Indium, a rare metal, is created incidentally during the zinc refining process. When a zinc metal is produced, valuable elements, such as indium, are recovered and reused. The sulfide minerals, sphalerite, galena, and chalcopyrite, are all common hosts for indium metals. Indium metals of varying purities (from 99% to 99.9%) are used in many different commercial, other exclusive, specialty, dentistry, and research and development settings. In the production of indium phosphide and related select bulk single crystals, such as InP, InAs, InSb, etc., and select multilayered epitaxial material-systems based device structures, such as InGaAs/InP, InGaAsP/InP, etc., an ultrahigh purity (99.99999%) indium metal is used as one of the initial and primary input materials. light-emitting diodes, infrared detectors, lasers, and other components cannot be made without these device topologies. Triple junction solar cells made of GaInP, GaAs, and Ge with 40% conversion efficiency are being developed for use in space. Metal-organic and molecular beam epitaxial methods utilize trimethyl/triethyl-indium-epi-precursors, the high purity indium derivatives, as starting materials to develop and manufacture multilayered structures of InGaAs/InP, InGaAsP/InP, InGaN/InP AlInN, etc. The purpose of this review is to quickly touch on indium mineral sources, important uses for different indium metal grades, and the processes needed to refine, purify, and ultrahigh purify indium to higher purity levels using a zone refining–melting–leveling process, as well as impurity segregation considerations. The use of vacuum, inert gas environments, and an external electromagnetic field to efficiently segregate, levitate, stir, homogenize, and mix the molten zone/melt interface area (region) as well as purity analyses at ppb levels, class clean room, and packaging concepts were also discussed. This review also touched briefly on the use of ultrahigh purity indium in the preparation of TMIn, TEIn, and InCl precursors necessary for the growth of device structures by molecular beam, metal-organic vapor phase, atomic layer epitaxial, and chemical vapor deposition processes. Purifying and preparing polycrystalline indium to a type 7 N purity level as well as standardization and criticality testing for fine-tuning system parameters are essential parts of developing the purification process technology. It also highlights various compound semiconductors and epitaxial systems, such as high purity indium compounds, such as indium phosphide, for cutting-edge electronic applications. Material yield enhancement, impurity management (including C, O, N, and others), consistent results, impurity reduction (down to the ppb level), and class clean packaging are all active topics of research and development. There has been a rise in demand for ultrapure metals (7–10 N) with stringent purity criteria in the aerospace and defense sectors, where they are used in cutting-edge nanoelectronic applications. This
{"title":"Overview of the process technology for the preparation of ultrahigh purity indium required for the fabrication of indium phosphide related epitaxial structures based devices needed for advanced electronic applications","authors":"V. N. Mani, G. Muthukumaran, A. G. Ramu, J. Kumar","doi":"10.2351/7.0001178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0001178","url":null,"abstract":"Indium, a rare metal, is created incidentally during the zinc refining process. When a zinc metal is produced, valuable elements, such as indium, are recovered and reused. The sulfide minerals, sphalerite, galena, and chalcopyrite, are all common hosts for indium metals. Indium metals of varying purities (from 99% to 99.9%) are used in many different commercial, other exclusive, specialty, dentistry, and research and development settings. In the production of indium phosphide and related select bulk single crystals, such as InP, InAs, InSb, etc., and select multilayered epitaxial material-systems based device structures, such as InGaAs/InP, InGaAsP/InP, etc., an ultrahigh purity (99.99999%) indium metal is used as one of the initial and primary input materials. light-emitting diodes, infrared detectors, lasers, and other components cannot be made without these device topologies. Triple junction solar cells made of GaInP, GaAs, and Ge with 40% conversion efficiency are being developed for use in space. Metal-organic and molecular beam epitaxial methods utilize trimethyl/triethyl-indium-epi-precursors, the high purity indium derivatives, as starting materials to develop and manufacture multilayered structures of InGaAs/InP, InGaAsP/InP, InGaN/InP AlInN, etc. The purpose of this review is to quickly touch on indium mineral sources, important uses for different indium metal grades, and the processes needed to refine, purify, and ultrahigh purify indium to higher purity levels using a zone refining–melting–leveling process, as well as impurity segregation considerations. The use of vacuum, inert gas environments, and an external electromagnetic field to efficiently segregate, levitate, stir, homogenize, and mix the molten zone/melt interface area (region) as well as purity analyses at ppb levels, class clean room, and packaging concepts were also discussed. This review also touched briefly on the use of ultrahigh purity indium in the preparation of TMIn, TEIn, and InCl precursors necessary for the growth of device structures by molecular beam, metal-organic vapor phase, atomic layer epitaxial, and chemical vapor deposition processes. Purifying and preparing polycrystalline indium to a type 7 N purity level as well as standardization and criticality testing for fine-tuning system parameters are essential parts of developing the purification process technology. It also highlights various compound semiconductors and epitaxial systems, such as high purity indium compounds, such as indium phosphide, for cutting-edge electronic applications. Material yield enhancement, impurity management (including C, O, N, and others), consistent results, impurity reduction (down to the ppb level), and class clean packaging are all active topics of research and development. There has been a rise in demand for ultrapure metals (7–10 N) with stringent purity criteria in the aerospace and defense sectors, where they are used in cutting-edge nanoelectronic applications. This ","PeriodicalId":50168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Laser Applications","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42595340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhihao Qu, S. Sun, Jin Wang, M. Jiang, Fengyun Zhang, Xi Wang, J. Shao, Guanglei Liang, P. Wang
