Lei Zhu, Yunguo Yang, Jianhua Cai, Xuefeng Xu, Liran Ma, Jianbin Luo
When XPS analyses are performed on insulator surfaces, shift and deformation of spectra peaks typically take place due to the surface charging. To achieve reliable XPS measurements, neutralization techniques have been widely adopted but their effectiveness are still limited, and thus, new neutralization technologies are urgently needed. Here, stable XPS spectra in which all the peaks undergo a reduced and nearly constant shift without significant deformation and broadening were obtained by introducing the UV light irradiation, implying that the introduction of the UV light can not only greatly attenuate the strength but also significantly improve both the temporal stability and the spatial uniformity of the surface charging during XPS measurements. This phenomenon, referred to as UV-assisted neutralization in this article, was found as effective as the most commonly used dual beam charge neutralization. Further observations show that the suppression of the charging issue comes from the adsorption of the UV-excited photoelectrons onto the X-ray irradiation region. This neutralization method, combined with the binding energy referencing, can be expected to become a promising alternative technique for solving the charging issues in XPS measurements.
{"title":"A novel effective technique for charge neutralization on bulk insulator surfaces in XPS measurements by introducing UV light irradiation","authors":"Lei Zhu, Yunguo Yang, Jianhua Cai, Xuefeng Xu, Liran Ma, Jianbin Luo","doi":"arxiv-2409.00663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.00663","url":null,"abstract":"When XPS analyses are performed on insulator surfaces, shift and deformation\u0000of spectra peaks typically take place due to the surface charging. To achieve\u0000reliable XPS measurements, neutralization techniques have been widely adopted\u0000but their effectiveness are still limited, and thus, new neutralization\u0000technologies are urgently needed. Here, stable XPS spectra in which all the\u0000peaks undergo a reduced and nearly constant shift without significant\u0000deformation and broadening were obtained by introducing the UV light\u0000irradiation, implying that the introduction of the UV light can not only\u0000greatly attenuate the strength but also significantly improve both the temporal\u0000stability and the spatial uniformity of the surface charging during XPS\u0000measurements. This phenomenon, referred to as UV-assisted neutralization in\u0000this article, was found as effective as the most commonly used dual beam charge\u0000neutralization. Further observations show that the suppression of the charging\u0000issue comes from the adsorption of the UV-excited photoelectrons onto the X-ray\u0000irradiation region. This neutralization method, combined with the binding\u0000energy referencing, can be expected to become a promising alternative technique\u0000for solving the charging issues in XPS measurements.","PeriodicalId":501374,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Instrumentation and Detectors","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142226868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The recent discovery that GaAs(Si,B) is a bright cryogenic scintillator with no apparent afterglow offers new opportunities for detecting rare, low-energy, electronic excitations from interacting dark matter. This paper presents Monte Carlo calculations of the scintillation photon detection efficiencies of optical cavities using three current cryogenic photodetector technologies. In order of photon detection efficiency these are: (1) Ge/TES: germanium absorbers that convert interacting photons to athermal phonons that are readout by transition edge sensors, (2) KID: kinetic induction detectors that respond to the breaking of cooper pairs by a change in resonance frequency, and (3) SNSPD: superconducting nanowire single photon detectors, where a photon briefly transitions a thin wire from superconducting to normal. The detection efficiencies depend strongly on the n-type GaAs absolute absorption coefficient KA, which is a part of the narrow beam absorption that has never been directly measured. However, the high cryogenic scintillation luminosity of GaAs(Si,B) sets an upper limit on KA of 0.03/cm. Using that value and properties published for Ge/TES, KID, and SNSPD photodetectors, this work calculates that those photodetectors attached to opposing faces of a 1 cm3 cubic GaAs(Si,B) crystal in an optical cavity with gold mirrors would have scintillation photon detection efficiencies of 35%, 25%, and 8%, respectively. Larger values would be expected for lower values of KA.
