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Melt pool dynamics on different substrate materials in high-speed laser directed energy deposition process 高速激光定向能沉积过程中不同基底材料上的熔池动力学
IF 2.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.2351/7.0001145
Zefeng Wu, P. O’Toole, C. Hagenlocher, M. Qian, Milan Brandt, Jarrod Watts
High-speed laser directed energy deposition (HSL-DED) is a variant of the laser directed energy deposition process where a defocused metal powder stream is used, and it typically involves processing speeds exceeding 5 m/min. However, the interactions between the laser beam, powder stream, and substrate surface in HSL-DED have not been extensively studied. This study used a specialized XIRIS XVC-1000 welding camera with a narrow bandpass filter to record the interaction phenomenon. These observations were first carried out without powder delivery, using laser surface melting techniques, and involved processing speeds of up to 20 m/min and laser powers of up to 3 kW. HSL-DED with powder delivery was then conducted with the same parameter combinations for comparative analysis. The in situ observations in laser surface melting and HSL-DED identified a physical separation between the laser spot and the melt pool boundary, referred to as melt pool lag. Different substrates’ chemical compositions and the resulting thermophysical properties significantly impact melt pool dynamics during the high-speed laser-material interactions for a given process condition. The findings from this work have enabled a better understanding and control of melt pool dynamics in HSL-DED.
高速激光定向能沉积(HSL-DED)是激光定向能沉积工艺的一种变体,它使用的是散焦金属粉末流,加工速度通常超过 5 米/分钟。然而,对 HSL-DED 中激光束、粉末流和基底表面之间的相互作用尚未进行广泛研究。本研究使用带有窄带通滤波器的专用 XIRIS XVC-1000 焊接相机来记录相互作用现象。这些观察首先是在没有粉末输送的情况下进行的,使用的是激光表面熔化技术,加工速度高达 20 米/分钟,激光功率高达 3 千瓦。然后使用相同的参数组合进行了带粉末输送的 HSL-DED 对比分析。对激光表面熔化和 HSL-DED 的现场观察发现,激光光斑和熔池边界之间存在物理分离,即熔池滞后。在给定的工艺条件下,不同基材的化学成分和由此产生的热物理性质会对高速激光与材料相互作用过程中的熔池动态产生显著影响。这项工作的发现有助于更好地理解和控制 HSL-DED 中的熔池动力学。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation of influence of oscillation amplitude on keyhole and molten pool morphologies during oscillating laser stake welding of dissimilar materials T-joints 研究振荡振幅对异种材料 T 型接头振荡激光桩焊接过程中锁孔和熔池形态的影响
IF 2.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.2351/7.0001132
Yuewei Ai, Jiabao Liu, Shibo Han
The morphologies of the keyhole and molten pool during the laser welding process are highly related to weld formation process, which affects the weld quality further. To investigate the influence of the oscillation amplitude on the morphology evolution processes of the keyhole and molten pool during the oscillating laser stake welding of dissimilar materials T-joints, a three-dimensional multiphase flow numerical model is developed. The circular shaped oscillating laser stake welding processes of dissimilar materials T-joints under different oscillation amplitudes are calculated and analyzed in detail. The results show that the depth of the keyhole decreases and the widths of the molten pool and weld at the interface increase with the increase in the oscillation amplitude during the circular shaped oscillating laser stake welding of dissimilar materials T-joints. The periodical expansion and contraction of the keyhole are formed during the welding process. The collapse of the keyhole may cause bubbles in the molten pool due to the instability of the keyhole, and these bubbles also can be captured by the keyhole later.
