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VEGETATIVE NEUROLOGY. 营养神经。
Pub Date : 1941-01-01 DOI: 10.1097/00005053-193012000-00007
A. Calabrese
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引用次数: 0
PROGNOSIS AND TREATMENT 预后与治疗
Pub Date : 1937-04-01 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.360
nulliparae showed 63 per cent. asymptomatic, 29 per cent. parel-lchymatous, and 8 per cent. meningovascular neurosyphilis; multipare showed 54 per cent. asymptomatic, 38 per cent. parenchymatous, and 8 per cent. meningovascular neurosyphilis. Wl hen arranged in the age groupinigs the nullipare showed a preponderance of cases in the third decade (ages 20 to 29) and a very snmall percentage after 40 years of age. In contrast, the miales and niultiparae showed the peak in the fourth decade (ages 30 to 39) with a much higher incidence after this period than in the case of the nulliparte. A detailed analysis of the iincidence of each clinical type in each age grouping is shown in tables. R. G. G.
无症状者为63%,平行脓肿者为29%,脑膜血管性神经梅毒者为8%;多组显示无症状者占54%,实质性病例占38%,脑膜血管性神经梅毒占8%。当按年龄分组排列时,在第三个十年(20至29岁)的病例占多数,而在40岁以后的病例占很小的比例。相比之下,乳母和乳母在第四个十年(30至39岁)达到高峰,此后的发病率远高于乳母。表中显示了每种临床类型在每个年龄组的发病率的详细分析。r.g.g g。
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引用次数: 0
PSYCHOSES 精神病
Pub Date : 1937-04-01 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.366
bearing on stammering. (2) Because these conflicts persist and the individual continues to be unable to solve them, stammering must be regarded as a major type of neurosis. (3) Since the origin of the symptoms seem to lie in early fixation on the oral and anal levels, the neurosis must be regarded as a pregenital development on which certain more or less normal conflicts of later life become grafted. (4) Hypnoanalysis, being an unconscious manipulation technique, effects but proximate changes of behaviour, leaving recovered material, in an ultimate sense, unassimilated. (5) Active analysis, even when long-continued, warps the transference situation, and thus achieves but partial success in the treatment of stammering. (6) The procedure found to be most effective-from the point of view of symptom removal-is that of passive analysis, relying on transference as its major aid. C. S. R.
与结巴有关。(2)由于这些冲突持续存在,而个体继续无法解决,口吃必须被视为神经症的一种主要类型。(3)由于症状的起源似乎在于早期对口腔和肛门水平的固定,因此必须将神经症视为一种生殖前发育,在此基础上嫁接了后来生活中某些或多或少的正常冲突。(4)催眠分析,作为一种无意识的操作技术,影响但近似的行为变化,使恢复的材料,在最终意义上,未被吸收。(5)主动分析,即使长时间持续,也会扭曲移情情况,因此在治疗口吃方面只能取得部分成功。(6)从消除症状的角度来看,最有效的方法是依赖移情作为主要辅助手段的被动分析。c.s.r。
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引用次数: 0
Psychopathology 精神病理学
Pub Date : 1937-04-01 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.362
FouR cases of hydromyelia were submitted to operation as suggested by Pussepp in 1926. They were observed for several years following the operation. Only one patient showed definite improvement, a second did not improve by operation and deteriorated soon afterwards; two cases improved at first but later the disease again progressed. No beneficial result is to be expected in a case of pure syringomyelia.
根据普塞普于1926年提出的建议,对4例脊髓水肿患者进行了手术治疗。手术后,他们被观察了几年。只有一名患者表现出明确的改善,另一名患者没有通过手术改善,随后很快恶化;两例患者最初病情好转,但后来病情再次恶化。对于单纯脊髓空洞的病例,没有预期的有益结果。
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引用次数: 0
SENSORIMOTOR NEUROLOGY 感觉运动神经学
Pub Date : 1937-04-01 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.348
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引用次数: 0
NEUROPATHOLOGY 神经病理学
Pub Date : 1937-04-01 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.337
TuIE hypothalamic centres of the autonomic system were the first objects to study, but more recently evidence has been adduced to show that centres in the cortex, especially in the motor cortex, were concerned with autonomiic activity. To investigate this the conduction of cortical impulses to vegetative organs was studied in 35 cats. In a first series of experimeints ' extrapyramidal ' centrifugal fibres arising from the hypothalamus were severed. In a second series of experiments a transverse section of both pyramidal tracts was made. After the lesion on either of these systems had been performed, the effects of stimulation of the motor cortex and the frontal lobe were noted on the pupil, the blood vessels, the sweat glands, and the urinary bladder. In both groups of experiments the cortical stimulation elicited reactions of the above-mentioned organs. Severance of the hypothalamic pathways impaired most the conduction of corticofugal impulses to the dilator of the pupil, least the conduction to the bladder. It is concluded that there exists a double (pyramidal and extrapyramidal) conduction of corticofugal impulses to the autonomic centres in the cord. R. G. G.
