Daniele Passaro, Giulio Cordova, Federico Lazzari, Elena Graverini, Michael Joseph Morello, Giovanni Punzi
The increasing computing power and bandwidth of programmable digital devices opens new possibilities in the field of real-time processing of HEP data. The LHCb collaboration is exploiting these technology advancements in various ways to enhance its capability for complex data reconstruction in real time. Amongst them is the real-time reconstruction of hits in the VELO pixel detector, by means of real-time cluster-finding embedded in the readout board firmware. This reconstruction, in addition to saving data-acquisition bandwidth and high-level trigger computing resources, also enables further useful applications in precision monitoring and diagnostics of LHC beam conditions. In fact, clusters of pixels, being more reliable and robust indications of physical particle hits than raw pixel counts, are also exempt from the complications associated to the reconstruction of tracks, that involves alignment issues and is sensitive to multi-layer efficiency products. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a flexible system embedded in the readout firmware of the VELO detector, allowing real-time measurement of cluster density in several parts of the detector simultaneously, and separately for every bunch ID, for every single LHC collision, without any slowdown of data acquisition. Quantitative applications of this system to luminosity measurement and beam monitoring are demonstrated.
{"title":"LHC beam monitoring via real-time hit reconstruction in the LHCb VELO pixel detector","authors":"Daniele Passaro, Giulio Cordova, Federico Lazzari, Elena Graverini, Michael Joseph Morello, Giovanni Punzi","doi":"arxiv-2409.06524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.06524","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing computing power and bandwidth of programmable digital devices\u0000opens new possibilities in the field of real-time processing of HEP data. The\u0000LHCb collaboration is exploiting these technology advancements in various ways\u0000to enhance its capability for complex data reconstruction in real time. Amongst\u0000them is the real-time reconstruction of hits in the VELO pixel detector, by\u0000means of real-time cluster-finding embedded in the readout board firmware. This\u0000reconstruction, in addition to saving data-acquisition bandwidth and high-level\u0000trigger computing resources, also enables further useful applications in\u0000precision monitoring and diagnostics of LHC beam conditions. In fact, clusters\u0000of pixels, being more reliable and robust indications of physical particle hits\u0000than raw pixel counts, are also exempt from the complications associated to the\u0000reconstruction of tracks, that involves alignment issues and is sensitive to\u0000multi-layer efficiency products. In this paper, we describe the design and\u0000implementation of a flexible system embedded in the readout firmware of the\u0000VELO detector, allowing real-time measurement of cluster density in several\u0000parts of the detector simultaneously, and separately for every bunch ID, for\u0000every single LHC collision, without any slowdown of data acquisition.\u0000Quantitative applications of this system to luminosity measurement and beam\u0000monitoring are demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":501374,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Instrumentation and Detectors","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The detector group of Synchrotron SOLEIL is monitoring the performance of Energy-Resolved Detectors (EDX) and their associated electronics since last five years. A characterization procedure has been developed for this purpose and for Site Acceptance Tests (SATs) of new EDXs installed at beamlines. This manuscript presents the procedure, illustrating it with an example.
{"title":"A procedure to characterize the performance of Energy-Resolved Detectors (EDX)","authors":"F. J. Iguaz, T. Saleem, N. Goyal","doi":"arxiv-2409.05515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.05515","url":null,"abstract":"The detector group of Synchrotron SOLEIL is monitoring the performance of\u0000Energy-Resolved Detectors (EDX) and their associated electronics since last\u0000five years. A characterization procedure has been developed for this purpose\u0000and for Site Acceptance Tests (SATs) of new EDXs installed at beamlines. This\u0000manuscript presents the procedure, illustrating it with an example.","PeriodicalId":501374,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Instrumentation and Detectors","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study aims to detect helium-3 in nickel-based metal nano-composites doped with zirconia, which exhibited anomalous heat generation when exposed to hydrogen gas at approximately 450{deg}C. Two complementary analytical techniques were employed: Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) utilizing 1.4 MeV deuteron beams from a tandem accelerator, and Thermal Desorption Spectrometry (TDS) using a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Both methods successfully detected helium-3 in the samples. Given the extreme rarity of this isotope, its presence strongly suggests the occurrence of nuclear reactions within the nickel-containing materials. These findings lend support to the 4H/TSC (4 Hydrogen/Tetrahedral Symmetric Condensate) model, which uniquely predicts helium-3 as one of the primary reaction products.
