Xianbo Jia, Jie Wang, Songjia Lai","doi":"10.1111/jvim.70214","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.70214","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The muscle tissue of dairy cows is a site of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) metabolism. The mechanisms underlying the changes in proteins and metabolites in the muscle tissue of cows with ketosis remain unclear.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To elucidate the metabolic and physiological molecular adaptation mechanisms in the muscle tissue of cows with ketosis through metabolomics and proteomics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Six cows diagnosed with ketosis (CK, BHBA ≥ 2.4 mM) and six apparently healthy cows with BHBA < 1 mM (Con), all 1 week postpartum.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prospective cohort observational study. The content of BHBA in whole blood was detected by WST-1 and TNN methods. HE staining was used to observe the physiological changes in the muscle tissue of cows with ketosis. Metabolomic analysis, proteomic analysis, and WB experiments were employed to identify differential metabolites and proteins.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The 685 metabolites and 356 proteins were identified to be differentially expressed in the CK group. In the muscle tissue of cows with ketosis, significant changes were observed in processes such as oxidative phosphorylation, PPAR signaling pathway, TCA cycle, amino acid degradation, and fatty acid oxidation. At the protein level, SDHA, SDHB, QCR6, QCR7, and IDH2 were significantly downregulated, while metabolites such as pyruvate were downregulated and BHBA was upregulated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The TCA cycle and mitochondrial respiratory chain in the muscle tissue of cows with ketosis might be impaired. These results provide valuable insights into the metabolic mechanisms of muscle tissue in cows with ketosis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12481043/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145192011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) Forum and the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine (JVIM) are not responsible for the content or dosage recommendations in the abstracts. The abstracts are not peer reviewed before publication. The opinions expressed in the abstracts are those of the author(s) and may not represent the views or position of the ACVIM. The authors are solely responsible for the content of the abstracts.
{"title":"2025 ACVIM Forum Research Report Program","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/jvim.70255","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.70255","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) Forum and the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine (JVIM) are not responsible for the content or dosage recommendations in the abstracts. The abstracts are not peer reviewed before publication. The opinions expressed in the abstracts are those of the author(s) and may not represent the views or position of the ACVIM. The authors are solely responsible for the content of the abstracts.</p><p>\u0000 <b>2025 ACVIM Forum</b>\u0000 </p><p>\u0000 <b>June 18 to October 31, 2025</b>\u0000 </p><p>\u0000 <b>Research Report Program</b>\u0000 </p><p>\u0000 <b>Index of Abstracts</b>\u0000 \u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12482516/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145199923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ultrasonography of the bovine lung is a noninvasive technique allowing recognition of lower respiratory tract lesions and differentiation from disease limited to the upper respiratory tract. Techniques for scanning the thorax have evolved to facilitate examination of cohorts of calves quickly, while maintaining accuracy. Classification systems for the interpretation of images, their assignment as normal or abnormal, and grading of their severity are varied. Without a reporting consensus, comparison of short-and long-term outcomes attributable to ultrasonographic findings is challenging. Differences in operator agreement might complicate interpretation further. The objective of this review was to gather methods for screening calf lungs using thoracic ultrasonography and describe the heterogeneity in scanning techniques and methods of image interpretation, including available scoring methods.
{"title":"Thoracic Ultrasonography in Calves: A Narrative Review of Techniques and Reporting Practices","authors":"George Lindley, John Donlon, Sébastien Buczinski","doi":"10.1111/jvim.70251","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.70251","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ultrasonography of the bovine lung is a noninvasive technique allowing recognition of lower respiratory tract lesions and differentiation from disease limited to the upper respiratory tract. Techniques for scanning the thorax have evolved to facilitate examination of cohorts of calves quickly, while maintaining accuracy. Classification systems for the interpretation of images, their assignment as normal or abnormal, and grading of their severity are varied. Without a reporting consensus, comparison of short-and long-term outcomes attributable to ultrasonographic findings is challenging. Differences in operator agreement might complicate interpretation further. The objective of this review was to gather methods for screening calf lungs using thoracic ultrasonography and describe the heterogeneity in scanning techniques and methods of image interpretation, including available scoring methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12483840/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145199925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amie Kapusniak, Natalia Medrano Lara, Peta L. Hitchens, Simon Bailey, Laura Nath, Samantha Franklin
Background
Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used to enhance electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation in human medicine. In equine athletes, exercise-associated arrhythmias are common and linked to sudden cardiac death at rates higher than in humans. However, ECG interpretation in horses remains time-consuming and subjective, with the clinical relevance of mild rhythm disturbances often unclear.
Objectives
Evaluate the application of AI to ECG interpretation for arrhythmia detection, with emphasis on current and potential use in athletic species, particularly horses.
Animals
About 17 studies were included: 13 involving humans, 3 in horses, and 1 in dogs.
Methods
A scoping review of relevant, peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2024 was conducted to identify research applying AI to ECG interpretation for arrhythmia detection. Studies were assessed for species, AI model type, diagnostic accuracy, and relevance to ECGs recorded during exercise. Primary outcomes included arrhythmia detection performance and applicability to veterinary medicine.
