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New possibilities for laser welding of highly loaded transmission components by strategic use of simulation methods 通过战略性地使用仿真方法,为高负载传输部件的激光焊接提供了新的可能性
4区 工程技术 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.2351/7.0001189
Markus Wagner, Fabian Günther, Rishabh Rajesh Rao, Uwe Stamm, Dirk Dittrich, Axel Jahn
Laser welding in transmission manufacturing opens up completely new kinds of product solutions with excellent properties in terms of wear, corrosion resistance, and service life. Current welding designs are characterized in particular by difficult-to-weld material combinations (e.g., steel versus cast iron) and a high component stiffness, which is correlated with high residual welding stresses. The major challenge for these mass-produced components remains both their crack-free weldability and their complex cyclic load capacity [U. Stamm, “Rissfreies Laserstrahlschweißen von Mischverbindungen aus Gusseisen und Einsatzstahl, Jahresbericht Fraunhofer IWS 2006” (2006); X. Shu, “Untersuchungen zum Laserstrahlschweißen von Werkstoffkombinationen aus Gußeisen und Stahl,” Dissertation, Shaker, Band 4/94 (1994), ISBN: 3-8265-0098-9; G. Göbel, “Erweiterung der Prozessgrenzen beim Laserstrahlschweißen heißrissgefährdeter Werkstoffe,” Dissertation, Fraunhofer-IRB-Verlag (2007), ISBN: 978-3-8167-7671-0]. Therefore, this contribution presents practical solutions for weld-compatible joint constructions and the reduction of residual stresses on the basis of a representative transmission design. Specifically, a systematic study is being conducted to understand and qualitatively evaluate effective methods for reducing residual weld stresses in circumferential welds. The recommendations developed as part of this study take particular account of the influence of process modifications, material conditions, and geometric aspects on weldability and component distortion. Here, structural welding simulations are performed and verified by experimental welding trials, including metallographic examinations. To ensure the required component fatigue strength, a practical concept for determining Wöhler curves is presented, which is based on structural mechanical simulations and multiaxial fatigue strength tests on simplified test specimens. The adaptations developed in this way facilitate the production of difficult-to-weld and highly stressed transmission components. In particular, time-consuming and cost-intensive iterations of laser welding tests can be significantly reduced or even eliminated [Brenner et al., “Neuere Ergebnisse zum Schweißen von Eisenbasiswerkstoffen mit Faserlasern, 5. Laser-Anwenderforum,” Strahltechnik Band 28 (2006), pp. 139–148, ISBN: 3-933762-18-9, S]. Furthermore, the systematic investigations provide effective recommendations for phenomenological understanding and solving typical welding challenges in practice [J. Standfuß, “Ganzheitliche innovative fügetechnische Konzepte am Beispiel des PKW-Antriebsstranges,” Fraunhofer Verlag (2010), ISBN: 978-3-8396-0125-9]. This applies, in particular, to load-transmitting components in the fields of e-mobility, aerospace, and industrial engineering [Wagner et al., “Entwickeln und Auslegen von lasergeschweißten Getriebe-komponenten für die Luftfahrt,” DVS-Berichte Band 365 (2020), pp. 62–69, ISBN: 978-3-96144
