Stacey Sullivan, David Redden, Froydis Hardeng, Malin Sundqvist, Michelle Kutzler
Background
The relationship between radiographic disc calcification score and FGF4L2 genotype has been reported in only a small number of dachshunds.
Hypothesis
A genotype with either 0 or 1 FGF4L2 copy will be associated with a lower number of calcified discs (lower K-n) compared with a genotype with 2 FGF4L2 copies.
Animals
Dachshunds registered with the Norwegian or Finnish Kennel Clubs for which both K-n and FGF4L2 genotype are known (n = 407).
Methods
Retrospective study (2012-2024). The frequency and percentage of dachshunds within each K-n group (K0, K1/2, K3/4, K5+) by FGF4L2 genotype (FGF4L2/FGF4L2, N/FGF4L2, N/N) were reported. The K-n distribution differences among genotypes were analyzed by the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test in SAS 9.4. Significance was defined as P < .05.
Results
A difference in K-n distribution was found between dachshunds that have 0 or 2 FGF4L2 copies. However, no difference was found in the K-n distribution between dachshunds that have 1 or 2 FGF4L2 copies.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Most dachshunds with 1 FGF4L2 copy have radiographic disc calcification scores that are associated with substantially lower risk of symptomatic disc disease. Radiographic disc calcification scores are similar in dachshunds with 0 and 1 FGF4L2 copies. Given the high allele frequency of FGF4L2, breeding to produce progeny with 1 FGF4L2 copy is expected to be a more achievable short-term goal for dachshund spinal health breeding programs than breeding for 0 copies. It is recommended that both K-n and FGF4L2 genotype status be considered when choosing dachshund breeding stock.
{"title":"The relationship between radiographic disc calcification score and FGF4L2 genotype in dachshunds","authors":"Stacey Sullivan, David Redden, Froydis Hardeng, Malin Sundqvist, Michelle Kutzler","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17281","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17281","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The relationship between radiographic disc calcification score and FGF4L2 genotype has been reported in only a small number of dachshunds.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Hypothesis</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A genotype with either 0 or 1 FGF4L2 copy will be associated with a lower number of calcified discs (lower K-n) compared with a genotype with 2 FGF4L2 copies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Dachshunds registered with the Norwegian or Finnish Kennel Clubs for which both K-n and FGF4L2 genotype are known (n = 407).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Retrospective study (2012-2024). The frequency and percentage of dachshunds within each K-n group (K0, K1/2, K3/4, K5+) by FGF4L2 genotype (FGF4L2/FGF4L2, N/FGF4L2, N/N) were reported. The K-n distribution differences among genotypes were analyzed by the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test in SAS 9.4. Significance was defined as <i>P</i> < .05.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A difference in K-n distribution was found between dachshunds that have 0 or 2 FGF4L2 copies. However, no difference was found in the K-n distribution between dachshunds that have 1 or 2 FGF4L2 copies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Most dachshunds with 1 FGF4L2 copy have radiographic disc calcification scores that are associated with substantially lower risk of symptomatic disc disease. Radiographic disc calcification scores are similar in dachshunds with 0 and 1 FGF4L2 copies. Given the high allele frequency of FGF4L2, breeding to produce progeny with 1 FGF4L2 copy is expected to be a more achievable short-term goal for dachshund spinal health breeding programs than breeding for 0 copies. It is recommended that both K-n and FGF4L2 genotype status be considered when choosing dachshund breeding stock.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11665960/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142882507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cecilia-Gabriella Danciu, Rita Gonçalves, Carrete Jordina Caldero, Christoforos Posporis, Javier Espinosa, Steven de Decker, Hanne Gredal, Sophie Elizabeth Wyatt
Background
Little is known regarding the comorbidities and prognostic factors associated with the long-term outcome of ischemic stroke in dogs. Although poststroke epilepsy is a well-recognized syndrome in people, it is unclear if this phenomenon also occurs in dogs.
Hypothesis/objective
Document comorbidities, long-term outcome (survival and stroke recurrence), and occurrence of epileptic seizures associated with ischemic stroke.
Animals
One hundred and twenty-five client-owned dogs.
Methods
Multicenter observational study including dogs diagnosed with ischemic stroke between 2000 and 2021. Associations between comorbidities, stroke location and extent, poststroke epileptic seizures, and long-term outcome were investigated. Referring veterinarians and owners were contacted to obtain follow-up information.