The manufacturing and application of micro-optical elements are constantly evolving toward miniaturization, integration, and intelligence and have important applications in holographic displays, optical imaging, laser processing, information processing, and other fields. Ultrafast lasers, with their ultrashort pulse width, extremely high peak power, high processing resolution, small thermal influence zone, and nondestructive material processing advantages, have become an important processing method for preparing micro-optical elements. However, the laser output from the laser usually has a Gaussian distribution, with limitations in spatial and temporal energy and shape distribution, making it difficult to meet the requirements of processing efficiency and quality, which poses new challenges to ultrafast laser manufacturing technology. Therefore, by shaping the ultrafast laser beam and regulating nonlinear optical effects, the optimization and adjustment of the beam shape can be achieved, thus improving the quality and efficiency of micro-optical element processing. Ultrafast laser beam shaping technology provides a new method for the manufacture of micro-optical elements. This article first introduces the commonly used manufacturing methods for micro-optical elements. Second, from the perspective of the temporal domain, spatial domain, and spatiotemporal domain, the basic principles, methods, and existing problems of ultrafast laser beam shaping are summarized. Then, the application of these shaping technologies in the preparation of micro-optical elements is elaborated. Finally, the challenges and future development prospects of ultrafast laser beam shaping technology are discussed.
{"title":"Application of ultrafast laser beam shaping in micro-optical elements","authors":"Zhihao Qu, S. Sun, Jin Wang, M. Jiang, Fengyun Zhang, Xi Wang, J. Shao, Guanglei Liang, P. Wang","doi":"10.2351/7.0001033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0001033","url":null,"abstract":"The manufacturing and application of micro-optical elements are constantly evolving toward miniaturization, integration, and intelligence and have important applications in holographic displays, optical imaging, laser processing, information processing, and other fields. Ultrafast lasers, with their ultrashort pulse width, extremely high peak power, high processing resolution, small thermal influence zone, and nondestructive material processing advantages, have become an important processing method for preparing micro-optical elements. However, the laser output from the laser usually has a Gaussian distribution, with limitations in spatial and temporal energy and shape distribution, making it difficult to meet the requirements of processing efficiency and quality, which poses new challenges to ultrafast laser manufacturing technology. Therefore, by shaping the ultrafast laser beam and regulating nonlinear optical effects, the optimization and adjustment of the beam shape can be achieved, thus improving the quality and efficiency of micro-optical element processing. Ultrafast laser beam shaping technology provides a new method for the manufacture of micro-optical elements. This article first introduces the commonly used manufacturing methods for micro-optical elements. Second, from the perspective of the temporal domain, spatial domain, and spatiotemporal domain, the basic principles, methods, and existing problems of ultrafast laser beam shaping are summarized. Then, the application of these shaping technologies in the preparation of micro-optical elements is elaborated. Finally, the challenges and future development prospects of ultrafast laser beam shaping technology are discussed.","PeriodicalId":50168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Laser Applications","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48284827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Ou, Lixin Lu, Xiangwei Meng, Qing He, Yilin Xie, Junxia Yan
In this work, Ti–6.5Al–3.5Mo–1.5Zr–0.3Si alloy samples under different laser process parameters were successfully fabricated by laser powder bed fusion technology. The influence of three processing parameters (laser power P, scanning speed V, and hatch spacing H) on the forming quality and tensile properties of Ti–6.5Al–3.5Mo–1.5Zr–0.3Si samples was investigated by response surface analysis. The Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II was employed to optimize and attain laser process parameters with optimal forming quality and tensile properties. Specifically, the response surface was established to reveal the optimization method of two response values (forming densification and ultimate tensile strength). The results demonstrated that hatch spacing (H) and its secondary influencing factor (H2) exerted significant effects on densification. In addition, the secondary influencing factors of laser power and hatch spacing (P2 and H2) exerted significant effects on the ultimate tensile strength of Ti–6.5Al–3.5Mo–1.5Zr–0.3Si samples. The influence mechanism of laser process parameters on the densification and tensile properties of samples was further illuminated from the perspective of melting instability and the grain growth process. The maximum tensile strength of the Ti–6.5Al–3.5Mo–1.5Zr–0.3Si sample obtained after optimization reached above 1300 MPa. The maximum strain of the Ti–6.5Al–3.5Mo–1.5Zr–0.3Si sample with the optimal plastic performance reached 16.6%. The strength and toughness of Ti–6.5Al–3.5Mo–1.5Zr–0.3Si samples were analyzed from the aspects of the microstructure and phase composition.