{"title":"Detections of He-3 in Ni-based binary metal nanocomposites with Cu in zirconia exposed to hydrogen gas at elevated temperatures","authors":"Tomoya Yamauchi, Yutaka Mori, Shuto Higashi, Hayato Seiichi, Masahiko Hasegawa, Akito Takahashi, Akira Taniike, Masato Kanasaki","doi":"arxiv-2409.05382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.05382","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aims to detect helium-3 in nickel-based metal\u0000nano-composites doped with zirconia, which exhibited anomalous heat generation\u0000when exposed to hydrogen gas at approximately 450{deg}C. Two complementary\u0000analytical techniques were employed: Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) utilizing\u00001.4 MeV deuteron beams from a tandem accelerator, and Thermal Desorption\u0000Spectrometry (TDS) using a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Both methods\u0000successfully detected helium-3 in the samples. Given the extreme rarity of this\u0000isotope, its presence strongly suggests the occurrence of nuclear reactions\u0000within the nickel-containing materials. These findings lend support to the\u00004H/TSC (4 Hydrogen/Tetrahedral Symmetric Condensate) model, which uniquely\u0000predicts helium-3 as one of the primary reaction products.","PeriodicalId":501374,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Instrumentation and Detectors","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benjamin Schneider, Gregory Prigozhin, Richard F. Foster, Marshall W. Bautz, Hope Fu, Catherine E. Grant, Sarah Heine, Jill Juneau, Beverly LaMarr, Olivier Limousin, Nathan Lourie, Andrew Malonis, Eric D. Miller
The advent of back-illuminated complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) sensors and their well-known advantages over charge-coupled devices (CCDs) make them an attractive technology for future X-ray missions. However, numerous challenges remain, including improving their depletion depth and identifying effective methods to calculate per-pixel gain conversion. We have tested a commercial Sony IMX290LLR CMOS sensor under X-ray light using an $^{55}$Fe radioactive source and collected X-ray photons for $sim$15 consecutive days under stable conditions at regulated temperatures of 21{deg}C and 26{deg}C. At each temperature, the data set contained enough X-ray photons to produce one spectrum per pixel consisting only of single-pixel events. We determined the gain dispersion of its 2.1 million pixels using the peak fitting and the Energy Calibration by Correlation (ECC) methods. We measured a gain dispersion of 0.4% at both temperatures and demonstrated the advantage of the ECC method in the case of spectra with low statistics. The energy resolution at 5.9 keV after the per-pixel gain correction is improved by $gtrsim$10 eV for single-pixel and all event spectra, with single-pixel event energy resolution reaching $123.6pm 0.2$ eV, close to the Fano limit of silicon sensors at room temperature. Finally, our long data acquisition demonstrated the excellent stability of the detector over more than 30 days under a flux of $10^4$ photons per second.