激光焊接在传动制造中开辟了全新的产品解决方案,在耐磨、耐腐蚀和使用寿命方面具有优异的性能。当前的焊接设计尤其以难以焊接的材料组合(例如,钢与铸铁)和高部件刚度为特征,这与高残余焊接应力相关。这些量产部件面临的主要挑战是其无裂纹焊接性和复杂的循环载荷能力。斯塔姆,“激光辐射与激光辐射”,德国劳恩霍夫学会(2006);舒欣,“Untersuchungen zum Laserstrahlschweißen von Werkstoffkombinationen aus Gußeisen und Stahl”,博士论文,振动,第4/94期(1994),ISBN: 3-8265-0098-9;G. Göbel,“Erweiterung der Prozessgrenzen beim Laserstrahlschweißen heißrissgefährdeter Werkstoffe”,Dissertation, Fraunhofer-IRB-Verlag (2007), ISBN: 978-3-8167-7671-0]。因此,这一贡献为焊接兼容接头结构和减少残余应力提供了实用的解决方案,并以代表性传动设计为基础。具体来说,正在进行一项系统的研究,以了解和定性评估减少环向焊缝残余应力的有效方法。作为本研究的一部分,提出的建议特别考虑了工艺修改、材料条件和几何方面对可焊性和部件变形的影响。在这里,进行了结构焊接模拟,并通过实验焊接试验进行了验证,包括金相检查。为了保证构件所需的疲劳强度,提出了一种基于结构力学模拟和简化试件多轴疲劳强度试验的Wöhler曲线确定的实用概念。以这种方式开发的适应性有助于生产难以焊接和高应力的传动部件。特别是,激光焊接测试的耗时和成本密集的迭代可以大大减少甚至消除[Brenner等人,“Neuere Ergebnisse zum schweien von Eisenbasiswerkstoffen mit faserlasen, 5]。Laser-Anwenderforum, " Strahltechnik Band 28 (2006), pp. 139-148, ISBN: 3-933762-18-9, S]。此外,系统的研究为理解现象学和解决实践中的典型焊接挑战提供了有效的建议[J]。斯坦弗斯,“Ganzheitliche innovative f getechnische Konzepte am Beispiel des PKW-Antriebsstranges”,弗劳恩霍夫出版社(2010),ISBN: 978-3-8396-0125-9。这尤其适用于电动汽车、航空航天和工业工程领域的负载传输组件[Wagner等人,“Entwickeln und Auslegen von lasergeschweißten Getriebe-komponenten f r die Luftfahrt,”DVS-Berichte Band 365 (2020), pp. 62-69, ISBN: 978-3-96144-098-6]。
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引用次数: 0
Fatigue strength and impact toughness dependence of powder bed fusion with laser beam-manufactured 316L stainless steel on orientation and layer thickness 激光加工316L不锈钢粉末床熔接疲劳强度和冲击韧性与取向和层厚的关系
4区 工程技术 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.2351/7.0001113
Timo Rautio, Matias Jaskari, Markku Keskitalo, Joonas Päkkilä, Antti Järvenpää
Additive manufacturing is an enticing way of producing complex geometries and optimized parts for special applications. Even though the achievable static properties for the printed material are usually good when compared to wrought materials, in many cases dynamic properties are known to be much worse. Often, the quality is sacrificed in respect of printing speed. Furthermore, printed materials have usually anisotropic behavior, caused by the remelting and fast cooling of each deposited layer. This means that the mechanical properties need to be measured in several directions in respect of the printing direction for attaining a more holistic approach to the achieved static and dynamic behavior. As a demonstration, this study focuses on determining the properties of 316L stainless steel-manufactured with laser powder bed fusion. A comprehensive set of samples for various testing methods were manufactured to investigate the effect of the layer thickness and printing orientation on the microstructure, mechanical properties, impact strength, and fatigue life. Fatigue performance of the material was evaluated in both axial and flexural bending comparing as-built and polished surface conditions. Bending fatigue testing revealed that a fatigue limit of 100 MPa at best can be achieved with the as-built surface quality, but with a polished surface and lower layer thickness, it could be doubled. Impact toughness and mechanical strength of the material are heavily dependent on the layer thickness, and while the best results were obtained with the lower layer thickness, the printing orientation can have a detrimental effect on it.