激光焊接过程中的锁孔和熔池形态与焊缝成形过程密切相关,并进一步影响焊缝质量。为了研究振荡振幅对异种材料 T 型接头振荡激光桩焊接过程中键孔和熔池形态演变过程的影响,建立了一个三维多相流数值模型。详细计算并分析了不同振幅下异种材料 T 型接头的圆形振荡激光桩焊接过程。结果表明,在异种材料 T 型接头的圆弧形振荡激光桩焊接过程中,随着振荡振幅的增大,键孔深度减小,熔池宽度和界面焊缝宽度增大。焊接过程中会形成键孔的周期性膨胀和收缩。由于键孔的不稳定性,键孔的塌陷可能会在熔池中产生气泡,这些气泡随后也会被键孔捕获。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation of NS-single-point laser ablation of bronze under different incidence angles and pulses 不同入射角和脉冲下青铜的 NS 单点激光烧蚀研究
IF 2.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.2351/7.0001146
Esmaeil Ghadiri Zahrani, Bahman Azarhoushang
A fundamental understanding of ablation in different incidence angles is indispensable to expand the result to volume ablation where nonperpendicular irradiation exists. So far, no study with this orientation has been conducted in the category of volume laser machining. In this study, a nanosecond laser with different fluencies was utilized for single-point ablation experiments. The effect of incidence angles of 0°, 30°, and 60° on the ablation depth and the crater geometry was evaluated. Different laser pulse numbers are also considered. The results show that the ablation depth for 0° and 30° angles is almost in the same range for the initial pulses, but afterward, the ablation depth for the incidence 30° drops considerably. As the number of incident pulses increases, the ablation depth first develops approximately linearly and then grows exponentially. By changing the incident from 0° to 60°, the affecting area changes as well. The affecting area could be categorized into two distinct areas: (1) ablation area (A.A) where the crater ablation depth rapidly increases for the first 20 pulses and then, as more incident pulses arrive, it does not grow anymore and reaches a plateau due to the increase in the ablation depth. The second area (2) is the heat-affected area (H.A.A) of the crater where no further ablation occurs, but due to heat accumulation, it becomes constantly bigger when more incident pulses strike the crater. This heat-affected area tends to stay almost constant for the first incident pulses (up to 10) and, after a sharp increase, tends to enlarge steadily as the number of incident pulses rises to 70.
要将这一成果推广到非垂直照射的体烧蚀领域,就必须从根本上了解不同入射角的烧蚀情况。迄今为止,在体积激光加工领域还没有进行过这种方向的研究。在这项研究中,使用了不同通量的纳秒激光进行单点烧蚀实验。评估了 0°、30° 和 60°入射角对烧蚀深度和凹坑几何形状的影响。还考虑了不同的激光脉冲数。结果表明,0° 和 30° 角的烧蚀深度在初始脉冲时几乎处于相同的范围内,但之后,入射角为 30° 的烧蚀深度大幅下降。随着入射脉冲数的增加,烧蚀深度先是近似线性增长,然后呈指数增长。将入射角度从 0° 改为 60°,影响区域也会发生变化。影响区域可分为两个不同的区域:(1) 烧蚀区域 (A.A),在最初的 20 个脉冲中,陨石坑的烧蚀深度迅速增加,然后随着更多入射脉冲的到来,烧蚀深度不再增加,并由于烧蚀深度的增加而达到一个高点。第二个区域(2)是陨石坑的热影响区域(H.A.A),在这里不会发生进一步的烧蚀,但由于热量积累,当更多入射脉冲撞击陨石坑时,该区域会不断变大。在最初的入射脉冲(最多 10 个)中,热影响区域几乎保持不变,在急剧增加之后,随着入射脉冲数增加到 70 个,热影响区域逐渐扩大。
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引用次数: 0
Cutting thick aluminum plates using laser fusion cutting enhanced by dynamic beam shaping 利用动态光束整形增强的激光熔融切割技术切割厚铝板
IF 2.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.2351/7.0001095
M. Kardan, N. Levichev, Sylvie Castagne, Joost R. Duflou
Cutting thick plates is affected not only by the laser power but also by the cut kerf width and the melt flow dynamics that determine the ejection of the molten material. Employing the same laser beam intensity distribution for various thicknesses is the limiting factor when cutting thicker plates. This paper investigates fiber laser fusion cutting of 25 mm thick aluminum with dynamic beam shaping (DBS). While both static and longitudinal dynamic intensity distributions fail to cut this thickness with a 4 kW laser power, a cut through is achieved using annular and elliptical intensity distributions. However, an improvement of 45% in cutting speed can be achieved using an elliptical intensity distribution compared to an annular one. In order to understand the effect of the beam shape, an infrared thermal camera is used to study lateral heat propagation when using different process parameters. Moreover, to analyze the melt flow when changing the DBS frequency, high-speed imaging is utilized to observe the molten material inside the cut kerf. Finally, the cut edge quality is investigated for different cutting conditions.