最近发现砷化镓（Si,B）是一种没有明显余辉的明亮低温闪烁体，这为探测来自相互作用暗物质的罕见低能电子激发提供了新的机会。本文介绍了利用目前三种低温光电探测器技术对光腔的闪烁光子探测效率进行的蒙特卡洛计算。按照光子探测效率排序，它们是(1) Ge/TES：锗吸收器，可将相互作用的光子转化为热声子，由过渡边缘传感器读出；(2) KID：动能感应探测器，可通过共振频率的变化对合作对的断裂做出反应；以及 (3)SNSPD：超导纳米线单光子探测器，光子可使细线从超导状态短暂过渡到正常状态。探测效率在很大程度上取决于 n 型砷化镓的绝对吸收系数 KA，这是窄束吸收的一部分，从未被直接测量过。不过，GaAs（Si，B）的高低温闪烁光度为 KA 设定了 0.03/cm 的上限。利用该值和已公布的 Ge/TES、KID 和 SNSPD 光电探测器的特性，本研究计算出，将这些光电探测器安装在带金镜的光腔中 1 立方厘米 GaAs（Si，B）晶体的相对面上，其闪烁光电探测效率分别为 35%、25% 和 8%。当 KA 值较低时，其值会更大。
{"title":"Monte Carlo calculations of cryogenic photodetector readout of scintillating GaAs for dark matter detection","authors":"Stephen E. Derenzo","doi":"arxiv-2409.00504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.00504","url":null,"abstract":"The recent discovery that GaAs(Si,B) is a bright cryogenic scintillator with\u0000no apparent afterglow offers new opportunities for detecting rare, low-energy,\u0000electronic excitations from interacting dark matter. This paper presents Monte\u0000Carlo calculations of the scintillation photon detection efficiencies of\u0000optical cavities using three current cryogenic photodetector technologies. In\u0000order of photon detection efficiency these are: (1) Ge/TES: germanium absorbers\u0000that convert interacting photons to athermal phonons that are readout by\u0000transition edge sensors, (2) KID: kinetic induction detectors that respond to\u0000the breaking of cooper pairs by a change in resonance frequency, and (3) SNSPD:\u0000superconducting nanowire single photon detectors, where a photon briefly\u0000transitions a thin wire from superconducting to normal. The detection\u0000efficiencies depend strongly on the n-type GaAs absolute absorption coefficient\u0000KA, which is a part of the narrow beam absorption that has never been directly\u0000measured. However, the high cryogenic scintillation luminosity of GaAs(Si,B)\u0000sets an upper limit on KA of 0.03/cm. Using that value and properties published\u0000for Ge/TES, KID, and SNSPD photodetectors, this work calculates that those\u0000photodetectors attached to opposing faces of a 1 cm3 cubic GaAs(Si,B) crystal\u0000in an optical cavity with gold mirrors would have scintillation photon\u0000detection efficiencies of 35%, 25%, and 8%, respectively. Larger values would\u0000be expected for lower values of KA.","PeriodicalId":501374,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Instrumentation and Detectors","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Durga Prasad, Chandan Kumar, Sanjeev K. Mishra, P. Kalyana S. Reddy, Janmejay Kumar, Tinkal Ladiya, Arpit Patel, Anil Bhardwaj
Chandra Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) is one of the payloads flown onboard the Chandrayaan-3 lander. The objective of the experiment is in-situ investigation of thermal behaviour of outermost 100 mm layer of the lunar surface by deploying a thermal probe. The probe consists of 10 temperature sensors (Platinum RTDs) mounted at different locations along the length of the probe to measure lunar soil temperatures as a function of depth. A heater is also mounted on the probe for thermal conductivity measurements. The onboard electronics of ChaSTE has two parts, Front-End Electronics (FEE) and processing electronics (PE). The front-end electronics (FEE) card is responsible for carrying out necessary sensor signal conditioning,which includes exciting the RTD sensors,acquiring analog voltages and then converting the acquired analog signals to digital signals using an Analog to Digital Converter(ADC). The front-end card is further interfaced with the processing electronics card for digital processing and spacecraft interface.The calibration, characterisation and functional test activities of Front-End Electronics of ChaSTE were carried out with the objective of testing and ensuring proper functionality and performance.A two phase calibration process involving electronic offset correction and temperature calibration were carried out. All these activities were successfully completed and the results from them provided us with a really good understanding of the behaviour of the FEE under different thermal and electrical conditions as well as when subjected to the simulated conditions of the actual ChaSTE experiment. The performance of the ChaSTE front-end electronics was very much within the design margins and its behaviour in simulated lunar environment was as desired. The data from these activities is useful in the interpretation of the actual science data of ChaSTE.