Results
Fifty-two dogs (41.6%) had a comorbidity. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (20%) and proteinuria (8%). Eight dogs (6.4%) that did not survive to discharge had a territorial ischemic stroke. Overall median survival time for dogs with a comorbidity was 482 days (range, 1-3013) and 907 days (range, 1-3027) in dogs without comorbidities (Kaplan-Meier survival analysis P = .602). Twenty-four dogs (19.2%) had a suspected stroke recurrence and a total of 8/109 dogs (7.3%) developed poststroke epilepsy. No association was found between suspected stroke recurrence or development of poststroke epilepsy and survival (P = .812, P = .487).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Despite no significant difference in survival of dogs diagnosed with ischemic stroke, with or without comorbidities, investigations for underlying causes are recommended to provide appropriate treatment. Poststroke epilepsy is uncommon.
背景：关于狗缺血性卒中的长期预后的合并症和预后因素知之甚少。虽然中风后癫痫在人类中是一种公认的综合征，但尚不清楚这种现象是否也发生在狗身上。假设/目的：记录与缺血性卒中相关的合并症、长期结局（生存和卒中复发）和癫痫发作的发生。动物：125只客户养的狗。方法：多中心观察研究，包括2000年至2021年间诊断为缺血性脑卒中的狗。研究了合并症、卒中位置和范围、卒中后癫痫发作和长期预后之间的关系。我们联系了转诊兽医和饲主，以获取后续信息。结果：52只狗（41.6%）有合并症。最常见的合并症是高血压（20%）和蛋白尿（8%）。8只（6.4%）未存活出院的犬发生局部缺血性中风。有合并症犬的总中位生存时间为482天（范围1-3013），无合并症犬的总中位生存时间为907天（范围1-3027）（Kaplan-Meier生存分析P = 0.602）。24只犬（19.2%）疑似卒中复发，8/109只犬（7.3%）出现卒中后癫痫。未发现疑似卒中复发或卒中后癫痫的发生与生存相关(P =。812, p = .487)。结论及临床意义：尽管诊断为缺血性卒中的犬，不论有无合并症，其生存率无显著差异，但建议对潜在原因进行调查，以提供适当的治疗。中风后癫痫并不常见。
{"title":"Comorbidities, long-term outcome and poststroke epilepsy associated with ischemic stroke – A multicenter observational study of 125 dogs","authors":"Cecilia-Gabriella Danciu, Rita Gonçalves, Carrete Jordina Caldero, Christoforos Posporis, Javier Espinosa, Steven de Decker, Hanne Gredal, Sophie Elizabeth Wyatt","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17291","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17291","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Little is known regarding the comorbidities and prognostic factors associated with the long-term outcome of ischemic stroke in dogs. Although poststroke epilepsy is a well-recognized syndrome in people, it is unclear if this phenomenon also occurs in dogs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Hypothesis/objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Document comorbidities, long-term outcome (survival and stroke recurrence), and occurrence of epileptic seizures associated with ischemic stroke.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>One hundred and twenty-five client-owned dogs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Multicenter observational study including dogs diagnosed with ischemic stroke between 2000 and 2021. Associations between comorbidities, stroke location and extent, poststroke epileptic seizures, and long-term outcome were investigated. Referring veterinarians and owners were contacted to obtain follow-up information.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fifty-two dogs (41.6%) had a comorbidity. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (20%) and proteinuria (8%). Eight dogs (6.4%) that did not survive to discharge had a territorial ischemic stroke. Overall median survival time for dogs with a comorbidity was 482 days (range, 1-3013) and 907 days (range, 1-3027) in dogs without comorbidities (Kaplan-Meier survival analysis <i>P</i> = .602). Twenty-four dogs (19.2%) had a suspected stroke recurrence and a total of 8/109 dogs (7.3%) developed poststroke epilepsy. No association was found between suspected stroke recurrence or development of poststroke epilepsy and survival (<i>P</i> = .812, <i>P</i> = .487).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Despite no significant difference in survival of dogs diagnosed with ischemic stroke, with or without comorbidities, investigations for underlying causes are recommended to provide appropriate treatment. Poststroke epilepsy is uncommon.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11664234/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142877640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mikaila Z. Smith, Mary York, Kile S. Townsend, Lynn M. Martin, Tamara Gull, Lyndon M. Coghill, Aaron C. Ericsson, Philip J. Johnson
Background
Whereas restoration of fecal consistency after treatment with clioquinol for chronic diarrhea and free fecal water syndrome has been attributed to its antiprotozoal properties, actions of clioquinol on the colonic bacterial microbiota have not been investigated.
Objectives
Characterize the dynamics of fecal microbial diversity before, during, and after PO administration of clioquinol to healthy horses.
Study Design
Experimental prospective cohort study using a single horse group.