{"title":"X-ray spectral performance of the Sony IMX290 CMOS sensor near Fano limit after a per-pixel gain calibration","authors":"Benjamin Schneider, Gregory Prigozhin, Richard F. Foster, Marshall W. Bautz, Hope Fu, Catherine E. Grant, Sarah Heine, Jill Juneau, Beverly LaMarr, Olivier Limousin, Nathan Lourie, Andrew Malonis, Eric D. Miller","doi":"arxiv-2409.05954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.05954","url":null,"abstract":"The advent of back-illuminated complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)\u0000sensors and their well-known advantages over charge-coupled devices (CCDs) make\u0000them an attractive technology for future X-ray missions. However, numerous\u0000challenges remain, including improving their depletion depth and identifying\u0000effective methods to calculate per-pixel gain conversion. We have tested a\u0000commercial Sony IMX290LLR CMOS sensor under X-ray light using an $^{55}$Fe\u0000radioactive source and collected X-ray photons for $sim$15 consecutive days\u0000under stable conditions at regulated temperatures of 21{deg}C and 26{deg}C.\u0000At each temperature, the data set contained enough X-ray photons to produce one\u0000spectrum per pixel consisting only of single-pixel events. We determined the\u0000gain dispersion of its 2.1 million pixels using the peak fitting and the Energy\u0000Calibration by Correlation (ECC) methods. We measured a gain dispersion of\u00000.4% at both temperatures and demonstrated the advantage of the ECC method in\u0000the case of spectra with low statistics. The energy resolution at 5.9 keV after\u0000the per-pixel gain correction is improved by $gtrsim$10 eV for single-pixel\u0000and all event spectra, with single-pixel event energy resolution reaching\u0000$123.6pm 0.2$ eV, close to the Fano limit of silicon sensors at room\u0000temperature. Finally, our long data acquisition demonstrated the excellent\u0000stability of the detector over more than 30 days under a flux of $10^4$ photons\u0000per second.","PeriodicalId":501374,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Instrumentation and Detectors","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inge Diehl, Finn Feindt, Ingrid-Maria Gregor, Karsten Hansen, Stephan Lachnit, Daniil Rastorguev, Simon Spannagel, Tomas Vanat, Gianpiero Vignola
Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) are the state-of-the-art technology in single-photon detection with solid-state detectors. Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs), the key element of SiPMs, can now be manufactured in CMOS processes, facilitating the integration of a SPAD array into custom monolithic ASICs. This allows implementing features such as signal digitization, masking, full hit-map readout, noise suppression, and photon counting in a monolithic CMOS chip. The complexity of the off-chip readout chain is thereby reduced. These new features allow new applications for digital SiPMs, such as 4D-tracking of charged particles, where spatial resolutions of the order of $10 mu m$ and timestamping with time resolutions of a few tens of ps are required. A prototype of a digital SiPM was designed at DESY using the LFoundry $150 nm$ CMOS technology. Various studies were carried out in the laboratory and at the DESY II test-beam facility to evaluate the sensor performance in Minimum Ionizing Particles (MIPs) detection. The direct detection of charged particles was investigated for bare prototypes and assemblies coupling dSiPMs and thin LYSO crystals. Spatial resolution $sim20 mu m$ and a full-system time resolution of $sim50 ps$ are measured using bare dSiPMs in direct MIP detection. Efficiency $>99.5 %$, low noise rate and time resolution $<1 ns$ can be reached with the thin radiator coupling.
{"title":"4D-Tracking with Digital SiPMs","authors":"Inge Diehl, Finn Feindt, Ingrid-Maria Gregor, Karsten Hansen, Stephan Lachnit, Daniil Rastorguev, Simon Spannagel, Tomas Vanat, Gianpiero Vignola","doi":"arxiv-2409.04788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.04788","url":null,"abstract":"Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) are the state-of-the-art technology in\u0000single-photon detection with solid-state detectors. Single Photon Avalanche\u0000Diodes (SPADs), the key element of SiPMs, can now be manufactured in CMOS\u0000processes, facilitating the integration of a SPAD array into custom monolithic\u0000ASICs. This allows implementing features such as signal digitization, masking,\u0000full hit-map readout, noise suppression, and photon counting in a monolithic\u0000CMOS chip. The complexity of the off-chip readout chain is thereby reduced. These new features allow new applications for digital SiPMs, such as\u00004D-tracking of charged particles, where spatial resolutions of the order of $10\u0000mu m$ and timestamping with time resolutions of a few tens of ps are required. A prototype of a digital SiPM was designed at DESY using the LFoundry $150\u0000nm$ CMOS technology. Various studies were carried out in the laboratory and at\u0000the DESY II test-beam facility to evaluate