{"title":"Response surface analysis, tensile properties, and microstructure of Ti–6.5Al–3.5Mo–1.5Zr–0.3Si fabricated by laser powder bed fusion","authors":"B. Ou, Lixin Lu, Xiangwei Meng, Qing He, Yilin Xie, Junxia Yan","doi":"10.2351/7.0000932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0000932","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, Ti–6.5Al–3.5Mo–1.5Zr–0.3Si alloy samples under different laser process parameters were successfully fabricated by laser powder bed fusion technology. The influence of three processing parameters (laser power P, scanning speed V, and hatch spacing H) on the forming quality and tensile properties of Ti–6.5Al–3.5Mo–1.5Zr–0.3Si samples was investigated by response surface analysis. The Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II was employed to optimize and attain laser process parameters with optimal forming quality and tensile properties. Specifically, the response surface was established to reveal the optimization method of two response values (forming densification and ultimate tensile strength). The results demonstrated that hatch spacing (H) and its secondary influencing factor (H2) exerted significant effects on densification. In addition, the secondary influencing factors of laser power and hatch spacing (P2 and H2) exerted significant effects on the ultimate tensile strength of Ti–6.5Al–3.5Mo–1.5Zr–0.3Si samples. The influence mechanism of laser process parameters on the densification and tensile properties of samples was further illuminated from the perspective of melting instability and the grain growth process. The maximum tensile strength of the Ti–6.5Al–3.5Mo–1.5Zr–0.3Si sample obtained after optimization reached above 1300 MPa. The maximum strain of the Ti–6.5Al–3.5Mo–1.5Zr–0.3Si sample with the optimal plastic performance reached 16.6%. The strength and toughness of Ti–6.5Al–3.5Mo–1.5Zr–0.3Si samples were analyzed from the aspects of the microstructure and phase composition.","PeriodicalId":50168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Laser Applications","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45438545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Preface to Special Topic: Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy","authors":"Lianbo Guo","doi":"10.2351/7.0001190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0001190","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Laser Applications","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136161743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We report the comparative investigation of fabricating type-II waveguide lasers in Nd:Y3Al5O12 (Nd:YAG) using femtosecond laser pulses at 515 and 1030 nm. We focus on the comparison in track morphologies, modification thresholds, and the overall efficiency of the ultrafast laser inscription (ULI) process in creating these waveguides. For both wavelengths, we demonstrated low propagation losses of 0.2 dB/cm. We achieved the lowest reported lasing threshold of 9 mW in a Nd:YAG waveguide laser. Superior performance was achieved with the 1030-nm ULI source, yielding a slope efficiency over 40% and achieving a lasing threshold at half the value observed for the 515-nm source.