Methods
Eight healthy adult horses received PO clioquinol (10 g, daily) for 7 days. Feces were obtained daily for 7 days before, during, and after conclusion of treatment, and again 3 months later. Libraries of 16S rRNA V4 region amplicons generated from fecal DNA were sequenced using the Illumina sequencing platform. Bioinformatic analysis was undertaken with QIIME2 and statistical analyses included analysis of variance (ANOVA) and permutational multivariate ANOVA (PERMANOVA).
Results
The richness and composition of the fecal microbiome was altered after administration of clioquinol, reaching a maximum effect by the fifth day of administration. Changes included a 90% decrease in richness, and compensatory expansion of facultative anaerobes including Streptococcaceae, Enterococcaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae. Multiple horses had Salmonella cultured from feces.
Main Limitations
Limitations including lack of control group and modest sample size are obviated by robust longitudinal study design and strong effect size associated with drug exposure.
Conclusions
Clioquinol has broad-spectrum antibacterial effects on the fecal microbiome of horses, but spares certain bacterial families including several pathogens and pathobionts. Clioquinol should be used with caution in horses, in an environment free of contamination with fecal pathogens.
{"title":"Effects of orally administered clioquinol on the fecal microbiome of horses","authors":"Mikaila Z. Smith, Mary York, Kile S. Townsend, Lynn M. Martin, Tamara Gull, Lyndon M. Coghill, Aaron C. Ericsson, Philip J. Johnson","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17276","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17276","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Whereas restoration of fecal consistency after treatment with clioquinol for chronic diarrhea and free fecal water syndrome has been attributed to its antiprotozoal properties, actions of clioquinol on the colonic bacterial microbiota have not been investigated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Characterize the dynamics of fecal microbial diversity before, during, and after PO administration of clioquinol to healthy horses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Study Design</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Experimental prospective cohort study using a single horse group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Eight healthy adult horses received PO clioquinol (10 g, daily) for 7 days. Feces were obtained daily for 7 days before, during, and after conclusion of treatment, and again 3 months later. Libraries of 16S rRNA V4 region amplicons generated from fecal DNA were sequenced using the Illumina sequencing platform. Bioinformatic analysis was undertaken with QIIME2 and statistical analyses included analysis of variance (ANOVA) and permutational multivariate ANOVA (PERMANOVA).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The richness and composition of the fecal microbiome was altered after administration of clioquinol, reaching a maximum effect by the fifth day of administration. Changes included a 90% decrease in richness, and compensatory expansion of facultative anaerobes including <i>Streptococcaceae</i>, <i>Enterococcaceae</i>, and <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>. Multiple horses had <i>Salmonella</i> cultured from feces.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main Limitations</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Limitations including lack of control group and modest sample size are obviated by robust longitudinal study design and strong effect size associated with drug exposure.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Clioquinol has broad-spectrum antibacterial effects on the fecal microbiome of horses, but spares certain bacterial families including several pathogens and pathobionts. Clioquinol should be used with caution in horses, in an environment free of contamination with fecal pathogens.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11663420/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142872424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brenna Hanratty, Anna Hauck, Amanda Foskett, J. D. Foster
A 9-year-old male castrated golden retriever cross was evaluated for an acute onset of ataxia. A complete blood count revealed marked leukocytosis, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Leukocytosis was characterized by marked lymphocytosis, monocytosis, neutropenia, and eosinopenia. Flow cytometry identified CD34+ leukocytosis with cells that did not express lineage antigens, suggesting the most likely diagnosis of either acute lymphoid or myeloid leukemia. Leukoreduction via leukapheresis was elected to reduce the disease burden before initiating chemotherapy. Postleukoreduction, the dog had a 54% decrease in their white blood cell count. The dog completed multiple weeks of traditional cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone (CHOP)-based treatment and had a survival time of 43 days before the owner elected humane euthanasia. To our knowledge, this report represents a case of acute leukemia in a dog treated with leukoreduction before starting chemotherapy.