{"title":"Characterisation of Front-End Electronics of ChaSTE experiment onboard Chandayaan-3 lander","authors":"K. Durga Prasad, Chandan Kumar, Sanjeev K. Mishra, P. Kalyana S. Reddy, Janmejay Kumar, Tinkal Ladiya, Arpit Patel, Anil Bhardwaj","doi":"arxiv-2409.00150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.00150","url":null,"abstract":"Chandra Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) is one of the payloads\u0000flown onboard the Chandrayaan-3 lander. The objective of the experiment is\u0000in-situ investigation of thermal behaviour of outermost 100 mm layer of the\u0000lunar surface by deploying a thermal probe. The probe consists of 10\u0000temperature sensors (Platinum RTDs) mounted at different locations along the\u0000length of the probe to measure lunar soil temperatures as a function of depth.\u0000A heater is also mounted on the probe for thermal conductivity measurements.\u0000The onboard electronics of ChaSTE has two parts, Front-End Electronics (FEE)\u0000and processing electronics (PE). The front-end electronics (FEE) card is\u0000responsible for carrying out necessary sensor signal conditioning,which\u0000includes exciting the RTD sensors,acquiring analog voltages and then converting\u0000the acquired analog signals to digital signals using an Analog to Digital\u0000Converter(ADC). The front-end card is further interfaced with the processing\u0000electronics card for digital processing and spacecraft interface.The\u0000calibration, characterisation and functional test activities of Front-End\u0000Electronics of ChaSTE were carried out with the objective of testing and\u0000ensuring proper functionality and performance.A two phase calibration process\u0000involving electronic offset correction and temperature calibration were carried\u0000out. All these activities were successfully completed and the results from them\u0000provided us with a really good understanding of the behaviour of the FEE under\u0000different thermal and electrical conditions as well as when subjected to the\u0000simulated conditions of the actual ChaSTE experiment. The performance of the\u0000ChaSTE front-end electronics was very much within the design margins and its\u0000behaviour in simulated lunar environment was as desired. The data from these\u0000activities is useful in the interpretation of the actual science data of\u0000ChaSTE.","PeriodicalId":501374,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Instrumentation and Detectors","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Aalbers, D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, A. Baker, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, E. E. Barillier, K. Beattie, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, E. Bishop, G. M. Blockinger, B. Boxer, C. A. J. Brew, P. Brás, S. Burdin, M. Buuck, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, M. Carter, A. Chawla, H. Chen, Y. T. Chin, N. I. Chott, M. V. Converse, R. Coronel, A. Cottle, G. Cox, D. Curran, C. E. Dahl, A. David, J. Delgaudio, S. Dey, L. de Viveiros, L. Di Felice, C. Ding, J. E. Y. Dobson, E. Druszkiewicz, S. Dubey, S. R. Eriksen, A. Fan, N. M. Fearon, N. Fieldhouse, S. Fiorucci, H. Flaecher, E. D. Fraser, T. M. A. Fruth, R. J. Gaitskell, A. Geffre, J. Genovesi, C. Ghag, R. Gibbons, S. Gokhale, J. Green, M. G. D. van der Grinten, J. J. Haiston, C. R. Hall, S. Han, E. Hartigan-O'Connor, S. J. Haselschwardt, M. A. Hernandez, S. A. Hertel, G. Heuermann, G. J. Homenides, M. Horn, D. Q. Huang, D. Hunt, E. Jacquet, R. S. James, J. Johnson, A. C. Kaboth, A. C. Kamaha, M. Kannichankandy, D. Khaitan, A. Khazov, I. Khurana, J. Kim, Y. D. Kim, J. Kingston, R. Kirk, D. Kodroff, L. Korley, E. V. Korolkova, H. Kraus, S. Kravitz, L. Kreczko, V. A. Kudryavtsev, D. S. Leonard, K. T. Lesko, C. Levy, J. Lin, A. Lindote, W. H. Lippincott, M. I. Lopes, W. Lorenzon, C. Lu, S. Luitz, P. A. Majewski, A. Manalaysay, R. L. Mannino, C. Maupin, M. E. McCarthy, G. McDowell, D. N. McKinsey, J. McLaughlin, J. B. McLaughlin, R. McMonigle, E. Mizrachi, A. Monte, M. E. Monzani, E. Morrison, B. J. Mount, M. Murdy, A. St. J. Murphy, A. Naylor, H. N. Nelson, F. Neves, A. Nguyen, C. L. O'Brien, I. Olcina, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, J. Orpwood, K. Y