{"title":"Guiding and lasing comparison of Nd:YAG waveguide lasers fabricated by femtosecond laser inscription at 515 and 1030 nm","authors":"W. Gebremichael, C. Dorrer, J. Qiao","doi":"10.2351/7.0001155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0001155","url":null,"abstract":"We report the comparative investigation of fabricating type-II waveguide lasers in Nd:Y3Al5O12 (Nd:YAG) using femtosecond laser pulses at 515 and 1030 nm. We focus on the comparison in track morphologies, modification thresholds, and the overall efficiency of the ultrafast laser inscription (ULI) process in creating these waveguides. For both wavelengths, we demonstrated low propagation losses of 0.2 dB/cm. We achieved the lowest reported lasing threshold of 9 mW in a Nd:YAG waveguide laser. Superior performance was achieved with the 1030-nm ULI source, yielding a slope efficiency over 40% and achieving a lasing threshold at half the value observed for the 515-nm source.","PeriodicalId":50168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Laser Applications","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43270037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Heidowitzsch, Leonid Gerdt, Conrad Samuel, Jacob-Florian Maetje, J. Kaspar, M. Riede, E. López, F. Brueckner, C. Leyens
The epitaxial growth of coarse and columnar grain structures along the build direction of additive manufactured metals is a usual phenomenon. As a result, as-built components often exhibit pronounced anisotropic mechanical properties, reduced ductility, and, hence, a high cracking susceptibility. To enhance the mechanical properties and processability of additive manufactured parts, the formation of equiaxed and fine grained structures is thought to be most beneficial. In this study, the potential of grain refinement by ultrasonic excitation of the melt pool during laser wire additive manufacturing has been investigated. An ultrasound system was developed and integrated in a laser wire deposition machine. AISI 316L steel was used as a substrate and feedstock material. A conversion of coarse, columnar grains (dm = 284.5 μm) into fine, equiaxed grains (dm = 130.4 μm) and a weakening of typical <100>-fiber texture with increasing amplitude were verified by means of light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction analysis. It was demonstrated that the degree of grain refinement could be controlled by the regulation of ultrasound amplitude. No significant changes in the dendritic structure have been observed. The combination of sonotrode/melt pool direct coupling and the laser wire deposition process represents a pioneering approach and promising strategy to investigate the influence of ultrasound on grain refinement and microstructural tailoring.
{"title":"Grain size manipulation by wire laser direct energy deposition of 316L with ultrasonic assistance","authors":"M. Heidowitzsch, Leonid Gerdt, Conrad Samuel, Jacob-Florian Maetje, J. Kaspar, M. Riede, E. López, F. Brueckner, C. Leyens","doi":"10.2351/7.0001090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0001090","url":null,"abstract":"The epitaxial growth of coarse and columnar grain structures along the build direction of additive manufactured metals is a usual phenomenon. As a result, as-built components often exhibit pronounced anisotropic mechanical properties, reduced ductility, and, hence, a high cracking susceptibility. To enhance the mechanical properties and processability of additive manufactured parts, the formation of equiaxed and fine grained structures is thought to be most beneficial. In this study, the potential of grain refinement by ultrasonic excitation of the melt pool during laser wire additive manufacturing has been investigated. An ultrasound system was developed and integrated in a laser wire deposition machine. AISI 316L steel was used as a substrate and feedstock material. A conversion of coarse, columnar grains (dm = 284.5 μm) into fine, equiaxed grains (dm = 130.4 μm) and a weakening of typical <100>-fiber texture with increasing amplitude were verified by means of light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction analysis. It was demonstrated that the degree of grain refinement could be controlled by the regulation of ultrasound amplitude. No significant changes in the dendritic structure have been observed. The combination of sonotrode/melt pool direct coupling and the laser wire deposition process represents a pioneering approach and promising strategy to investigate the influence of ultrasound on grain refinement and microstructural tailoring.","PeriodicalId":50168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Laser Applications","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46324455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Abbas, M. Q. Zakaria, Syeda Tehreem Iqbal, Y. Jamil
A laser can be used to propel distant objects. The ability of silicon to produce thrust and its propulsive parameters are needed to be studied in ablative laser propulsion (ALP). In this work, pure silicon and silicon doped with indium were subjected to ALP to achieve the momentum coupling coefficient and specific impulse to investigate its worth as a propellant. The experiment was conducted using the Nd:YAG laser (Quantel Brilliant) operating at fundamental harmonic (λ = 1064 nm and 5 ns pulse duration). In the given range of fluence, 1 × 105–5 × 105 J/m2, no significant difference among both samples for values of momentum coupling coefficient (Cm) and specific impulse (Isp) is observed; for instance, both propellants follow a decreasing trend for Cm. However, maximum enhancement for Cm and Isp is observed with a cavity aspect ratio of one. Cm and Isp are enhanced about 1.75 and 4.5 times, respectively, for pure silicon. The external cavity does not have any impact on Cm values for indium-doped silicon while values of Isp showed considerable enhancement.