the sensor performance in Minimum\u0000Ionizing Particles (MIPs) detection. The direct detection of charged particles\u0000was investigated for bare prototypes and assemblies coupling dSiPMs and thin\u0000LYSO crystals. Spatial resolution $sim20 mu m$ and a full-system time\u0000resolution of $sim50 ps$ are measured using bare dSiPMs in direct MIP\u0000detection. Efficiency $>99.5 %$, low noise rate and time resolution $<1 ns$\u0000can be reached with the thin radiator coupling.","PeriodicalId":501374,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Instrumentation and Detectors","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ground-based gravitational wave detectors use laser interferometry to detect the minuscule distance change between test masses caused by gravitational waves. Stray light that scatters back into the interferometer causes transient signals that can cover the same frequency range as a potential gravitational wave signal. Scattered light noise is a potentially limiting factor in current and future detectors thus making it relevant to find new ways to mitigate it. Here, we demonstrate experimentally a technique for the subtraction of scattered light noise from the displacement readout of a Michelson interferometer. It is based on using a balanced homodyne detector at both the symmetric and the antisymmetric port. While we have been able to demonstrate a noise reduction of SI{13.2}{decibel}, the readout scheme seems to be only limited by the associated noise couplings, with no theoretical limit to the scattered light suppression itself other than shot noise. We also discuss challenges for using the dual balanced homodyne detection scheme in more complex interferometer topologies, which could lead to improvements in scattered light noise mitigation of gravitational wave detectors.
{"title":"Dual balanced readout for scattered light noise mitigation in Michelson interferometers","authors":"André Lohde, Daniel Voigt, Oliver Gerberding","doi":"arxiv-2409.04266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.04266","url":null,"abstract":"Ground-based gravitational wave detectors use laser interferometry to detect\u0000the minuscule distance change between test masses caused by gravitational\u0000waves. Stray light that scatters back into the interferometer causes transient\u0000signals that can cover the same frequency range as a potential gravitational\u0000wave signal. Scattered light noise is a potentially limiting factor in current\u0000and future detectors thus making it relevant to find new ways to mitigate it.\u0000Here, we demonstrate experimentally a technique for the subtraction of\u0000scattered light noise from the displacement readout of a Michelson\u0000interferometer. It is based on using a balanced homodyne detector at both the\u0000symmetric and the antisymmetric port. While we have been able to demonstrate a\u0000noise reduction of SI{13.2}{decibel}, the readout scheme seems to be only\u0000limited by the associated noise couplings, with no theoretical limit to the\u0000scattered light suppression itself other than shot noise. We also discuss\u0000challenges for using the dual balanced homodyne detection scheme in more\u0000complex interferometer topologies, which could lead to improvements in\u0000scattered light noise mitigation of gravitational wave detectors.","PeriodicalId":501374,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Instrumentation and Detectors","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142226870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We introduce the holographic air-quality monitor (HAM) system, uniquely tailored for monitoring large particulate matter (PM) over 10 um in diameter, i.e., particles critical for disease transmission and public health but overlooked by most commercial PM sensors. The HAM system utilizes a lensless digital inline holography (DIH) sensor combined with a deep learning model, enabling real-time detection of PMs, with greater than 97% true positive rate at less than 0.6% false positive rate, and analysis of PMs by size and morphology at a sampling rate of 26 liters per minute (LPM), for a wide range of particle concentrations up to 4000 particles/L. Such throughput not only significantly outperforms traditional imaging-based sensors but also rivals some lower-fidelity, non-imaging sensors. Additionally, the HAM system is equipped with additional sensors for smaller PMs and various air quality conditions, ensuring a comprehensive assessment of indoor air quality. The performance of the DIH sensor within the HAM system was evaluated through comparison with brightfield microscopy, showing high concordance in size measurements. The efficacy of the DIH sensor was also demonstrated in two two-hour experiments under different environments simulating practical conditions with one involving distinct PM-generating events. These tests highlighted the HAM system's advanced capability to differentiate PM events from background noise and its exceptional sensitivity to irregular, large-sized PMs of low concentration.