切割厚板不仅受到激光功率的影响,还受到切割切口宽度和熔融材料喷射的熔流动力学的影响。对不同厚度的板材采用相同的激光束强度分布是切割较厚板材时的限制因素。本文研究了使用动态光束整形(DBS)对 25 毫米厚的铝材进行光纤激光熔融切割。在 4 kW 激光功率下,静态和纵向动态光束强度分布都无法切割这一厚度的板材,而使用环形和椭圆形光束强度分布则可以实现切割。不过,与环形强度分布相比,使用椭圆形强度分布可将切割速度提高 45%。为了了解光束形状的影响,使用了红外热像仪来研究使用不同工艺参数时的横向热传播。此外,为了分析改变 DBS 频率时的熔体流动情况,还利用高速成像技术观察切割切口内的熔融材料。最后,研究了不同切割条件下的切割边缘质量。
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引用次数: 0
Monitoring the degree of dilution during directed energy deposition of aluminum bronze and H13 tool steel using optical emission spectroscopy 利用发射光谱法监测铝青铜和H13工具钢定向能沉积过程中的稀释程度
4区 工程技术 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.2351/7.0001081
Malte Schmidt, Knut Partes, Rohan Rajput, Giorgi Phochkhua, Henry Köhler
Controlling heat transfer in casting tools is a key quality aspect. It can be improved by selectively applying volumetric aluminum bronze (CuAl9.5Fe1.2) sections in the core of the tools and subsequently depositing these cores with hard-facing H13 tool steel. Directed energy deposition (DED) can be used for both additive manufacturing of aluminum bronze and hard-facing by depositing the filler material onto a substrate surface or previously manufactured bodies. A sufficient metallurgical bonding of the deposited filler material and the underlying layer must be ensured. Hence, the dilution is a key factor for quality assurance. However, high dilution of the underlying layer and the filler material negatively affects the desired properties and must be monitored. Optical emission spectroscopy of the DED process emissions is investigated by comparing the emission lines of the individual elements comprising the base and the filler materials. Multiple single tracks using aluminum bronze as the filler material are laser-cladded with varying power, onto the two different types of substrates, i.e., mild steel S355 (1.0570) and hot working tool steel H11 (1.2343). Additionally, single tracks of H13 (1.2344) are deposited with varying laser powers onto an additively manufactured core of aluminum bronze. Both resulting in deposition tracks with varying dilution values. Multiple emission lines of Cr, Fe, Cu, Al, and Mn are detected and measured (line intensity). Line intensity ratios using the element emission lines are calculated and correlated with the respective metallographic results of the deposition tracks (dilution and chemical composition). Deposition tracks with a higher dilution (CuAl9.5Fe1.2 onto S355/H11 as well as H13 onto CuAl9.5Fe1.2) showed an increased line intensity ratio of the underlying material to the filler material. Moreover, this technology was transferred in a multilayer industrial application.
控制铸造工具的热传递是一个关键的质量方面。可以通过选择性地在刀具芯中应用体积铝青铜(CuAl9.5Fe1.2)截面,然后在这些芯中沉积硬面H13工具钢来改进。定向能沉积(DED)既可以用于铝青铜的增材制造,也可以通过将填充材料沉积在衬底表面或先前制造的主体上来进行硬堆焊。必须确保沉积的填充材料和下垫层之间有充分的冶金结合。因此,稀释是质量保证的关键因素。然而,底层和填充材料的高度稀释会对期望的性能产生负面影响,必须加以监测。通过比较构成基底和填充材料的各个元素的发射谱线,研究了DED过程发射的光学发射光谱。使用铝青铜作为填充材料的多个单轨以不同的功率激光熔覆在两种不同类型的基材上,即低碳钢S355(1.0570)和热加工工具钢H11(1.2343)。此外,用不同的激光功率将H13(1.2344)的单径迹沉积在铝青铜的增材制造核心上。两者都导致不同稀释值的沉积轨迹。检测和测量了Cr, Fe, Cu, Al和Mn的多个发射线(线强度)。利用元素发射谱线计算谱线强度比,并与沉积轨迹(稀释和化学成分)的各自金相结果相关联。稀释度较高的沉积轨迹(CuAl9.5Fe1.2到S355/H11上,以及H13到CuAl9.5Fe1.2上)表明,衬底材料与填充材料的线强度比增加。此外,该技术还被转移到多层工业应用中。
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引用次数: 0
Development and assessment of a methodology for abstraction of topology optimization results to enable the substitution of optimized beams 开发和评估拓扑优化结果的抽象方法,以实现优化梁的替代
4区 工程技术 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.2351/7.0001185
Tim Röver, Maximilian Bader, Karim Asami, Claus Emmelmann, Ingomar Kelbassa