增材制造是一种生产复杂几何形状和特殊应用优化零件的诱人方法。尽管与变形材料相比,印刷材料的可实现的静态性能通常是好的,但在许多情况下,动态性能要差得多。通常情况下,质量是在印刷速度方面牺牲的。此外,印刷材料通常具有各向异性行为,这是由每层沉积的重熔和快速冷却引起的。这意味着机械性能需要在印刷方向的几个方向上进行测量,以获得更全面的方法来获得静态和动态行为。作为示范,本研究的重点是确定316L不锈钢的性能与激光粉末床熔化。制作了一套全面的样品,用于各种测试方法,以研究层厚度和印刷方向对微观结构,力学性能,冲击强度和疲劳寿命的影响。材料的疲劳性能在轴向和弯曲弯曲两方面进行了评估,比较了建成和抛光的表面条件。弯曲疲劳试验表明,在原有表面质量条件下,弯曲疲劳极限最高可达到100 MPa,但在抛光表面和较低的层厚条件下,弯曲疲劳极限可提高一倍。材料的冲击韧性和机械强度很大程度上取决于层厚,而层厚越低,效果越好,但印刷方向对其有不利影响。
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引用次数: 0
Laser cladding: A high-speed-imaging examination of powder catchment efficiency as a function of the melt pool geometry and its position under the powder stream 激光熔覆:作为熔池几何形状及其在粉末流下位置的函数的粉末收集效率的高速成像检查
4区 工程技术 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.2351/7.0001199
Daniel Koti, John Powell, Himani Naesstroem, Chiara Spaccapaniccia, K. T. Voisey
This paper provides quantitative information about the paths taken by blown powder particles during laser cladding. A proportion of the powder is “wasted” by bouncing off the solid areas surrounding the melt pool. This wastage reduces the productivity and profitability of the process. In this paper, specially developed software was used to analyze high-speed imaging videos of the cladding process, to monitor the directions of powder particle flight toward and away from the melt pool area. This information has been correlated to the geometry and position of the melt pool zone for three different cladding techniques: single track cladding (A tracks), standard overlapping track cladding (AAA cladding), and a recently developed technique called ABA cladding. The results show that the melt pool geometry, and particularly the overlap between the melt pool and the incoming powder stream, has a strong influence on powder catchment efficiency. ABA cladding was found to have considerably better powder catchment efficiency than standard AAA cladding and this improvement can be explained by consideration of the geometries and positions of the melt pools and surrounding solid material in each case. As powder costs are an important factor in industrial laser cladding, the adaption of the ABA technique, and/or control of pool/powder stream overlap (e.g., by making the powder stream not coaxial with the laser beam), could improve the profitability of the process.
本文提供了激光熔覆过程中吹散粉末颗粒路径的定量信息。一部分粉末在熔池周围的固体区域反弹而“浪费”了。这种浪费降低了流程的生产率和盈利能力。本文采用专门开发的软件对熔覆过程的高速成像视频进行分析,监测粉末颗粒向熔池区域和远离熔池区域的飞行方向。这些信息与三种不同覆层技术的熔池区域的几何形状和位置相关:单轨道覆层(A轨道),标准重叠轨道覆层(AAA覆层)和最近开发的称为ABA覆层的技术。结果表明,熔池的几何形状,特别是熔池与入射粉末流之间的重叠,对粉末集集效率有很大影响。发现ABA包层比标准AAA包层具有更好的粉末集集效率,这种改进可以通过考虑每种情况下熔池和周围固体材料的几何形状和位置来解释。由于粉末成本是工业激光熔覆的一个重要因素,采用ABA技术和/或控制熔池/粉末流重叠(例如,通过使粉末流与激光束不同轴)可以提高工艺的盈利能力。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of an ultrashort pulsed laser robot system for flexible and large-area micromachining 柔性大面积微加工超短脉冲激光机器人系统评价
4区 工程技术 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.2351/7.0001171
Daniel Franz, Yongting Yang, Luis Michel, Cemal Esen, Ralf Hellmann
We report for the first time on the realization, characterization and application of an ultrashort pulsed laser robot system for flexible and large-area 2D and 3D laser micromachining with 6 articulated axes. To characterize the dynamic positioning of the laser beam during and after axes movement, CMOS image sensors were integrated into the beam path. A method introduced for the alignment of the optical axes allows a reduction of the deviations in laser beam positioning to less than 141.8 ± 92.9 μm within a 110° rotation range of axis 4. In addition, a high laser beam positioning repeatability of less than 102.2 μm is demonstrated over a total period of 14 h for a movement of axis 5 within a range of 0° to 90°. Initial laser cutting, laser structuring and laser marking applications on automotive dashboards and glass substrates are presented for flexible and large area 2D and 3D manufacturing. By applying a special laser cutting strategy for processing AF 32 eco thin glass, high cutting quality is achieved with a taper of up to 96.3% without the generation of cracks, demonstrating the innovative potential of the high-precision laser robot system. Nonetheless, different identified inherent influences of each axis 1–5 during robot axis movement demand for an innovative beam stabilization concept to achieve high precision in laser beam positioning.