{"title":"Holographic Air-quality Monitor (HAM)","authors":"Nicholas Bravo-Frank, Lei Feng, Jiarong Hong","doi":"arxiv-2409.04435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.04435","url":null,"abstract":"We introduce the holographic air-quality monitor (HAM) system, uniquely\u0000tailored for monitoring large particulate matter (PM) over 10 um in diameter,\u0000i.e., particles critical for disease transmission and public health but\u0000overlooked by most commercial PM sensors. The HAM system utilizes a lensless\u0000digital inline holography (DIH) sensor combined with a deep learning model,\u0000enabling real-time detection of PMs, with greater than 97% true positive rate\u0000at less than 0.6% false positive rate, and analysis of PMs by size and\u0000morphology at a sampling rate of 26 liters per minute (LPM), for a wide range\u0000of particle concentrations up to 4000 particles/L. Such throughput not only\u0000significantly outperforms traditional imaging-based sensors but also rivals\u0000some lower-fidelity, non-imaging sensors. Additionally, the HAM system is\u0000equipped with additional sensors for smaller PMs and various air quality\u0000conditions, ensuring a comprehensive assessment of indoor air quality. The\u0000performance of the DIH sensor within the HAM system was evaluated through\u0000comparison with brightfield microscopy, showing high concordance in size\u0000measurements. The efficacy of the DIH sensor was also demonstrated in two\u0000two-hour experiments under different environments simulating practical\u0000conditions with one involving distinct PM-generating events. These tests\u0000highlighted the HAM system's advanced capability to differentiate PM events\u0000from background noise and its exceptional sensitivity to irregular, large-sized\u0000PMs of low concentration.","PeriodicalId":501374,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Instrumentation and Detectors","volume":"279 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jacopo Ruggeri, Udo Ausserlechner, Helmut Köck, Karen M. Dowling
Microelectronic magnetic sensors are essential in diverse applications, including automotive, industrial, and consumer electronics. Hall-effect devices hold the largest share of the magnetic sensor market, and they are particularly valued for their reliability, low cost and CMOS compatibility. This paper introduces a novel 3-axis Hall-effect sensor element based on an inverted pyramid structure, realized by leveraging MEMS micromachining and CMOS processing. The devices are manufactured by etching the pyramid openings with TMAH and implanting the sloped walls with n-dopants to define the active area. Through the use of various bias-sense detection modes, the device is able to detect both in-plane and out-of-plane magnetic fields within a single compact structure. In addition, the offset can be significantly reduced by one to three orders of magnitude by employing the current-spinning method. The device presented in this work demonstrated high in-plane and out-of-plane current- and voltage-related sensitivities ranging between 64.1 to 198 V A$^{-1}$ T$^{-1}$ and 14.8 to 21.4 mV V$^{-1}$ T$^{-1}$, with crosstalk below 3.7 %. The sensor exhibits a thermal noise floor which corresponds to approximately 0.5 $mu$T/$sqrt{Hz}$ at 1.31 V supply. This novel Hall-effect sensor represents a promising and simpler alternative to existing state-of-the-art 3-axis magnetic sensors, offering a viable solution for precise and reliable magnetic field sensing in various applications such as position feedback and power monitoring.