Oyulmaz, K. J. Palladino, J. Palmer, N. J. Pannifer, N. Parveen, S. J. Patton, B. Penning, G. Pereira, E. Perry, T. Pershing, A. Piepke, Y. Qie, J. Reichenbacher, C. A. Rhyne, Q. Riffard, G. R. C. Rischbieter, E. Ritchey, H. S. Riyat, R. Rosero, T. Rushton, D. Rynders, D. Santone, A. B. M. R. Sazzad, R. W. Schnee, G. Sehr, B. Shafer, S. Shaw, T. Shutt, J. J. Silk, C. Silva, G. Sinev, J. Siniscalco, R. Smith, V. N. Solovov, P. Sorensen, J. Soria, A. Stevens, K. Stifter, B. Suerfu, T. J. Sumner, M. Szydagis, D. R. Tiedt, M. Timalsina, Z. Tong, D. R. Tovey, J. Tranter, M. Trask, M. Tripathi, A. Vacheret, A. C. Vaitkus, O. Valentino, V. Velan, A. Wang, J. J. Wang, Y. Wang, J. R. Watson, L. Weeldreyer, T. J. Whitis, K. Wild, M. Williams, W. J. Wisniewski, L. Wolf, F. L. H. Wolfs, S. Woodford, D. Woodward, C. J. Wright, Q. Xia, J. Xu, Y. Xu, M. Yeh, D. Yeum, W. Zha, E. A. Zweig
The broad physics reach of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment covers rare phenomena beyond the direct detection of dark matter. We report precise measurements of the extremely rare decay of $^{124}$Xe through the process of two-neutrino double electron capture (2$nu$2EC), utilizing a $1.39,mathrm{kg} times mathrm{yr}$ isotopic exposure from the first LZ science run. A half-life of $T_{1/2}^{2nu2mathrm{EC}} = (1.09 pm 0.14_{text{stat}} pm 0.05_{text{sys}}) times 10^{22},mathrm{yr}$ is observed with a statistical significance of $8.3,sigma$, in agreement with literature. First empirical measurements of the KK capture fraction relative to other K-shell modes were conducted, and demonstrate consistency with respect to recent signal models at the $1.4,sigma$ level.
{"title":"Two-neutrino double electron capture of $^{124}$Xe in the first LUX-ZEPLIN exposure","authors":"J. Aalbers, D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, A. Baker, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, E. E. Barillier, K. Beattie, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, E. Bishop, G. M. Blockinger, B. Boxer, C. A. J. Brew, P. Brás, S. Burdin, M. Buuck, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, M. Carter, A. Chawla, H. Chen, Y. T. Chin, N. I. Chott, M. V. Converse, R. Coronel, A. Cottle, G. Cox, D. Curran, C. E. Dahl, A. David, J. Delgaudio, S. Dey, L. de Viveiros, L. Di Felice, C. Ding, J. E. Y. Dobson, E. Druszkiewicz, S. Dubey, S. R. Eriksen, A. Fan, N. M. Fearon, N. Fieldhouse, S. Fiorucci, H. Flaecher, E. D. Fraser, T. M. A. Fruth, R. J. Gaitskell, A. Geffre, J. Genovesi, C. Ghag, R. Gibbons, S. Gokhale, J. Green, M. G. D. van der Grinten, J. J. Haiston, C. R. Hall, S. Han, E. Hartigan-O'Connor, S. J. Haselschwardt, M. A. Hernandez, S. A. Hertel, G. Heuermann, G. J. Homenides, M. Horn, D. Q. Huang, D. Hunt, E. Jacquet, R. S. James, J. Johnson, A. C. Kaboth, A. C. Kamaha, M. Kannichankandy, D. Khaitan, A. Khazov, I. Khurana, J. Kim, Y. D. Kim, J. Kingston, R. Kirk, D. Kodroff, L. Korley, E. V. Korolkova, H. Kraus, S. Kravitz, L. Kreczko, V. A. Kudryavtsev, D. S. Leonard, K. T. Lesko, C. Levy, J. Lin, A. Lindote, W. H. Lippincott, M. I. Lopes, W. Lorenzon, C. Lu, S. Luitz, P. A. Majewski, A. Manalaysay, R. L. Mannino, C. Maupin, M. E. McCarthy, G. McDowell, D. N. McKinsey, J. McLaughlin, J. B. McLaughlin, R. McMonigle, E. Mizrachi, A. Monte, M. E. Monzani, E. Morrison, B. J. Mount, M. Murdy, A. St. J. Murphy, A. Naylor, H. N. Nelson, F. Neves, A. Nguyen, C. L. O'Brien, I. Olcina, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, J. Orpwood, K. Y Oyulmaz, K. J. Palladino, J. Palmer, N. J. Pannifer, N. Parveen, S. J. Patton, B. Penning, G. Pereira, E. Perry, T. Pershing, A. Piepke, Y. Qie, J. Reichenbacher, C. A. Rhyne, Q. Riffard, G. R. C. Rischbieter, E. Ritchey, H. S. Riyat, R. Rosero, T. Rushton, D. Rynders, D. Santone, A. B. M. R. Sazzad, R. W. Schnee, G. Sehr, B. Shafer, S. Shaw, T. Shutt, J. J. Silk, C. Silva, G. Sinev, J. Siniscalco, R. Smith, V. N. Solovov, P. Sorensen, J. Soria, A. Stevens, K. Stifter, B. Suerfu, T. J. Sumner, M. Szydagis, D. R. Tiedt, M. Timalsina, Z. Tong, D. R. Tovey, J. Tranter, M. Trask, M. Tripathi, A. Vacheret, A. C. Vaitkus, O. Valentino, V. Velan, A. Wang, J. J. Wang, Y. Wang, J. R. Watson, L. Weeldreyer, T. J. Whitis, K. Wild, M. Williams, W. J. Wisniewski, L. Wolf, F. L. H. Wolfs, S. Woodford, D. Woodward, C. J. Wright, Q. Xia, J. Xu, Y. Xu, M. Yeh, D. Yeum, W. Zha, E. A. Zweig","doi":"arxiv-2408.17391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2408.17391","url":null,"abstract":"The