本文首次报道了一种用于柔性、大面积、六轴关节激光微加工的超短脉冲激光机器人系统的实现、表征和应用。为了表征激光束在轴向运动期间和运动后的动态定位,将CMOS图像传感器集成到光束路径中。介绍了一种光轴对准方法,在轴4旋转110°范围内,将激光束定位偏差减小到141.8±92.9 μm以内。此外,在0°到90°的范围内,在14 h的总周期内,5轴的运动具有小于102.2 μm的高激光束定位重复性。介绍了在汽车仪表板和玻璃基板上的初始激光切割,激光结构和激光打标应用,用于灵活和大面积的2D和3D制造。通过应用特殊的激光切割策略来加工AF 32生态薄玻璃,实现了高切割质量,锥度高达96.3%而不会产生裂纹,展示了高精度激光机器人系统的创新潜力。然而,在机器人轴线运动过程中,每个轴1-5的不同固有影响需要一个创新的光束稳定概念,以实现高精度的激光束定位。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of post-processing heat-treatment on the mechanical performance of AISI 410L stainless steel manufactured by the L-DED process 后处理热处理对L-DED工艺生产的AISI 410L不锈钢力学性能的影响
4区 工程技术 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.2351/7.0001135
Jurandir Marcos Sá de Sousa, Milton Pereira, Juliane Ribeiro da Cruz, Anselmo Thiesen Júnior, Henrique Santos Ferreira, Jhonattan Gutjahr
Additively manufactured martensitic stainless steel components can combine complex geometry with superior mechanical and corrosion performance. In this work, the mechanical performance of AISI 410L processed by laser directed energy deposition (L-DED) additive manufacturing using previously optimized parameters is assessed. Microstructure, hardness, tensile strength, and Charpy impact toughness are evaluated in the as-built and heat-treated conditions. Four heat-treatment routes are investigated: (I) austenitization and water quenched, and austenitization, water quenched, and tempered at (II) 300, (III) 450, and (IV) 600 °C, followed by air cooling. The results show that, for tempering temperatures up to 450 °C, the hardness, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength show an increasing trend when compared with the as-built condition and reference commercial standard (annealed AISI 410) because of microstructure refinement induced by recrystallization. Tempering at 600 °C, on the other hand, enhances the ductility of the specimens, accounting for an increased deformation until fracture and superior Charpy impact toughness. In summary, this work demonstrates that, for all tested conditions, the tensile strength of the AISI 410L additively manufactured by L-DED outperforms that of the standardized commercial AISI 410 martensitic stainless steel, and that post-processing heat-treatments can be used to further enhance toughness and ductility, making it even more competitive.
增材制造的马氏体不锈钢部件可以将复杂的几何形状与优异的机械和腐蚀性能结合起来。在这项工作中,利用先前优化的参数,对激光定向能沉积(L-DED)增材制造的AISI 410L的机械性能进行了评估。显微组织,硬度,抗拉强度和夏比冲击韧性在制造和热处理条件下进行评估。研究了四种热处理路线:(I)奥氏体化和水淬,以及(II) 300°C、(III) 450°C和(IV) 600°C的奥氏体化、水淬和回火,然后进行空气冷却。结果表明,当回火温度达到450℃时,由于再结晶引起的组织细化,合金的硬度、屈服强度和极限抗拉强度均较原位状态和参考商业标准(退火后的AISI 410)有所提高。另一方面,在600°C回火,提高了试样的延展性,增加了变形,直到断裂和优越的夏比冲击韧性。总之,这项工作表明,在所有测试条件下,由L-DED制造的AISI 410L添加剂的抗拉强度优于标准化的商用AISI 410马氏体不锈钢,并且后处理热处理可用于进一步提高韧性和延展性,使其更具竞争力。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of ultraviolet irradiation on the optical properties and biological activity of copper nanoparticles prepared by pulsed laser ablation 紫外光照射对脉冲激光烧蚀制备的铜纳米颗粒光学性能和生物活性的影响
4区 工程技术 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-26 DOI: 10.2351/7.0001221
Khalaf Ajaj, Mushtaq Abed Al-Jubbori, Abdullah M. Ali
In this study, we synthesized colloidal copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) utilizing Q-switched Nd:YAG laser ablation on a copper plate immersed in double-distilled water at energies of 200 and 400 mJ, respectively, with 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 pulses. The size and optical properties of nanoparticles were determined using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer, a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The absorption spectra exhibited two surface plasmon resonance peaks (λSPR), one at 217 nm for copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) and the other at 636 nm for CuNPs, with the increase in laser pulses. Consequently, the optical bandgap increased by roughly 3 eV. The TEM and FE-SEM analyses showed nearly spherical Cu nanoparticles with average diameters of 33 and 38 nm for laser energies of 200 and 400 mJ, respectively. An analysis of x-ray diffraction patterns revealed that CuONPs contained the crystallographic planes of a monoclinic and an orthorhombic crystal system. Additionally, the mean crystallite size of laser-ablated nanoparticles increased with increasing pulse energy. Furthermore, the absorption and optical bandgap of CuNPs increased slightly with an increase in ultraviolet irradiation exposure. The results of our study showed an increased inhibitory effect against both Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and Escherichia coli bacteria when CuNPs were irradiated by ultraviolet type C.