{"title":"Inverted Pyramid 3-axis Silicon Hall Effect Magnetic Sensor With Offset Cancellation","authors":"Jacopo Ruggeri, Udo Ausserlechner, Helmut Köck, Karen M. Dowling","doi":"arxiv-2409.04333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.04333","url":null,"abstract":"Microelectronic magnetic sensors are essential in diverse applications,\u0000including automotive, industrial, and consumer electronics. Hall-effect devices\u0000hold the largest share of the magnetic sensor market, and they are particularly\u0000valued for their reliability, low cost and CMOS compatibility. This paper\u0000introduces a novel 3-axis Hall-effect sensor element based on an inverted\u0000pyramid structure, realized by leveraging MEMS micromachining and CMOS\u0000processing. The devices are manufactured by etching the pyramid openings with\u0000TMAH and implanting the sloped walls with n-dopants to define the active area.\u0000Through the use of various bias-sense detection modes, the device is able to\u0000detect both in-plane and out-of-plane magnetic fields within a single compact\u0000structure. In addition, the offset can be significantly reduced by one to three\u0000orders of magnitude by employing the current-spinning method. The device\u0000presented in this work demonstrated high in-plane and out-of-plane current- and\u0000voltage-related sensitivities ranging between 64.1 to 198 V A$^{-1}$ T$^{-1}$\u0000and 14.8 to 21.4 mV V$^{-1}$ T$^{-1}$, with crosstalk below 3.7 %. The sensor\u0000exhibits a thermal noise floor which corresponds to approximately 0.5\u0000$mu$T/$sqrt{Hz}$ at 1.31 V supply. This novel Hall-effect sensor represents a\u0000promising and simpler alternative to existing state-of-the-art 3-axis magnetic\u0000sensors, offering a viable solution for precise and reliable magnetic field\u0000sensing in various applications such as position feedback and power monitoring.","PeriodicalId":501374,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Instrumentation and Detectors","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Challenges in scaling up noble-liquid time projection chambers prompted the exploration of new detection concepts. The liquid hole-multiplier (LHM) was introduced as a potential component, enabling the detection of ionization electrons and VUV photons. Prior studies focused on perforated electrodes coated with CsI immersed in the liquid and electroluminescence amplification produced on a bubble trapped underneath. However, the performance was hindered by electron transfer across the liquid-gas interface. Here, we explored a bubble-free variant, placing a CsI-coated Thick Gas Electron Multiplier electrode below the liquid-gas interface to improve the transfer efficiency across it. Results show >5-fold improvement in the S1'/S2 ratio (a proxy for the photon detection efficiency (PDE)) compared to the bubble-assisted LHM. Although the achieved PDE is still below expectation ($sim$4%), we propose potential improvements to enhance the performance of this detector.
{"title":"First studies on cascaded dual-phase liquid hole-multipliers in xenon","authors":"G. Martinez-Lema, A. Roy, A. Breskin, L. Arazi","doi":"arxiv-2409.04338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.04338","url":null,"abstract":"Challenges in scaling up noble-liquid time projection chambers prompted the\u0000exploration of new detection concepts. The liquid hole-multiplier (LHM) was\u0000introduced as a potential component, enabling the detection of ionization\u0000electrons and VUV photons. Prior studies focused on perforated electrodes\u0000coated with CsI immersed in the liquid and electroluminescence amplification\u0000produced on a bubble trapped underneath. However, the performance was hindered\u0000by electron transfer across the liquid-gas interface. Here, we explored a\u0000bubble-free variant, placing a CsI-coated Thick Gas Electron Multiplier\u0000electrode below the liquid-gas interface to improve the transfer efficiency\u0000across it. Results show >5-fold improvement in the S1'/S2 ratio (a proxy for\u0000the photon detection efficiency (PDE)) compared to the bubble-assisted LHM.\u0000Although the achieved PDE is still below expectation ($sim$4%), we propose\u0000potential improvements to enhance the performance of this detector.","PeriodicalId":501374,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Instrumentation and Detectors","volume":"117 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luís Gonçalves, Bruno Coelho, Domingos Barbosa, Miguel Bergano, Vitor Bonifácio, Dalmiro Maia
Orbiting space objects have become in the last decade a major nuisance impacting ground astronomy and orbiting space assets, from observatories to satellites and space stations. In particular with the rise of the satellite population in Low Earth Orbits (LEOs), space objects are becoming an even bigger threat and a strong problem to astronomical observations. To tackle these threats several coordinated surveillance networks composed of dedicated sensors (telescopes, radars and laser ranging facilities) track and survey space objects, from debris to active satellites. As part of the European Space Surveillance & Tracking (EU-SST) network, Portugal is developing the PAmpilhosa da Serra Space Observatory (PASO), with both radio and optical telescopes dedicated to the Space Situational Awareness (SSA) domain, deployed at a Dark Sky destination. To optimize telescope survey time, we developed {tt{CLOWN}} (CLOud Watcher at Night), an application interface that automatically monitors clouds in real time. This software can correctly trace clouds positions in the sky, provides accurate pointing information to the observation planning of the optical telescope to avoid cloudy areas. {tt{CLOWN}} only requires the use of an all-sky camera, which is already a norm in observatories with optical telescopes and can be used with any camera, including those for which no information about its model specification do exist. {tt{CLOWN}} does not require great computing power and it does not require the installation of additional equipment. {tt{CLOWN}} results are very promising and confirm that the app can correctly identify clouds in a variety of different conditions and cloud types.