{"title":"Leukoreduction in a dog with acute leukemia","authors":"Brenna Hanratty, Anna Hauck, Amanda Foskett, J. D. Foster","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17283","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17283","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A 9-year-old male castrated golden retriever cross was evaluated for an acute onset of ataxia. A complete blood count revealed marked leukocytosis, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Leukocytosis was characterized by marked lymphocytosis, monocytosis, neutropenia, and eosinopenia. Flow cytometry identified CD34+ leukocytosis with cells that did not express lineage antigens, suggesting the most likely diagnosis of either acute lymphoid or myeloid leukemia. Leukoreduction via leukapheresis was elected to reduce the disease burden before initiating chemotherapy. Postleukoreduction, the dog had a 54% decrease in their white blood cell count. The dog completed multiple weeks of traditional cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone (CHOP)-based treatment and had a survival time of 43 days before the owner elected humane euthanasia. To our knowledge, this report represents a case of acute leukemia in a dog treated with leukoreduction before starting chemotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.17283","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142864363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agulla B, Villaescusa A, Sainz A, Díaz-Regañón D, Rodríguez-Franco F, Calleja-Bueno L, Olmeda P, García-Sancho M. Peripheral and intestinal T lymphocyte subsets in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med. 2024; 38:1437. doi:10.1111/jvim.17036.
In the article cited above, there is an error in section 2.5 Statistical Analysis within section 2 Materials and Methods. The study used the Wilcoxon scores (rank-sum) test—equivalent to the Mann-Whitney U-test—which is appropriate for comparing 2 independent groups. It was incorrectly referred to as the Wilcoxon's signed rank test, which is meant for paired data. This was a labeling mistake, not a methodological one.
We apologize for the error.
Agulla B, Villaescusa A, Sainz A, Díaz-Regañón D, Rodríguez-Franco F, Calleja-Bueno L, Olmeda P, García-Sancho M.慢性炎症性肠病犬外周和肠道T淋巴细胞亚群。[J]兽医实习医学。2024；38:1437。doi: 10.1111 / jvim.17036。在上面引用的文章中，在第2节材料和方法的第2.5节统计分析中有一个错误。该研究使用了Wilcoxon分数（秩和）测试，相当于Mann-Whitney u测试，适用于比较两个独立的组。它被错误地称为Wilcoxon's signed rank检验，这是针对成对数据的。这是一个标签上的错误，而不是方法论上的错误。我们为这个错误道歉。
{"title":"Erratum for “Peripheral and intestinal T lymphocyte subsets in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy”","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17262","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17262","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Agulla B, Villaescusa A, Sainz A, Díaz-Regañón D, Rodríguez-Franco F, Calleja-Bueno L, Olmeda P, García-Sancho M. Peripheral and intestinal T lymphocyte subsets in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy. <i>J Vet Intern Med</i>. 2024; 38:1437. doi:10.1111/jvim.17036.</p><p>In the article cited above, there is an error in section 2.5 Statistical Analysis within section 2 Materials and Methods. The study used the Wilcoxon scores (rank-sum) test—equivalent to the Mann-Whitney U-test—which is appropriate for comparing 2 independent groups. It was incorrectly referred to as the Wilcoxon's signed rank test, which is meant for paired data. This was a labeling mistake, not a methodological one.</p><p>We apologize for the error.</p>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.17262","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zoe P. Greenfield, Allyson C. Berent, Chick W. Weisse
Background
Functional outflow tract obstruction (FOO) remains a challenging disease to manage in male dogs. Cystostomy tubes have been used to relieve urethral obstruction while allowing time to achieve effective medical management, avoiding the need for emergency visits and repeat urinary catheterizations.
Objectives
To describe a series of dogs with FOO and categorize the most successful management strategies including medical management alone or with the support of cystostomy tubes for urinary diversion.
Animals
Twelve client-owned dogs with FOO were included.
Methods
Medical records of dogs presented from August 2012 to September 2021 with a presumptive diagnosis of FOO were retrospectively reviewed and findings recorded.
Results
Seven dogs were managed with a cystostomy tube and 5/7 (71%) had a good-excellent outcome. Five dogs were managed without a tube and 1/5 (20%) had a good outcome. Eight dogs were refractory to medical management; 5 managed with a cystostomy tube and 3/5 (60%) had a good-excellent outcome; 3 managed without a cystostomy tube and 0/3 had a good or excellent outcome. Overall, dogs with cystostomy tubes had better outcomes but also had mild, moderate, and severe complications (100%, 71%, and 71%, respectively) reported.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Most dogs that received a percutaneous cystostomy tube as part of their management plan had a good to excellent outcome, particularly when compared to those that did not, despite the high rate of tube-related complications. Percutaneous cystostomy tubes could be considered early during management for FOO to improve overall outcomes.