在这项研究中,我们利用调q Nd:YAG激光烧蚀在铜板上合成了胶体铜纳米粒子(CuNPs),分别在能量为200和400 mJ的双蒸发水中,脉冲分别为100、200、300、400和500。采用紫外-可见分光光度计、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)对纳米颗粒的尺寸和光学性质进行了测定。随着激光脉冲的增加,吸收光谱呈现出两个表面等离子体共振峰(λSPR),分别为氧化铜纳米粒子(CuONPs)和铜纳米粒子(CuNPs)的217 nm和636 nm。因此,光学带隙增加了大约3ev。TEM和FE-SEM分析表明,当激光能量为200和400 mJ时,Cu纳米粒子的平均直径分别为33和38 nm。x射线衍射图分析表明,CuONPs包含单斜晶系和正交晶系的晶体平面。此外,激光烧蚀纳米粒子的平均晶粒尺寸随着脉冲能量的增加而增加。此外,随着紫外照射量的增加,光子晶体的吸收和光带隙略有增加。我们的研究结果表明,在C型紫外线照射下,CuNPs对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑制作用增强。
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引用次数: 0
Picosecond laser structuring of graphite anodes—Ablation characteristics and process scaling 皮秒激光结构石墨阳极烧蚀特性及工艺尺度
4区 工程技术 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-25 DOI: 10.2351/7.0001087
Lucas Hille, Johannes Kriegler, Andreas Oehler, Michalina Chaja, Sebastian Wagner, Michael F. Zaeh
Laser structuring of graphite anodes substantially improves the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries by facilitating lithium-ion diffusion through the electrode coatings. However, laser structuring is not yet established in industrial battery production due to limited knowledge of its ablation behavior and a low processing rate. This publication addresses these issues with a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches. In a comprehensive process study with picosecond pulsed laser radiation, the influence of various laser parameters on the obtained structure geometries, i.e., the hole diameters and depths, was examined. Wavelengths of 532 and 355 nm combined with pulse bursts and fluences of approximately 10 J cm−2 eventuated in favorable hole geometries with a high aspect ratio. Compared to singlebeam laser structuring, a nearly tenfold reduction in the processing time was achieved by beam splitting with a diffractive optical element without compromising structure geometries or mechanical electrode integrity. The experimental findings were used to model the scalability of electrode laser structuring, revealing the significant influence of the hole pattern and distance on the potential processing rate. Ultrashort pulsed laser powers in the kilowatt regime were found to be necessary to laser-structure electrodes at industrial processing rates resulting in estimated costs of roughly 1.96 $/kWh. The findings support the industrialization of laser electrode structuring for commercial lithium-ion battery production.