Results
Deep learning models, including convolutional neural networks, achieved accuracies ranging from 79.4% to 98.6% in studies of humans. Research in horses showed encouraging results using restitution analysis and transfer learning approaches. However, small sample sizes and species-specific ECG morphology remain major limitations to broader application in veterinary medicine.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance
Artificial intelligence holds promise for enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of arrhythmia detection in ECGs of equine athletes. Development of species-specific algorithms may facilitate real-time monitoring of cardiac function during exercise, supporting improved cardiovascular assessment in athletic horses.
{"title":"Use of Artificial Intelligence to Detect Cardiac Rhythm Disturbances in Athletes: A Scoping Review","authors":"Amie Kapusniak, Natalia Medrano Lara, Peta L. Hitchens, Simon Bailey, Laura Nath, Samantha Franklin","doi":"10.1111/jvim.70257","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.70257","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used to enhance electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation in human medicine. In equine athletes, exercise-associated arrhythmias are common and linked to sudden cardiac death at rates higher than in humans. However, ECG interpretation in horses remains time-consuming and subjective, with the clinical relevance of mild rhythm disturbances often unclear.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Evaluate the application of AI to ECG interpretation for arrhythmia detection, with emphasis on current and potential use in athletic species, particularly horses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>About 17 studies were included: 13 involving humans, 3 in horses, and 1 in dogs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A scoping review of relevant, peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2024 was conducted to identify research applying AI to ECG interpretation for arrhythmia detection. Studies were assessed for species, AI model type, diagnostic accuracy, and relevance to ECGs recorded during exercise. Primary outcomes included arrhythmia detection performance and applicability to veterinary medicine.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Deep learning models, including convolutional neural networks, achieved accuracies ranging from 79.4% to 98.6% in studies of humans. Research in horses showed encouraging results using restitution analysis and transfer learning approaches. However, small sample sizes and species-specific ECG morphology remain major limitations to broader application in veterinary medicine.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Artificial intelligence holds promise for enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of arrhythmia detection in ECGs of equine athletes. Development of species-specific algorithms may facilitate real-time monitoring of cardiac function during exercise, supporting improved cardiovascular assessment in athletic horses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12477403/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145186310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Georgina B. F. Hall, Rachael Birkbeck, Benjamin M. Brainard, Fernanda Camacho, Elizabeth B. Davidow, Dana N. LeVine, Andrew Mackin, Taylor Moss, Katherine J. Nash, Giacomo Stanzani, Daria Starybrat, David Q. Stoye, Carolyn Tai, John Thomason, Julie M. Walker, K. Jane Wardrop, Helen Wilson, Virginie A. Wurlod, Karen Humm
Background
The reported incidence of blood product transfusion reaction (TR) in cats varies greatly.
Objective
Evaluate the incidence and practices surrounding acute TRs in cats receiving feline blood products, using Transfusion Reaction Small Animal Consensus Statement (TRACS) definitions.
Animals
Cats (n = 444) that received feline blood products (n = 608) between March 2022 and January 2024.
Methods
Prospective, multicenter observational study at referral hospitals (n = 14) in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia documenting the incidence of acute TRs in cats receiving allogenic blood transfusions.
Results
Acute TR incidence was 7.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.6–10.6) for red blood cell (RBC)-containing products and 1.1% (95% CI, 0.0–5.9) for plasma products. Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTRs) were the most common in RBC-containing products (incidence, 5.7%; 95% CI, 3.8–8.1). Age of RBC unit (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.04 per day; 95% CI, 1.00–1.07) and administering a RBC unit with an infusion pump rather than a syringe driver (aOR, 4.7; 95% CI, 1.43–15.54) were associated with an increased odds of FNHTR. Of transfusions discontinued (n = 28) because of a potential TR, 46.4% did not fulfill TRACS criteria for any TR. Death occurred within 24 h of a transfusion event in 18.3% but was not associated with the development of a TR (odds ratio [OR], 0.76; 95% CI, 0.29–1.99).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Transfusion reaction incidence in cats, as defined using TRACS guidelines, is reported. Febrile nonhemolytic TRs were the most common and were associated with increasing RBC unit age and administering RBC via an infusion pump.