broad physics reach of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment covers rare\u0000phenomena beyond the direct detection of dark matter. We report precise\u0000measurements of the extremely rare decay of $^{124}$Xe through the process of\u0000two-neutrino double electron capture (2$nu$2EC), utilizing a\u0000$1.39,mathrm{kg} times mathrm{yr}$ isotopic exposure from the first LZ\u0000science run. A half-life of $T_{1/2}^{2nu2mathrm{EC}} = (1.09 pm\u00000.14_{text{stat}} pm 0.05_{text{sys}}) times 10^{22},mathrm{yr}$ is\u0000observed with a statistical significance of $8.3,sigma$, in agreement with\u0000literature. First empirical measurements of the KK capture fraction relative to\u0000other K-shell modes were conducted, and demonstrate consistency with respect to\u0000recent signal models at the $1.4,sigma$ level.","PeriodicalId":501374,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Instrumentation and Detectors","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142226869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Muonium-to-Antimuonium Conversion Experiment (MACE) is proposed to search for charged lepton flavor violation and increase the sensitivity by three orders of magnitude compared to the PSI experiment in the 1990s. A clear signature of this conversion is the positron produced from antimuonium decay. This paper presents a near-$4pi$-coverage calorimeter designed for MACE, which provides an energy resolution of 9% at 511 keV and 7.5% at 1.022 MeV. The signal efficiency for double $gamma$ events is 67.5%. Detailed Monte-Carlo simulations using MACE offline software based on Geant4 are performed for geometry optimization, coincidence system design, background estimation, and benchmark detector validation.
{"title":"Design of a CsI(Tl) Calorimeter for Muonium-to-Antimuonium Conversion Experiment","authors":"Siyuan Chen, Shihan Zhao, Weizhi Xiong, Ye Tian, Hui Jiang, Jiacheng Ling, Shishe Wang, Jian Tang","doi":"arxiv-2408.17114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2408.17114","url":null,"abstract":"The Muonium-to-Antimuonium Conversion Experiment (MACE) is proposed to search\u0000for charged lepton flavor violation and increase the sensitivity by three\u0000orders of magnitude compared to the PSI experiment in the 1990s. A clear\u0000signature of this conversion is the positron produced from antimuonium decay.\u0000This paper presents a near-$4pi$-coverage calorimeter designed for MACE, which\u0000provides an energy resolution of 9% at 511 keV and 7.5% at 1.022 MeV. The\u0000signal efficiency for double $gamma$ events is 67.5%. Detailed Monte-Carlo\u0000simulations using MACE offline software based on Geant4 are performed for\u0000geometry optimization, coincidence system design, background estimation, and\u0000benchmark detector validation.","PeriodicalId":501374,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Instrumentation and Detectors","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olivia R. Green, Yiliang Bao, John R. Lawall, Jason J. Gorman, Daniel S. Barker
We show that optomechanical systems can be primary pressure sensors with uncertainty as low as 1.1 % of reading via comparison with a pressure transfer standard. Our silicon nitride and silicon carbide sensors are short-term and long-term stable, displaying Allan deviations compatible with better than 1 % precision and baseline drift significantly lower than the transfer standard. We also investigate the performance of optomechanical devices as calibrated gauges, finding that they can achieve total uncertainty less than 1 %. The calibration procedure also yields the thin-film density of our sensors with state-of-the-art precision, aiding development of other calibration-free optomechanical sensors. Our results demonstrate that optomechanical pressure sensors can achieve accuracy, precision, and drift sufficient to replace high performance legacy gauges.