{"title":"The use of a percutaneous cystostomy tube as an adjunctive treatment option for dogs with idiopathic functional outflow tract obstruction","authors":"Zoe P. Greenfield, Allyson C. Berent, Chick W. Weisse","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17275","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17275","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Functional outflow tract obstruction (FOO) remains a challenging disease to manage in male dogs. Cystostomy tubes have been used to relieve urethral obstruction while allowing time to achieve effective medical management, avoiding the need for emergency visits and repeat urinary catheterizations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To describe a series of dogs with FOO and categorize the most successful management strategies including medical management alone or with the support of cystostomy tubes for urinary diversion.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twelve client-owned dogs with FOO were included.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Medical records of dogs presented from August 2012 to September 2021 with a presumptive diagnosis of FOO were retrospectively reviewed and findings recorded.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Seven dogs were managed with a cystostomy tube and 5/7 (71%) had a good-excellent outcome. Five dogs were managed without a tube and 1/5 (20%) had a good outcome. Eight dogs were refractory to medical management; 5 managed with a cystostomy tube and 3/5 (60%) had a good-excellent outcome; 3 managed without a cystostomy tube and 0/3 had a good or excellent outcome. Overall, dogs with cystostomy tubes had better outcomes but also had mild, moderate, and severe complications (100%, 71%, and 71%, respectively) reported.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Most dogs that received a percutaneous cystostomy tube as part of their management plan had a good to excellent outcome, particularly when compared to those that did not, despite the high rate of tube-related complications. Percutaneous cystostomy tubes could be considered early during management for FOO to improve overall outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.17275","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142864364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John Shamoun, Shelly L. Vaden, Allison R. Kendall, Patricia L. Secoura
Background
Urocystolithiasis is a common problem in dogs; many canine uroliths are resistant to medical dissolution. Novel management options would expand, and in some cases improve, current urolith retrieval strategies.
Hypothesis/Objectives
To describe a previously unreported technique by the Ellik bladder evacuator (EE) to assist in minimally invasive, cystoscopic retrieval of canine cystoliths.
Animals
Twelve client-owned dogs presented with urocystolithiasis.
Methods
In this retrospective study, dog demographics, procedure type and duration, and clinical outcomes of dogs undergoing cystoscopic cystolith retrieval utilizing the EE are described.
Results
Twelve dogs underwent 13 cystoscopic procedures utilizing EE for cystolith retrieval. The EE was used in accordance with previously described techniques via a custom-made adaptor. Ten dogs were spayed females; 8 different breeds were represented. In 8 of 13 procedures, transurethral cystoscopy alone by EE with or without wire basket or grasping forceps was performed with a median procedure duration of 36 minutes (range, 16-52). In the other 5 procedures, additional interventions (ie, laser lithotripsy, percutaneous perineal approach, urethral stricture ballooning, ethanol parathyroid ablation) were performed as indicated with a median procedure duration 110 minutes (range, 42-144). No complications were noted in association with the use of the EE; retrieval of cystoliths was complete in 12 of 13 procedures.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Use of the EE during cystoscopy might aid in minimally-invasive retrieval of cystoliths. This work provides a starting point for additional discussion regarding its benefit relative to current interventions.
{"title":"Utilizing the Ellik bladder evacuator during cystoscopic retrieval of urocystoliths in 12 dogs","authors":"John Shamoun, Shelly L. Vaden, Allison R. Kendall, Patricia L. Secoura","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17280","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17280","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Urocystolithiasis is a common problem in dogs; many canine uroliths are resistant to medical dissolution. Novel management options would expand, and in some cases improve, current urolith retrieval strategies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Hypothesis/Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To describe a previously unreported technique by the Ellik bladder evacuator (EE) to assist in minimally invasive, cystoscopic retrieval of canine cystoliths.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twelve client-owned dogs presented with urocystolithiasis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this retrospective study, dog demographics, procedure type and duration, and clinical outcomes of dogs undergoing cystoscopic cystolith retrieval utilizing the EE are described.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twelve dogs underwent 13 cystoscopic procedures utilizing EE for cystolith retrieval. The EE was used in accordance with previously described techniques via a custom-made adaptor. Ten dogs were spayed females; 8 different breeds were represented. In 8 of 13 procedures, transurethral cystoscopy alone by EE with or without wire basket or grasping forceps was performed with a median procedure duration of 36 minutes (range, 16-52). In the other 5 procedures, additional interventions (ie, laser lithotripsy, percutaneous perineal approach, urethral stricture ballooning, ethanol parathyroid ablation) were performed as indicated with a median procedure duration 110 minutes (range, 42-144). No complications were noted in association with the use of the EE; retrieval of cystoliths was complete in 12 of 13 procedures.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Use of the EE during cystoscopy might aid in minimally-invasive retrieval of cystoliths. This work provides a starting point for additional discussion regarding its benefit relative to current interventions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.17280","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142864385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Femke Mortier, Sylvie Daminet, Sofie Marynissen, Joren Verbeke, Dominique Paepe
Background
Borderline proteinuria is associated with decreased survival in cats with azotemic chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Objectives
Determine the clinical importance of borderline proteinuria in nonazotemic cats.