Improving mechanical topology optimization (TO) results by substituting biomimetic beams is one possibility to achieve designs of mechanical components that are highly sustainable and show good mechanical performance. Because of their geometric complexity, such designs were found to be well-suited for production by laser additive manufacturing. One obstacle of incorporating biomimetics beams in TO designs is the lack of detailed design methodologies. Röver et al. [“Methodology for integrating biomimetic beams in abstracted topology optimization results,” in Proceedings of the ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. Volume 4: Biomedical and Biotechnology; Design, Systems, and Complexity Columbus, OH, 30 October–3 November (ASME, New York, 2022)] proposed a corresponding design concept. Building on their concept, we present in this work a detailed methodology for abstraction of TO results to a design consisting of ball nodes and cylindrical beams. Using such an auxiliary design, the internal forces and moments of the beams can be evaluated to allow for the substitution of suitable biomimetic beams to generate biomimetic component designs in a next step. We present a skeletonization algorithm based on the potential field approach. Using the skeletonization and an additional analysis of the dimensions of the beams in the TO result, the algorithm develops an auxiliary design of the original TO result. The final algorithm was applied to three common TO results to obtain one auxiliary component design each. The developed algorithm was found to generate abstractions that were well-suited for use in the methodology proposed in Röver et al. [“Methodology for integrating biomimetic beams in abstracted topology optimization results,” in Proceedings of the ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. Volume 4: Biomedical and Biotechnology; Design, Systems, and Complexity Columbus, OH, 30 October–3 November (ASME, New York, 2022)], because internal forces and moments in the abstracted beams could be evaluated with less effort. Therefore, our work contributes to a detailed design methodology for biomimetic mechanical components in the field of design for additive manufacturing.
采用仿生梁替代机械拓扑优化是实现高可持续性和良好力学性能的机械部件设计的一种可能。由于其几何复杂性,这种设计被发现非常适合激光增材制造的生产。将仿生光束纳入TO设计的一个障碍是缺乏详细的设计方法。Röver等人。[“在抽象拓扑优化结果中集成仿生梁的方法”,ASME 2022国际机械工程大会和博览会论文集。]第4卷:生物医学和生物技术;设计,系统和复杂性哥伦布,俄亥俄州,10月30日至11月3日(ASME,纽约,2022)]提出了相应的设计概念。基于他们的概念,我们在这项工作中提出了一种详细的方法,将TO结果抽象为由球节点和圆柱形梁组成的设计。使用这样的辅助设计,可以评估梁的内力和力矩,以便在下一步中替换合适的仿生梁来生成仿生组件设计。提出了一种基于势场法的骨架化算法。利用骨胳化和对TO结果中梁的尺寸的附加分析,该算法对原始TO结果进行了辅助设计。将最后的算法应用于三个常见的to结果,分别得到一个辅助元件设计。开发的算法被发现可以生成非常适合在Röver等人提出的方法中使用的抽象。[“在抽象拓扑优化结果中集成仿生梁的方法”,ASME 2022国际机械工程大会和博览会论文集。第4卷:生物医学和生物技术;设计,系统和复杂性哥伦布,俄亥俄州,10月30日至11月3日(ASME,纽约,2022)],因为抽象梁的内力和力矩可以更轻松地评估。因此,我们的工作有助于为增材制造设计领域的仿生机械部件提供详细的设计方法。
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引用次数: 0
High speed laser cutting of ultrathin metal foils for battery cell production 电芯生产用超薄金属箔的高速激光切割
4区 工程技术 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.2351/7.0001091
Alessandro Ascari, Caterina Angeloni, Erica Liverani, Alessandro Fortunato
Laser-based manufacturing has become a key enabling technology in the production of batteries and battery cells for the e-mobility field. Several applications, in fact, have already been industrialized, such as laser-based welding, cutting, stripping, and cleaning. Among all those technologies, laser cutting, in particular, has to deal with several very stringent constraints: the presence of highly reflective materials (aluminum and copper), very low thicknesses (6–12 μm), on-the-fly processing, and high quality of the cutting surface. According to those considerations, the present paper deals with the application of remote cutting of 12 μm thick aluminum and 6 μm thick copper foils by means of a galvo scanner and two different fiber laser sources: single mode constant wave and nanosecond pulsed wave ones. The experimental activity is devoted to understanding the feasibility of the process and to point out the pros and cons of the two different lasers involved. The cutting edges are analyzed by means of optical and SEM microscopy, in order to characterize cutting quality. The process is also characterized in terms of maximum achievable speed in order to understand the limits of both lasers and galvo scanning systems.