石墨阳极的激光结构通过促进锂离子在电极涂层中的扩散,大大提高了锂离子电池的电化学性能。然而,由于对其烧蚀行为的了解有限和加工速率低,激光结构尚未在工业电池生产中建立。本出版物通过实验和理论方法的结合来解决这些问题。在皮秒脉冲激光辐射的综合工艺研究中,考察了各种激光参数对所获得的结构几何形状,即孔直径和深度的影响。波长为532和355nm,结合脉冲爆发和大约10jcm−2的影响,最终形成了具有高纵横比的有利孔几何形状。与单光束激光结构相比,通过衍射光学元件的光束分裂,在不影响结构几何形状或机械电极完整性的情况下,实现了加工时间的近十倍减少。利用实验结果对电极激光结构的可扩展性进行建模,揭示了空穴模式和距离对电位加工速率的显著影响。研究发现,在工业加工速率下,激光结构电极需要千瓦级的超短脉冲激光功率,估计成本约为1.96美元/千瓦时。这一发现为商用锂离子电池生产的激光电极结构产业化提供了支持。
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引用次数: 0
Picosecond versus femtosecond-laser ablation of silicon in atmosphere 大气中硅的皮秒与飞秒激光烧蚀
4区 工程技术 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-24 DOI: 10.2351/7.0001206
Jason M. Gross, Seyedeh Reyhaneh Shavandi, Teodora Zagorac, Michael J. Pasterski, Luke Hanley
Laser ablation (LA) using nanosecond (ns) or femtosecond (fs) pulse widths is well-established for the volatilization of a liquid or solid for applications ranging from micromachining to sampling for compositional analysis. Far less work has examined laser ablation in the intermediate picosecond regime (ps-LA), which corresponds to the approximate timescale for the transfer of energy from laser-excited electrons to the lattice. 213 and 355 nm ps-LA of silicon (Si) with Gaussian beam profiles is compared here to 800 nm fs-LA with both Gaussian and flat-top beam profiles, all performed at or above the ablation threshold with 20 000–67 000 laser pulses. The morphology and composition of the ablation spots are examined using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. 213 nm ps-LA yields more visible nanostructures compared to those ablated by 355 nm ps-LA, but both form central craters with surrounding nanostructures due to resolidified material. The flat-top fs beam creates protruding nanostructures isolated near the rim of the crater and an inside-out umbrella-like structure at the center. The Gaussian fs-LA region displays a relatively smooth conical crater, albeit with some nanostructure at the rim of the crater. EDS finds that these nanostructures are at least partly composed of silicon oxide or suboxides. The invisibility of these nanostructures to optical profilometry is consistent with black-silicon. The ablation crater results from optical profilometry for 213 nm ps-LA are close to those for 800 nm flat-top fs-LA, and both are consistent with cylindrical craters.
使用纳秒(ns)或飞秒(fs)脉冲宽度的激光烧蚀(LA)在液体或固体的挥发中已经得到了很好的应用,从微加工到成分分析的采样。在中间皮秒(ps-LA)状态下研究激光烧蚀的工作要少得多,这与激光激发电子向晶格转移能量的近似时间尺度相对应。本文将213 nm和355nm高斯光束谱的硅(Si)的ps-LA与800 nm高斯和平顶光束谱的fs-LA进行了比较,均在20,000 - 67,000激光脉冲的烧蚀阈值下或以上进行。利用扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪对烧蚀点的形貌和组成进行了分析。与355 nm ps-LA相比,213 nm ps-LA产生了更多可见的纳米结构,但由于材料的再固化,两者都形成了与周围纳米结构的中心陨石坑。平顶的fs光束在陨石坑边缘附近形成了突出的纳米结构,在陨石坑中心形成了一个由内而外的伞状结构。高斯fs-LA区显示出一个相对光滑的圆锥形陨石坑,尽管在陨石坑的边缘有一些纳米结构。EDS发现这些纳米结构至少部分由氧化硅或亚氧化物组成。这些纳米结构对光学轮廓的不可见性与黑硅一致。213 nm ps-LA的光学轮廓测量结果与800 nm平顶fs-LA的结果接近,两者都与圆柱形陨石坑一致。
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引用次数: 0
Study of melt pool dynamics and porosity forming mechanism of laser beam oscillation welding of titanium and aluminum 钛铝激光振荡焊接熔池动力学及气孔形成机理研究
4区 工程技术 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-20 DOI: 10.2351/7.0001069
Jinbo Yu, Jiahao Song, Xigui Xie, Jianxi Zhou
In this study, a numerical model of oscillation weld butt joint is developed to investigate the welding of titanium alloy with aluminum alloy. Three oscillation paths, namely, straight, sine, and circular, are used to study the distribution of force in the molten pool, the welding temperature field, and the formation and evolution of porosity within the weld. A 3D Gaussian heat source is used to represent the laser beam. The volume of the fluid method is employed to track the gas-liquid free surface, and the gas-liquid interface force is transformed by using the continuous surface force model. The mechanism of keyhole collapse and pore formation was examined along with the fluid flow, surface tension, and recoil pressure on the molten pool. The results confirmed that the highest welding quality is acquired by using a laser welding circular path. Notably, numerical simulation results are validated through experimental data, and circular oscillating laser welding significantly reduced weld seam porosity in the welding of Ti–Al dissimilar alloys. The circular oscillation path with an offset of 0.6 mm and an oscillation amplitude of 0.6 mm is identified as the optimal approach for suppressing pores in the weld joint. This research provides valuable insights into the fundamental mechanisms of keyhole collapse and pore formation in laser welding, which contributes to the advancement of effective welding strategies for dissimilar alloys.