{"title":"Accurate, precise pressure sensing with tethered optomechanics","authors":"Olivia R. Green, Yiliang Bao, John R. Lawall, Jason J. Gorman, Daniel S. Barker","doi":"arxiv-2409.00256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.00256","url":null,"abstract":"We show that optomechanical systems can be primary pressure sensors with\u0000uncertainty as low as 1.1 % of reading via comparison with a pressure transfer\u0000standard. Our silicon nitride and silicon carbide sensors are short-term and\u0000long-term stable, displaying Allan deviations compatible with better than 1 %\u0000precision and baseline drift significantly lower than the transfer standard. We\u0000also investigate the performance of optomechanical devices as calibrated\u0000gauges, finding that they can achieve total uncertainty less than 1 %. The\u0000calibration procedure also yields the thin-film density of our sensors with\u0000state-of-the-art precision, aiding development of other calibration-free\u0000optomechanical sensors. Our results demonstrate that optomechanical pressure\u0000sensors can achieve accuracy, precision, and drift sufficient to replace high\u0000performance legacy gauges.","PeriodicalId":501374,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Instrumentation and Detectors","volume":"77 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Antonello, L. Eikelmann, E. Garutti, R. Klanner, J. Schwandt, G. Steinbrück, A. Vauth
Beam tests using tracking telescopes are a standard method for determining the spatial resolution of detectors. This requires the precise knowledge of the position resolution of beam tracks reconstructed at the Device Under Test (DUT). A method is proposed which achieves this using a segmented silicon detector with readout with charge digitization. It is found that the DUT spatial resolution for particles with normal incidence is less than 1 $mu$m for events where clusters consist of two pixels (or strips). Given this accuracy, the residual of the beam track-position at the DUT and the position reconstructed in the DUT provides the beam track-position resolution distribution. The method is developed using simulated events, which are also used to study how to deal with cross-talk, electronics noise, energetic $delta $-electrons, and incident beams with a few degrees off the normal to the sensor plane. To validate the method, the position resolution of beam tracks reconstructed by the EUDET beam telescope of the DESY II Test Beam Facility is determined using a CMS Phase-2 prototype pixel sensor.
{"title":"Precision determination of the track-position resolution of beam telescopes","authors":"M. Antonello, L. Eikelmann, E. Garutti, R. Klanner, J. Schwandt, G. Steinbrück, A. Vauth","doi":"arxiv-2408.17215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2408.17215","url":null,"abstract":"Beam tests using tracking telescopes are a standard method for determining\u0000the spatial resolution of detectors. This requires the precise knowledge of the\u0000position resolution of beam tracks reconstructed at the Device Under Test\u0000(DUT). A method is proposed which achieves this using a segmented silicon\u0000detector with readout with charge digitization. It is found that the DUT\u0000spatial resolution for particles with normal incidence is less than 1 $mu$m\u0000for events where clusters consist of two pixels (or strips). Given this\u0000accuracy, the residual of the beam track-position at the DUT and the position\u0000reconstructed in the DUT provides the beam track-position resolution\u0000distribution. The method is developed using simulated events, which are also\u0000used to study how to deal with cross-talk, electronics noise, energetic $delta\u0000$-electrons, and incident beams with a few degrees off the normal to the sensor\u0000plane. To validate the method, the position resolution of beam tracks\u0000reconstructed by the EUDET beam telescope of the DESY II Test Beam Facility is\u0000determined using a CMS Phase-2 prototype pixel sensor.","PeriodicalId":501374,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Instrumentation and Detectors","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The latest update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics stimulated the preparation of the European Detector Roadmap document in 2021 by the European Committee for Future Accelerators ECFA. This roadmap, defined during a bottom-up process by the community, outlines nine technology domains for HEP instrumentation and pinpoints urgent R&D topics, known as Detector R&D Themes (DRDTs). Task forces were set for each domain, leading to Detector R&D Collaborations (DRDs), now hosted at CERN. After an intensive period over the last months, seven DRD collaborations have been established, which are now starting to set up their collaboration structures and begin to work. One is still in the preparation phase. In this publication, I will give an overview of the set-up process and the current status of all DRD collaborations covering detector developments in the field of gaseous detectors, noble liquid detectors for rare event searches, semiconductor detectors, photodetectors and concepts for particle ID, quantum sensors, calorimetry, electronics for HEP instrumentation and mechanical and integration aspects.