Animals
A total of 201 healthy client-owned cats ≥7 years of age; 150 nonproteinuric (urinary protein : creatinine ratio [UPC] <0.2) and 51 borderline proteinuric (UPC 0.2-0.4).
Methods
Prospective study. Cats were thoroughly screened and subsequently examined every 6 months for 2 years. Kaplan-Meier curves were compared between nonproteinuric and borderline proteinuric cats. Univariable and multivariable Cox models were fit to determine the relationship between development of renal disease and potential risk factors such as age, sex, breed, weight, dental disease, blood pressure, serum creatinine concentration (sCrea), serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentration (sSDMA), blood urea nitrogen concentration, urine specific gravity (USG), and UPC.
Results
Significantly more cats with borderline proteinuria at inclusion developed renal disease (International Renal Interest Society [IRIS] ≥ stage 2 CKD or renal proteinuria; log-rank P = .004) or died (log-rank P = .02) within 2 years, compared with nonproteinuric cats. In the multivariate analysis, IRIS stage 1 CKD (persistent USG <1.035 or sSDMA >14 μg/dL; hazard ratio [HR], 4.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0-8.8; P < .001), sCrea ≥1.6 mg/dL (≥140 μmol/L; HR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.1-6.4; P = .04), borderline proteinuria (HR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2-5.2; P = .01), and age at inclusion (HR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.2-1.5; P < .001) were significantly associated with diagnosis of renal disease 6 months later.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Borderline proteinuria should receive more attention in healthy mature adult and senior cats because it is associated with renal disease and death.
背景：交界性蛋白尿与患有azotemic chronic kidney disease （CKD）的猫的生存率降低有关。目的：确定非偶氮猫临界蛋白尿的临床意义。动物：201只7岁以上的健康猫；非蛋白尿(尿蛋白：肌酐比[UPC]方法：前瞻性研究。对猫进行彻底筛查，随后每6个月检查一次，持续2年。比较非蛋白尿猫和交界性蛋白尿猫的Kaplan-Meier曲线。采用单变量和多变量Cox模型拟合确定肾脏疾病的发生与年龄、性别、品种、体重、牙病、血压、血清肌酐浓度（sCrea）、血清对称二甲基精氨酸浓度（sSDMA）、血尿素氮浓度、尿比重（USG）、UPC等潜在危险因素的关系。结果：伴有交界性蛋白尿的猫发展为肾脏疾病(国际肾脏利益协会[IRIS]≥2期CKD或肾性蛋白尿；log-rank P = .004)或在2年内死亡（log-rank P = .02）。在多变量分析中，IRIS 1期CKD(持续性USG 14 μg/dL；风险比[HR]， 4.2；95%置信区间[CI]， 2.0-8.8；结论及临床意义：由于交界性蛋白尿与肾脏疾病和死亡相关，在健康的成年猫和老年猫中应引起更多的关注。
{"title":"Clinical importance of borderline proteinuria in nonazotemic cats and evaluation of other risk factors for the development of chronic kidney disease","authors":"Femke Mortier, Sylvie Daminet, Sofie Marynissen, Joren Verbeke, Dominique Paepe","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17257","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17257","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Borderline proteinuria is associated with decreased survival in cats with azotemic chronic kidney disease (CKD).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Determine the clinical importance of borderline proteinuria in nonazotemic cats.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 201 healthy client-owned cats ≥7 years of age; 150 nonproteinuric (urinary protein : creatinine ratio [UPC] <0.2) and 51 borderline proteinuric (UPC 0.2-0.4).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prospective study. Cats were thoroughly screened and subsequently examined every 6 months for 2 years. Kaplan-Meier curves were compared between nonproteinuric and borderline proteinuric cats. Univariable and multivariable Cox models were fit to determine the relationship between development of renal disease and potential risk factors such as age, sex, breed, weight, dental disease, blood pressure, serum creatinine concentration (sCrea), serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentration (sSDMA), blood urea nitrogen concentration, urine specific gravity (USG), and UPC.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Significantly more cats with borderline proteinuria at inclusion developed renal disease (International Renal Interest Society [IRIS] ≥ stage 2 CKD or renal proteinuria; log-rank <i>P</i> = .004) or died (log-rank <i>P</i> = .02) within 2 years, compared with nonproteinuric cats. In the multivariate analysis, IRIS stage 1 CKD (persistent USG <1.035 or sSDMA >14 μg/dL; hazard ratio [HR], 4.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0-8.8; <i>P</i> < .001), sCrea ≥1.6 mg/dL (≥140 μmol/L; HR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.1-6.4; <i>P</i> = .04), borderline proteinuria (HR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2-5.2; <i>P</i> = .01), and age at inclusion (HR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.2-1.5; <i>P</i> < .001) were significantly associated with diagnosis of renal disease 6 months later.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Borderline proteinuria should receive more attention in healthy mature adult and senior cats because it is associated with renal disease and death.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.17257","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Donatienne L. Castelain, Alexander Dufourni, Mathilde L. Pas, Jade Bokma, Eva de Bruijn, Ellen Paulussen, Laurence Lefère, Gunther van Loon, Bart Pardon
Background
The care of sick neonatal foals is labor-intensive and costly. Prediction of risk of death upon admission is often difficult but might support decision-making.