为了研究钛合金与铝合金的焊接过程,建立了振动焊接对接的数值模型。采用直线、正弦和圆形三种振荡路径研究熔池内的力分布、焊接温度场以及焊缝内气孔的形成和演化。采用三维高斯热源来表示激光束。采用流体体积法对气液自由表面进行跟踪,采用连续表面力模型对气液界面力进行变换。通过流体流动、表面张力和熔池反冲压力对锁孔坍塌和孔隙形成机理进行了研究。结果表明,采用激光焊接圆形路径的焊接质量最高。值得注意的是,通过实验数据验证了数值模拟结果,圆振荡激光焊接显著降低了Ti-Al异种合金焊接中的焊缝气孔率。确定了偏移量为0.6 mm、振荡幅度为0.6 mm的圆形振荡路径是抑制焊缝气孔的最佳途径。该研究对激光焊接中锁眼塌陷和孔形成的基本机理提供了有价值的见解,有助于推进不同合金的有效焊接策略。
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引用次数: 0
Development of a laser preheating concept for directed energy deposition 定向能沉积激光预热概念的发展
4区 工程技术 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-20 DOI: 10.2351/7.0001124
Fabian Bieg, David Scheider, Christian Kledwig, Clemens Maucher, Hans-Christian Möhring, Martin Reisacher
In today’s manufacturing, additive manufacturing processes enable the production of complicated three-dimensional structures that are hard to be manufactured with traditional manufacturing processes. Due to its high build rate, the laser-based directed energy deposition (DED-LB) process is an attractive and versatile process to manufacture these kinds of components. In addition to the production of components, DED-LB is used for repair or coating applications. The DED-LB process consists of a multitude of complex thermal mechanisms with high heating and cooling rates of 5 × 102 up to 5 × 105 K/s. For materials with high hardness or low thermal conductivity like tool steels, cast iron, or tungsten carbide, these high cooling rates can lead to defects in the microstructure like cracks, pores, or delamination between the substrate and the deposited structures. By preheating the substrate, the cooling rates can be reduced and defects can be eliminated. In this paper, a preheating cycle was developed, which uses the laser of a DMG MORI LT 65 DED hybrid machine as a moving heat source for the substrate preheating. For this cycle, process parameters, a tool path strategy, and a temperature control system were developed. The impact of the elaborated concept was shown by depositing tungsten carbide in a nickel matrix on an S235 steel substrate.
在当今的制造业中,增材制造工艺能够生产出传统制造工艺难以制造的复杂三维结构。基于激光的定向能沉积(ed - lb)工艺由于其高构建率,是制造此类部件的一种有吸引力且通用的工艺。除了生产组件外,d - lb还用于修复或涂层应用。DED-LB过程由多种复杂的热机制组成,具有5 × 102至5 × 105 K/s的高加热和冷却速率。对于高硬度或低导热性的材料,如工具钢、铸铁或碳化钨,这些高冷却速度可能导致微观结构中的缺陷,如衬底和沉积结构之间的裂纹、孔隙或分层。通过预热基材,可以降低冷却速率并消除缺陷。本文提出了一种利用DMG MORI l65型DED混合机床的激光作为移动热源对基材进行预热的预热循环。针对该循环,开发了工艺参数、刀具轨迹策略和温度控制系统。通过在S235钢基体上沉积镍基体中的碳化钨,表明了阐述的概念的影响。
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Journal of Laser Applications
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