欧洲粒子物理战略的最新更新促使欧洲未来加速器委员会ECFA于2021年编制了欧洲探测器路线图文件。该路线图是由社区在自上而下的过程中确定的，概述了高能粒子物理仪器的九个技术领域，并指出了紧迫的研发主题，即探测器研发主题（DRDTs）。每个领域都成立了工作组，最终形成了探测器研发合作组织（DRDs），该组织目前设在欧洲核子研究中心。经过过去几个月的紧张工作，已经成立了七个 DRD 合作组织，它们现在正开始建立自己的合作结构并开始工作。其中一个仍处于筹备阶段。在本出版物中，我将概述所有 DRD 合作组织的建立过程和现状，包括气态探测器、用于罕见事件搜索的惰性液体探测器、半导体探测器、光电探测器和粒子 ID 概念、量子传感器、量热计、用于高能探测仪器的电子器件以及机械和集成方面的探测器发展情况。
{"title":"The European Strategy and Detector R&D Program","authors":"Thomas Bergauer","doi":"arxiv-2408.17094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2408.17094","url":null,"abstract":"The latest update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics stimulated\u0000the preparation of the European Detector Roadmap document in 2021 by the\u0000European Committee for Future Accelerators ECFA. This roadmap, defined during a\u0000bottom-up process by the community, outlines nine technology domains for HEP\u0000instrumentation and pinpoints urgent R&D topics, known as Detector R&D Themes\u0000(DRDTs). Task forces were set for each domain, leading to Detector R&D\u0000Collaborations (DRDs), now hosted at CERN. After an intensive period over the\u0000last months, seven DRD collaborations have been established, which are now\u0000starting to set up their collaboration structures and begin to work. One is\u0000still in the preparation phase. In this publication, I will give an overview of\u0000the set-up process and the current status of all DRD collaborations covering\u0000detector developments in the field of gaseous detectors, noble liquid detectors\u0000for rare event searches, semiconductor detectors, photodetectors and concepts\u0000for particle ID, quantum sensors, calorimetry, electronics for HEP\u0000instrumentation and mechanical and integration aspects.","PeriodicalId":501374,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Instrumentation and Detectors","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Axion-like particles (ALPs) are known to be produced through axion-photon conversion in the presence of a stationary external magnetic field. Devices such as undulators and wigglers, which are used widely for photon production, e.g., in synchrotron radiation facilities, inherently possess strong magnetic fields, making them potential sources for ALP production. In this paper, we establish formalisms and formulas for studying ALP production in the ALP-photon-charged current system based on quantum field theory. We demonstrate that ALP production is inevitable in any undulator with the standard designs due to the electron Coulomb potential as well as a resonance effect depending on the ALP mass. In particular, ALPs are predominantly produced in a direction slightly misaligned with the photons' main direction. We propose placing detectors in the desired directions during operations of the originally planned experiments as an efficient approach to simultaneously probing ALPs. The calculation methods and formulas developed in this study are applicable to ALP production from other environments and productions of other particles beyond the standard model relevant to synchrotron radiations.