Objectives
To determine diseases and risk factors associated with death in neonatal hospitalized foals.
Animals
Two hundred twenty-two hospitalized foals, ≤7 days old.
Methods
Retrospective cohort study. Clinical and laboratory variables were evaluated for their association with death by means of Cox survival analysis and by classification and regression tree (CART) analysis.
Results
Most prevalent diseases were sepsis (43.9%), enteritis (14.0%), and omphalitis (9.0%). Case fatality rate was 33.3%. Neonatal sepsis significantly increased the risk of death (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2-3.0; P = .009). Multivariable Cox regression in foals ≤7 days old revealed comatose mental state (HR = 2.9; 95% CI = 1.1-8.1; P = .04), L-lactatemia (≥373.8 mg/L [4.2 mmol/L]; HR = 4.4; 95% CI = 1.7-11.7; P = .003) and increased serum amyloid A (SAA; ≥2054 μg/mL; HR = 3.9; 95% CI = 1.2-12.7; P = .02) as risk factors for death, with a sensitivity and specificity of 7.5% and 95.7%, respectively. The CART analysis highlighted L-lactatemia, comatose mental state, and hypercapnia as risk factors for death, with a sensitivity of 38.1% and specificity of 86.1% after validation.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
In this study sample, sepsis was associated with the highest risk of death. Identified risk factors such as SAA, L-lactate, and comatose mental state might guide veterinarians and owners in better decision-making for economic or welfare reasons. Frequently measured laboratory variables, such as blood glucose concentration and Immunoglobulin G, were not sensitive and specific enough to provide reliable decision support for survival estimation.
{"title":"Retrospective cohort study on diseases and risk factors associated with death in hospitalized neonatal foals","authors":"Donatienne L. Castelain, Alexander Dufourni, Mathilde L. Pas, Jade Bokma, Eva de Bruijn, Ellen Paulussen, Laurence Lefère, Gunther van Loon, Bart Pardon","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17269","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17269","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The care of sick neonatal foals is labor-intensive and costly. Prediction of risk of death upon admission is often difficult but might support decision-making.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To determine diseases and risk factors associated with death in neonatal hospitalized foals.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Animals</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Two hundred twenty-two hospitalized foals, ≤7 days old.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Retrospective cohort study. Clinical and laboratory variables were evaluated for their association with death by means of Cox survival analysis and by classification and regression tree (CART) analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Most prevalent diseases were sepsis (43.9%), enteritis (14.0%), and omphalitis (9.0%). Case fatality rate was 33.3%. Neonatal sepsis significantly increased the risk of death (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2-3.0; <i>P</i> = .009). Multivariable Cox regression in foals ≤7 days old revealed comatose mental state (HR = 2.9; 95% CI = 1.1-8.1; <i>P</i> = .04), L-lactatemia (≥373.8 mg/L [4.2 mmol/L]; HR = 4.4; 95% CI = 1.7-11.7; <i>P</i> = .003) and increased serum amyloid A (SAA; ≥2054 μg/mL; HR = 3.9; 95% CI = 1.2-12.7; <i>P</i> = .02) as risk factors for death, with a sensitivity and specificity of 7.5% and 95.7%, respectively. The CART analysis highlighted L-lactatemia, comatose mental state, and hypercapnia as risk factors for death, with a sensitivity of 38.1% and specificity of 86.1% after validation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study sample, sepsis was associated with the highest risk of death. Identified risk factors such as SAA, L-lactate, and comatose mental state might guide veterinarians and owners in better decision-making for economic or welfare reasons. Frequently measured laboratory variables, such as blood glucose concentration and Immunoglobulin G, were not sensitive and specific enough to provide reliable decision support for survival estimation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.17269","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142846519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna-Lena Proksch, Sophia Schaefer, Vanessa Dreller, Judith Langenstein, Ralph Fingerhut, Natali Bauer, Andreas Moritz
Background
In dogs, data on reference intervals (RIs) for cobalamin, markers of metabolism (markersB12met), age and sex effects are limited.