{"title":"A Prospective Multicenter Observational Study Assessing Incidence and Risk Factors for Acute Transfusion Reactions in Cats","authors":"Georgina B. F. Hall, Rachael Birkbeck, Benjamin M. Brainard, Fernanda Camacho, Elizabeth B. Davidow, Dana N. LeVine, Andrew Mackin, Taylor Moss, Katherine J. Nash, Giacomo Stanzani, Daria Starybrat, David Q. Stoye, Carolyn Tai, John Thomason, Julie M. Walker, K. Jane Wardrop, Helen Wilson, Virginie A. Wurlod, Karen Humm","doi":"10.1111/jvim.70246","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.70246","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The reported incidence of blood product transfusion reaction (TR) in cats varies greatly.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Evaluate the incidence and practices surrounding acute TRs in cats receiving feline blood products, using Transfusion Reaction Small Animal Consensus Statement (TRACS) definitions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cats (<i>n</i> = 444) that received feline blood products (<i>n</i> = 608) between March 2022 and January 2024.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prospective, multicenter observational study at referral hospitals (<i>n</i> = 14) in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia documenting the incidence of acute TRs in cats receiving allogenic blood transfusions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Acute TR incidence was 7.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.6–10.6) for red blood cell (RBC)-containing products and 1.1% (95% CI, 0.0–5.9) for plasma products. Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTRs) were the most common in RBC-containing products (incidence, 5.7%; 95% CI, 3.8–8.1). Age of RBC unit (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.04 per day; 95% CI, 1.00–1.07) and administering a RBC unit with an infusion pump rather than a syringe driver (aOR, 4.7; 95% CI, 1.43–15.54) were associated with an increased odds of FNHTR. Of transfusions discontinued (<i>n</i> = 28) because of a potential TR, 46.4% did not fulfill TRACS criteria for any TR. Death occurred within 24 h of a transfusion event in 18.3% but was not associated with the development of a TR (odds ratio [OR], 0.76; 95% CI, 0.29–1.99).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Transfusion reaction incidence in cats, as defined using TRACS guidelines, is reported. Febrile nonhemolytic TRs were the most common and were associated with increasing RBC unit age and administering RBC via an infusion pump.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12477435/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145186200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diagnosing pituitary macrotumor in dogs with hypercortisolism requires advanced imaging, which is not feasible for every case. Identifying risk factors that can guide the decision to pursue imaging would be valuable.
Objective
Determine clinical and physical examination findings that are associated with an increased likelihood of pituitary macrotumors in dogs with hypercortisolism.
Animals
A total of 130 dogs diagnosed with hypercortisolism.
Methods
Retrospective study to analyze medical records for data on age, sex, breed, clinical signs, physical findings, endocrine test results, imaging results, diagnosis, and treatment. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for pituitary macrotumor, defined by a pituitary height/brain area ratio ≥ 0.4.
Results
Risk factors for pituitary macrotumor included diagnosis of hypercortisolism at ≤ 10.9 years of age (odds ratio [OR], 0.718; p < 0.05), French Bulldog breed (OR, 21.0; p < 0.01), and presence of neurologic signs (OR, 10.9; p < 0.001).
Conclusion and Clinical Importance
Advanced pituitary imaging should be recommended in dogs with hypercortisolism ≤ 10.9 years of age, French Bulldogs, and those presenting with neurological signs because these factors significantly increase the likelihood of pituitary macrotumor in dogs with hypercortisolism.
背景：高皮质醇血症犬垂体大瘤的诊断需要先进的影像学检查，但这并不适用于所有病例。识别风险因素可以指导进行影像学检查的决定，这是有价值的。目的确定与高皮质醇血症犬垂体大瘤可能性增加相关的临床和体格检查结果。总共有130只狗被诊断为高皮质醇血症。方法回顾性分析患者的年龄、性别、品种、临床体征、体格检查、内分泌检查、影像学检查、诊断和治疗等资料。采用Logistic回归分析垂体大瘤的危险因素，定义为垂体高度/脑面积比值≥0.4。结果垂体大瘤的危险因素包括：≤10.9岁时诊断为高皮质醇血症（比值比[OR]， 0.718; p < 0.05）、法国斗牛犬品种（比值比[OR]， 21.0; p < 0.01）、存在神经系统体征（比值比[OR]， 10.9; p < 0.001）。结论及临床意义对于高皮质醇血症≤10.9岁的犬、法国斗牛犬以及有神经系统症状的犬，应推荐进行垂体显像，因为这些因素会显著增加高皮质醇血症犬发生垂体大瘤的可能性。
{"title":"Risk Factors for Pituitary Macrotumor in Dogs With Hypercortisolism","authors":"Kei Yoshida, Yui Kobatake, Satoshi Takashima, Naohito Nishii","doi":"10.1111/jvim.70261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.70261","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Diagnosing pituitary macrotumor in dogs with hypercortisolism requires advanced imaging, which is not feasible for every case. Identifying risk factors that can guide the decision to pursue imaging would be valuable.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Determine clinical and physical examination findings that are associated with an increased likelihood of pituitary macrotumors in dogs with hypercortisolism.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 130 dogs diagnosed with hypercortisolism.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Retrospective study to analyze medical records for data on age, sex, breed, clinical signs, physical findings, endocrine test results, imaging results, diagnosis, and treatment. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for pituitary macrotumor, defined by a pituitary height/brain area ratio ≥ 0.4.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Risk factors for pituitary macrotumor included diagnosis of hypercortisolism at ≤ 10.9 years of age (odds ratio [OR], 0.718; <i>p</i> < 0.05), French Bulldog breed (OR, 21.0; <i>p</i> < 0.01), and presence of neurologic signs (OR, 10.9; <i>p</i> < 0.001).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Advanced pituitary imaging should be recommended in dogs with hypercortisolism ≤ 10.9 years of age, French Bulldogs, and those presenting with neurological signs because these factors significantly increase the likelihood of pituitary macrotumor in dogs with hypercortisolism.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.70261","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145146852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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