众所周知，类轴子粒子（ALP）是在静止的外部磁场中通过轴子-光子转换产生的。在同步辐射设施等光子生产中广泛使用的起伏器和摇摆器等设备本身具有强磁场，使它们成为产生ALP的潜在来源。本文以量子场论为基础，建立了研究ALP-光子带电电流系统中ALP产生的形式和公式。我们证明，由于电子库仑势以及取决于 ALP 质量的共振效应，在任何具有标准设计的起振子中，ALP 的产生都是不可避免的。特别是，ALP 主要是在与光子主方向略微错位的方向上产生的。我们建议在原计划实验的操作过程中，在所需方向上放置探测器，作为同时探测 ALP 的有效方法。本研究中开发的计算方法和公式适用于其他环境中产生的ALP，以及与同步辐射相关的标准模型之外的其他粒子的产生。
{"title":"Undulators are ALP Factories","authors":"Wen Yin, Junya Yoshida","doi":"arxiv-2408.17451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2408.17451","url":null,"abstract":"Axion-like particles (ALPs) are known to be produced through axion-photon\u0000conversion in the presence of a stationary external magnetic field. Devices\u0000such as undulators and wigglers, which are used widely for photon production,\u0000e.g., in synchrotron radiation facilities, inherently possess strong magnetic\u0000fields, making them potential sources for ALP production. In this paper, we\u0000establish formalisms and formulas for studying ALP production in the\u0000ALP-photon-charged current system based on quantum field theory. We demonstrate\u0000that ALP production is inevitable in any undulator with the standard designs\u0000due to the electron Coulomb potential as well as a resonance effect depending\u0000on the ALP mass. In particular, ALPs are predominantly produced in a direction\u0000slightly misaligned with the photons' main direction. We propose placing\u0000detectors in the desired directions during operations of the originally planned\u0000experiments as an efficient approach to simultaneously probing ALPs. The\u0000calculation methods and formulas developed in this study are applicable to ALP\u0000production from other environments and productions of other particles beyond\u0000the standard model relevant to synchrotron radiations.","PeriodicalId":501374,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Instrumentation and Detectors","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142226871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The SuperKEKB/Belle II experiment aims to collect high-statistics data of B meson pairs to explore new physics beyond the Standard Model (SM). SuperKEKB, an upgraded version of the KEKB accelerator, has achieved a world-record luminosity of $4.71 times 10^{34} , mathrm{cm^{-2}s^{-1}}$ in 2022 but continues to strive for higher luminosities. One of the major obstacles is Sudden Beam Loss (SBL) events, which cause substantial beam losses and damage to the Belle~II detector. To find a hint for addressing SBL challenges, advanced beam diagnostic systems and enhanced beam abort systems have been developed. The diagnostic system aims to accurately pinpoint the start of beam losses, while the upgraded abort system quickly disposes of anomalous beams to minimize damage. This paper details the development and implementation of these systems, including high-speed loss monitors, time synchronization with the White Rabbit system, and data acquisition systems. Efforts to understand the mechanisms of SBL events, using acoustic sensors to detect discharges, are also discussed. These measures aim to improve the operational stability and luminosity of SuperKEKB, contributing to the experiment's success.
{"title":"Development and Implementation of Advanced Beam Diagnostic and Abort Systems in SuperKEKB","authors":"Keisuke Yoshihara, Tetsuro Abe, Michele Aversano, Alexander Gale, Hitomi Ikeda, Hiroshi Kaji, Hidekazu Kakuno, Taichiro Koga, Toru Iijima, Shinnosuke Kato, Ami Kusudo, Yuxin Liu, Akane Maeda, Sayan Mitra, Gaku Mitsuka, Kenkichi Miyabayashi, Isamu Nakamura, Hiroyuki Nakayama, Yu Nakazawa, Riku Nomaru, Iori Okada, Xiao-Dong Shi, Shuji Tanaka, Kenta Uno, Yutaka Ushiroda, Bela Urbschat, Rui Zhang","doi":"arxiv-2408.16184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2408.16184","url":null,"abstract":"The SuperKEKB/Belle II experiment aims to collect high-statistics data of B\u0000meson pairs to explore new physics beyond the Standard Model (SM). SuperKEKB,\u0000an upgraded version of the KEKB accelerator, has achieved a world-record\u0000luminosity of $4.71 times 10^{34} , mathrm{cm^{-2}s^{-1}}$ in 2022 but\u0000continues to strive for higher luminosities. One of the major obstacles is\u0000Sudden Beam Loss (SBL) events, which cause substantial beam losses and damage\u0000to the Belle~II detector. To find a hint for addressing SBL challenges,\u0000advanced beam diagnostic systems and enhanced beam abort systems have been\u0000developed. The diagnostic system aims to accurately pinpoint the start of beam\u0000losses, while the upgraded abort system quickly disposes of anomalous beams to\u0000minimize damage. This paper details the development and implementation of these systems,\u0000including high-speed loss monitors, time synchronization with the White Rabbit\u0000system, and data acquisition systems. Efforts to understand the mechanisms of\u0000SBL events, using acoustic sensors to detect discharges, are also discussed.\u0000These measures aim to improve the operational stability and luminosity of\u0000SuperKEKB, contributing to the experiment's success.","PeriodicalId":501374,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Instrumentation and Detectors","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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