激光制造已成为电动汽车领域电池和电池单元生产的关键使能技术。事实上,一些应用已经工业化了,比如基于激光的焊接、切割、剥离和清洁。在所有这些技术中,特别是激光切割,必须处理几个非常严格的限制:高反射材料(铝和铜)的存在,非常低的厚度(6-12 μm),实时加工,以及切割表面的高质量。在此基础上,本文研究了利用电振扫描仪和单模恒定波和纳秒脉冲波两种不同光纤激光源对12 μm厚铝箔和6 μm厚铜箔进行远程切割的应用。实验活动致力于了解该过程的可行性,并指出两种不同激光器的优缺点。利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对切削刃进行了分析,以表征切削质量。该过程还具有最大可实现速度方面的特征,以便了解激光和galvo扫描系统的限制。
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引用次数: 0
Surface wettability patterning of metal additive manufactured parts via laser-assisted functionalization 激光辅助功能化金属增材制造零件的表面润湿性图案化
4区 工程技术 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.2351/7.0001143
Wuji Huang, Ben Nelson, Hongtao Ding
Additive manufacturing (AM) has revolutionized the production of complex geometries with superior properties compared with traditional manufacturing methods. However, the high roughness and poor wettability of as-produced surfaces of AM parts limit their suitability for certain applications. To address this, we present a maskless laser-assisted surface functionalization method to improve the wettability of metal 3D printed parts. This study explores the potential of combining metal AM with surface wettability patterning, a promising technique in fluid-related fields. Large-area AlSi10Mg parts were fabricated using laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), followed by an innovative laser-assisted functionalization (LAF) method to achieve patterned wetting surfaces. The LAF method consists of laser texturing and chemical modification steps, and two strategies were demonstrated to fabricate different types of wettability patterns. Strategy I helps produce two types of superhydrophobicity, while strategy II helps create a superhydrophobic-superhydrophilic patterned surface. The study demonstrates the simplicity, robustness, and feasibility of the process and analyzes the processing mechanism, surface topography, and surface chemistry. The integration of surface wettability patterning and 3D-printing can optimize components to enhance performance and efficiency by creating intricate fluid flow pathways. Overall, this work highlights the potential of combining metal AM with surface wettability patterning, providing a pathway to produce high-performance parts with tailored wettability properties. This research has significant implications for fluid-related industries such as aerospace, automotive, and energy, as it offers unparalleled design freedom and the ability to create complex geometries.
与传统制造方法相比,增材制造(AM)已经彻底改变了具有优越性能的复杂几何形状的生产。然而,增材制造零件表面的高粗糙度和较差的润湿性限制了它们在某些应用中的适用性。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一种无掩模激光辅助表面功能化方法,以提高金属3D打印部件的润湿性。本研究探索了金属增材制造与表面润湿性图案相结合的潜力,这是一种在流体相关领域中很有前途的技术。采用激光粉末床熔融(L-PBF)制造大面积AlSi10Mg零件,然后采用创新的激光辅助功能化(LAF)方法实现图案化润湿表面。LAF方法由激光织构和化学修饰步骤组成,并演示了两种策略来制作不同类型的润湿性图案。策略I有助于产生两种超疏水性,而策略II有助于产生超疏-超亲水性图案表面。该研究证明了该工艺的简单性、稳健性和可行性,并分析了加工机理、表面形貌和表面化学。表面润湿性图案和3d打印的集成可以优化组件,通过创建复杂的流体流动路径来提高性能和效率。总的来说,这项工作突出了将金属增材制造与表面润湿性图案相结合的潜力,为生产具有定制润湿性的高性能部件提供了途径。这项研究对航空航天、汽车和能源等流体相关行业具有重要意义,因为它提供了无与伦比的设计自由度和创建复杂几何形状的能力。
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引用次数: 0
Parametric investigation and optimization in laser based directed energy deposition of tungsten carbide-cobalt 激光定向能沉积碳化钨-钴的参数研究与优化
4区 工程技术 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.2351/7.0001179
Ankit Shrivastava, Anirban Changdar, Abhijit Datta, Samik Dutta, Shitanshu Shekhar Chakraborty
Cemented carbide (WC-Co), the widely used tool-die material, is difficult to be machined by conventional and nonconventional techniques. This inspired exploring additive manufacturing (AM) of this material. However, porosity, brittleness due to cobalt depletion, etc. have been reported in the literature with rare success. For the AM of WC-Co, the current work focuses on directed energy deposition, which can be implemented with existing laser cutting-welding workstations, with modifications. To ensure the retention of cobalt even after inevitable vaporization of some of its initial content during deposition, 20 wt. % of Co was mixed with WC powder by low-energy ball milling. Laser power, scan speed, and powder flow rate were varied following a full-factorial design of experiments. The analysis of variance revealed that the experimental model and most of the parameters were significant. Only the laser power came out to be insignificant for the contact angle. The track height and width increased with the laser power and reduced with the scan speed. The contact angle increased with the scan speed and reduced with the powder flow rate. Cross sections of the deposited track showed no pores or cracks. Multiobjective optimization with gray relational analysis was conducted to get the parameter combination giving high values of the contact angle, track height, and width simultaneously. The optimum parameter combination, thus, obtained is 700 W laser power, 5 mm/s scan speed, and 5 g/min powder flow rate. This yielded 305 ± 40 μm track height, 2132 ± 33 μm width, and 152° ± 2° contact angle.