近十年来，轨道空间物体已成为影响地面天文学和轨道空间资产（从天文台到卫星和空间站）的一个主要问题。特别是随着低地轨道（LEOs）卫星数量的增加，空间物体正成为天文观测的一个更大威胁和严重问题。为了应对这些威胁，一些由专用传感器（望远镜、雷达和激光测距设施）组成的协调监视网络对空间物体（从碎片到活动卫星）进行跟踪和测量。作为欧洲空间监视和跟踪（EU-SST）网络的一部分，葡萄牙正在开发 Pmpilhosa da Serra 空间天文台（PASO），该天文台配有专用于空间态势感知（SSA）领域的射电和光学望远镜，部署在一个黑暗天空目的地。为了优化望远镜的勘测时间，我们开发了{tt{CLOWN}}（CLOud Watcher at Night）。(CLOud Watcher at Night），这是一个实时自动监测云层的应用界面。该软件可以正确追踪云层在天空中的位置，为光学望远镜的观测规划提供准确的指向信息，从而避开云层区域。{/tt{CLOWN}}只需要使用全天空照相机，而这种照相机在拥有光学望远镜的天文台中已经普遍使用，并且可以与任何照相机一起使用，包括那些没有关于其型号规格信息的照相机。{tttt{CLOWN}}不需要强大的计算能力，也不需要安装额外的设备。{tttt{CLOWN}}的结果非常令人满意，证实该应用程序能够在各种不同条件和云类型下正确识别云层。
{"title":"CLOWN: The PASO cloud detection for optimization of automatic optical surveys","authors":"Luís Gonçalves, Bruno Coelho, Domingos Barbosa, Miguel Bergano, Vitor Bonifácio, Dalmiro Maia","doi":"arxiv-2409.04245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.04245","url":null,"abstract":"Orbiting space objects have become in the last decade a major nuisance\u0000impacting ground astronomy and orbiting space assets, from observatories to\u0000satellites and space stations. In particular with the rise of the satellite\u0000population in Low Earth Orbits (LEOs), space objects are becoming an even\u0000bigger threat and a strong problem to astronomical observations. To tackle\u0000these threats several coordinated surveillance networks composed of dedicated\u0000sensors (telescopes, radars and laser ranging facilities) track and survey\u0000space objects, from debris to active satellites. As part of the European Space\u0000Surveillance & Tracking (EU-SST) network, Portugal is developing the\u0000PAmpilhosa da Serra Space Observatory (PASO), with both radio and optical\u0000telescopes dedicated to the Space Situational Awareness (SSA) domain, deployed\u0000at a Dark Sky destination. To optimize telescope survey time, we developed\u0000{tt{CLOWN}} (CLOud Watcher at Night), an application interface that\u0000automatically monitors clouds in real time. This software can correctly trace\u0000clouds positions in the sky, provides accurate pointing information to the\u0000observation planning of the optical telescope to avoid cloudy areas.\u0000{tt{CLOWN}} only requires the use of an all-sky camera, which is already a\u0000norm in observatories with optical telescopes and can be used with any camera,\u0000including those for which no information about its model specification do\u0000exist. {tt{CLOWN}} does not require great computing power and it does not\u0000require the installation of additional equipment. {tt{CLOWN}} results are very\u0000promising and confirm that the app can correctly identify clouds in a variety\u0000of different conditions and cloud types.","PeriodicalId":501374,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Instrumentation and Detectors","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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