Hypothesis/Objectives
Establish RI for serum cobalamin, homocysteine, and methylmalonic acid (sMMA) concentrations, urinary methylmalonic acid-to-creatinine ratio (uMMA:crea), and determine effects of sex and age.
Methods
Prospective study using healthy dogs (1-10 years). Cobalamin and markersB12met were determined using chemiluminescence immunoassay (cobalamin) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (homocysteine, sMMA, uMMA:crea). In dogs with outlying data, changes in health, markersB12met, and onset of gastrointestinal signs were reevaluated after 9-15 months.
Results
Twelve of 120 healthy dogs had abnormal uMMA:crea ratios. No other cobalamin analyte outliers were found. Outlying data re-examination (odRE) was performed in 10/12 dogs. Chronic gastrointestinal signs occurred in 64% of odRE-dogs, whereas 36% remained healthy. In total, 112 dogs (67 females, 45 males; median ages, 3.5 and 3.75 years, respectively) were included in RI analyses. Reference intervals were 178.5-851 pmol/L (cobalamin), 5.8-29.0 μmol/L (homocysteine), 45.3-159.5 μg/L (sMMA), and ≤22.4 mg/g (uMMA:crea). Only age affected cobalamin concentrations (significant decrease). Compared by sex and neuter status, intact male dogs had significantly higher uMMA:crea ratios (median, 13.5; range, 1.9-83.6 mg/g) than the other groups (median, 2.5; range, 0.7-9.7 mg/g; P < .0001). Sex-specific RI were ≤58.9 mg/g (intact male) vs ≤5.2 mg/g (females and neutered males).
Conclusion and Clinical Importance
Intact male dogs had significantly higher uMMA:crea ratios than the other groups. Thus, sex-specific RI are recommended for uMMA:crea. Because of the wide distribution of uMMA:crea ratios, careful interpretation in intact male dogs is advised.
{"title":"The effects of age and sex on reference intervals for cobalamin, homocysteine, and serum and urinary methylmalonic acid in healthy adult dogs","authors":"Anna-Lena Proksch, Sophia Schaefer, Vanessa Dreller, Judith Langenstein, Ralph Fingerhut, Natali Bauer, Andreas Moritz","doi":"10.1111/jvim.17250","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jvim.17250","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In dogs, data on reference intervals (RIs) for cobalamin, markers of metabolism (markersB<sub>12</sub>met), age and sex effects are limited.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Hypothesis/Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Establish RI for serum cobalamin, homocysteine, and methylmalonic acid (sMMA) concentrations, urinary methylmalonic acid-to-creatinine ratio (uMMA:crea), and determine effects of sex and age.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prospective study using healthy dogs (1-10 years). Cobalamin and markersB<sub>12</sub>met were determined using chemiluminescence immunoassay (cobalamin) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (homocysteine, sMMA, uMMA:crea). In dogs with outlying data, changes in health, markersB<sub>12</sub>met, and onset of gastrointestinal signs were reevaluated after 9-15 months.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twelve of 120 healthy dogs had abnormal uMMA:crea ratios. No other cobalamin analyte outliers were found. Outlying data re-examination (odRE) was performed in 10/12 dogs. Chronic gastrointestinal signs occurred in 64% of odRE-dogs, whereas 36% remained healthy. In total, 112 dogs (67 females, 45 males; median ages, 3.5 and 3.75 years, respectively) were included in RI analyses. Reference intervals were 178.5-851 pmol/L (cobalamin), 5.8-29.0 μmol/L (homocysteine), 45.3-159.5 μg/L (sMMA), and ≤22.4 mg/g (uMMA:crea). Only age affected cobalamin concentrations (significant decrease). Compared by sex and neuter status, intact male dogs had significantly higher uMMA:crea ratios (median, 13.5; range, 1.9-83.6 mg/g) than the other groups (median, 2.5; range, 0.7-9.7 mg/g; <i>P</i> < .0001). Sex-specific RI were ≤58.9 mg/g (intact male) vs ≤5.2 mg/g (females and neutered males).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion and Clinical Importance</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Intact male dogs had significantly higher uMMA:crea ratios than the other groups. Thus, sex-specific RI are recommended for uMMA:crea. Because of the wide distribution of uMMA:crea ratios, careful interpretation in intact male dogs is advised.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49958,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jvim.17250","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142828764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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