硬质合金(WC-Co)是一种常规和非常规工艺都难以加工的广泛应用的模具材料。这激发了对这种材料的增材制造(AM)的探索。然而,由于钴耗尽导致的孔隙度、脆性等在文献中已经报道过,但很少成功。对于WC-Co的增材制造,目前的工作重点是定向能沉积,可以在现有的激光切割焊接工作站上进行修改。为了确保即使在沉积过程中不可避免地汽化了一些钴的初始含量后仍能保留钴,通过低能球磨将20wt . %的Co与WC粉末混合。激光功率、扫描速度和粉末流速随实验全因子设计而变化。方差分析表明,实验模型和大部分参数均显著。只有激光功率对接触角的影响不显著。轨迹高度和宽度随激光功率的增大而增大,随扫描速度的增大而减小。接触角随扫描速度的增加而增大,随粉末流量的增加而减小。沉积轨迹的横截面未见孔隙和裂纹。采用灰色关联分析法进行多目标优化,得到接触角、轨迹高度和轨迹宽度同时高值的参数组合。因此,得到的最佳参数组合为700 W激光功率,5 mm/s扫描速度,5 g/min粉末流速。结果显示,履带高度为305±40 μm,宽度为2132±33 μm,接触角为152°±2°。
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引用次数: 0
Fatigue behavior of 8 mm thick steel butt joints performed with hybrid laser arc welding 混合激光弧焊8mm厚钢对接接头的疲劳行为
4区 工程技术 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.2351/7.0001084
J. M. Sánchez-Amaya, A. Gómez-Parra, C. Churiaque, S. R. Fernández-Vidal, A. J. Gámez
In the present research, the hybrid laser arc welding (HLAW) process has been applied to join 8 mm thick structural S355J2N steel under 1G configuration. Welding tests were performed at the Laser Welding Advanced Center available at the University of Cadiz, Spain. Different experimental welding parameters were fitted to obtain sound butt welds. The welds were subjected to different quality control tests, including visual inspection, metallographic characterization, microhardness measurements, and tensile and fatigue tests. The HLAW tests were performed at higher welding rates in 1G configuration than previously reported for 8 mm thick steels. Complete penetration was achieved in all welds, presenting suitable geometries without defects such as cracks, root humps, or porosities. Microhardness values measured at different welding zones were always below 350 HV. All welds broke at the base metal in the tensile tests. The present contribution reports novel fatigue results for these butt hybrid welds. The samples welded at the highest welding rate (2.5 m/min) were the ones providing the best fatigue response, due to the lower heat input applied under this condition.
在本研究中,采用混合激光弧焊(HLAW)工艺对8mm厚的S355J2N结构钢在1G组态下进行了焊接。焊接试验在西班牙加的斯大学的激光焊接先进中心进行。拟合了不同的实验焊接参数,得到了声音良好的对接焊缝。焊缝进行了不同的质量控制测试,包括目视检查、金相表征、显微硬度测量、拉伸和疲劳测试。HLAW试验在1G配置下进行,比以前报道的8毫米厚钢的焊接速率更高。所有焊缝都实现了完全渗透,呈现出合适的几何形状,没有裂纹、根峰或孔隙等缺陷。不同焊接区测得的显微硬度值均低于350hv。在拉伸试验中,所有焊缝都在母材处断裂。本文报道了这些对接混合焊缝的新疲劳结果。在最高焊接速率(2.5 m/min)下焊接的样品提供了最好的疲劳响应,因为在此条件下施加的热量较低。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Laser Applications
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