自主神经系统的下丘脑中枢是第一个研究对象,但最近有证据表明,皮层中心,特别是运动皮层中心,与自主神经活动有关。为了研究这一点,我们在35只猫身上研究了皮质脉冲到营养器官的传导。在最初的一系列实验中,切断了源自下丘脑的“锥体外”离心纤维。在第二组实验中,绘制了两个锥体束的横切面。在对这些系统中的任何一个进行损伤后,运动皮层和额叶的刺激对瞳孔、血管、汗腺和膀胱的影响被注意到。在两组实验中,皮层刺激引起上述器官的反应。下丘脑通路的切断对向瞳孔扩张肌的皮质冲动的传导损害最大,对向膀胱的传导损害最小。结论是存在双重(锥体和锥体外)皮质冲动传导到脊髓的自主神经中枢。r.g.g g。
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引用次数: 0
Amaurotic Idiocy and the Lipoidoses 无症状性白痴和脂质病
Pub Date : 1937-04-01 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.328
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引用次数: 0
NEUROSES AND PSYCHONEUROSES 神经病和精神神经病
Pub Date : 1937-04-01 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.363
means of studying blood distribution during various mental circumstances as was suggested by Mosso. Further, the position of the subject upon the balance has in no circumstances any effect upon the direction of the deflection produced, as was suggested by WVeber. Finally, it is demonstrated that certain fairly definite mental states are accompanied by characteristic combinations of shift of the centre of gravity of the subject upon the balance. This shift is evidenced by the movements of the apparatus. The most characteristic of these is the movement towards the left side and head end during periods of relaxation, and towards the right side and foot during periods of purposeful mental activity. C. S. R.
莫索提出的研究各种精神状态下血液分布的方法。此外,物体在天平上的位置在任何情况下都不会对产生的偏转方向产生任何影响,正如韦伯所建议的那样。最后,证明了某些相当确定的心理状态伴随着主体在天平上的重心移动的特征组合。这种转变可以通过仪器的运动来证明。其中最具特征的是在放松时向左侧和头部移动,在有目的的心理活动时向右侧和足部移动。c.s.r。
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引用次数: 0
PROGNOSIS AND TREATMENT 预后与治疗
Pub Date : 1937-04-01 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.377
WITH the aim of estimating the protein equilibrium in some groups of mental disease, the author has carried out the estimation of tryptophane in the plasma where it furnishes an indirect index of the albumin-globulin ratio. In amentia and above all in paresis he has found an increase in blood tryptophane, and in regard to the latter he believes that it may be referred to a particular state of lability in the equilibrium of the serum proteins. The increase in tryptophane is not in agreement with the degree of severity of the disease or with the confusional picture which accompanied it. In senile dementia, especially when accompanied by cerebral or diffuse arteriosclerosis, a conspicuous increase in blood tryptophane was noted. In other groups of mental disease (dementia praecox, epilepsy, brain disease, alcoholism, etc.) the blood tryptophane is normal or shows slight oscillations such as occur in healthy people. R. G. G.
为了估计某些精神疾病群体的蛋白质平衡,作者进行了血浆中色氨酸的估计,色氨酸提供了白蛋白-球蛋白比率的间接指标。在痴呆中,尤其是在麻痹中,他发现了血液中色氨酸的增加,关于后者,他认为这可能是指血清蛋白平衡中的一种特殊的不稳定状态。色氨酸的增加不符合疾病的严重程度,也不符合伴随疾病出现的混乱局面。在老年性痴呆中,特别是当伴有脑或弥漫性动脉硬化时,血液中色氨酸明显增加。在其他精神疾病组(早发性痴呆、癫痫、脑部疾病、酗酒等)中,血色氨酸是正常的,或表现出轻微的振荡,就像健康人一样。r.g.g g。
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引用次数: 0
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 精神病理学
Pub Date : 1937-04-01 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.68.373
revealed that the greater number of these cases have suffered from psychoses which have had unfavourable outcomes. The concept of benign stupor, according to Hoch, represents a phase of manic-depressive psychosis. Obviouslysuch a classification cannot be applied to those showing unfavourable results. It is noted that there are many types of stupor and that this symptom occurs in numerous diseases. The actual diagnosis would depend upon other accompanying signs and symptoms plus an analysis of the causative factors. The benign stupor of Hoch was established on the presence of four cardinal symptoms; apathy, inactivity, thinking disorders, and an absorbing interest in death. The writer cannot accept these as distinguishing benign stupor from catatonia, for they are also commonly present in schizophrenia. There seems little reason to believe that Hoch's stupor is fundamentally different from catatonic stupors and benign stupor should not be regarded as a diseaseentity. In the past periodicity and recoverability were considered pathognomonic for manic-depressive psychoses. To-day these are not considered characteristic of the cyclothymic group alone. They occur in schizophrenia as well. The rigid theory of Kraepelin that schizophrenia is a progressively deteriorating disease is true only if we consider the case over its entire life-span. C. S. RI.
揭示了这些病例中有更多的人患有精神病,这些精神病有不利的结果。根据Hoch的说法,良性昏迷的概念代表了躁狂抑郁精神病的一个阶段。显然,这样的分类不适用于那些表现出不利结果的人。值得注意的是,有许多类型的麻木,这种症状发生在许多疾病中。实际的诊断将取决于其他伴随的体征和症状加上对病因的分析。Hoch的良性昏迷是建立在四个基本症状的基础上的;冷漠,不活跃,思维混乱,对死亡有浓厚兴趣。作者不能接受这些作为良性麻木和紧张症的区别,因为它们也常见于精神分裂症。似乎没有理由相信Hoch的昏迷与紧张性昏迷有根本区别,良性昏迷不应被视为一种疾病实体。在过去,周期性和可恢复性被认为是躁狂抑郁精神病的典型症状。时至今日,这些症状已不被认为是周期性疾病群独有的。它们也会出现在精神分裂症中。Kraepelin关于精神分裂症是一种逐渐恶化的疾病的严格理论只有在我们考虑整个生命周期的情况下才是正确的。c.s.r i。
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引用次数: 1
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Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology
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