{"title":"Experimenting on semiconductors using ablative laser propulsion to investigate propulsion parameters","authors":"A. Abbas, M. Q. Zakaria, Syeda Tehreem Iqbal, Y. Jamil","doi":"10.2351/7.0000965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0000965","url":null,"abstract":"A laser can be used to propel distant objects. The ability of silicon to produce thrust and its propulsive parameters are needed to be studied in ablative laser propulsion (ALP). In this work, pure silicon and silicon doped with indium were subjected to ALP to achieve the momentum coupling coefficient and specific impulse to investigate its worth as a propellant. The experiment was conducted using the Nd:YAG laser (Quantel Brilliant) operating at fundamental harmonic (λ = 1064 nm and 5 ns pulse duration). In the given range of fluence, 1 × 105–5 × 105 J/m2, no significant difference among both samples for values of momentum coupling coefficient (Cm) and specific impulse (Isp) is observed; for instance, both propellants follow a decreasing trend for Cm. However, maximum enhancement for Cm and Isp is observed with a cavity aspect ratio of one. Cm and Isp are enhanced about 1.75 and 4.5 times, respectively, for pure silicon. The external cavity does not have any impact on Cm values for indium-doped silicon while values of Isp showed considerable enhancement.","PeriodicalId":50168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Laser Applications","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41359937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The solidification behavior of a molten pool is a critical factor affecting the mechanical properties of welded joints. This paper develops a multi-scale model combining the macroscale heat transfer and fluid flow model with the microscale phase field model for calculating the microstructure evolution on two different planes that are perpendicular to the thickness direction in the laser welding of the aluminum alloy. To obtain the time-varying temperature gradient (G) and solidification velocity (R) used in the simulation, a transient solidification conditions model is proposed. These models are validated by comparing the simulation results with the experimental results. The results indicate that G decreases, while R increases during solidification process. G/R decreases on both two planes, which results in the transformation of the microstructure from planar to cellular and then to the columnar grain. Additionally, it is found that the primary dendrite arm spacing of columnar grains on the lower plane is smaller, which is related to lower G−1/2R−1/4.
{"title":"Investigation of microstructure evolution on different planes in laser welding of aluminum alloy","authors":"Yuewei Ai, Shibo Han, Yachao Yan","doi":"10.2351/7.0001129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0001129","url":null,"abstract":"The solidification behavior of a molten pool is a critical factor affecting the mechanical properties of welded joints. This paper develops a multi-scale model combining the macroscale heat transfer and fluid flow model with the microscale phase field model for calculating the microstructure evolution on two different planes that are perpendicular to the thickness direction in the laser welding of the aluminum alloy. To obtain the time-varying temperature gradient (G) and solidification velocity (R) used in the simulation, a transient solidification conditions model is proposed. These models are validated by comparing the simulation results with the experimental results. The results indicate that G decreases, while R increases during solidification process. G/R decreases on both two planes, which results in the transformation of the microstructure from planar to cellular and then to the columnar grain. Additionally, it is found that the primary dendrite arm spacing of columnar grains on the lower plane is smaller, which is related to lower G−1/2R−1/4.","PeriodicalId":50168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Laser Applications","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41746874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chao Wang, Hu Huang, Mingming Cui, Zhiyu Zhang, Lin Zhang, Jiwang Yan
Superhydrophobic surfaces are highly desirable due to their remarkable water-repellent behavior. Laser texturing with subsequent low surface energy modification is a versatile strategy for creating such surfaces. In this study, via synergistic laser texturing and low temperature annealing, superhydrophobicity was first attempted to be achieved on the FeCoCrMnNi surface. By optimizing the laser parameters, the arrays with large depth-to-width ratios were constructed. Subsequently, by annealing at a low temperature, the transition process from superhydrophilicity to superhydrophobicity was successfully achieved on the FeCoCrMnNi surface. The effects of the hatching interval on the wettability were investigated, and the mechanism of wettability transition for FeCoCrMnNi was discussed. According to the experimental results and analysis, the textured surfaces exhibited excellent superhydrophobicity at different hatching intervals and a maximum contact angle of 165° was obtained. Furthermore, the created superhydrophobic surfaces possessed good liquid capture and self-cleaning capabilities and enabled magnification for optical imaging. The wettability transition after low temperature annealing was attributed to the absorption of airborne organic compounds. This study provides an efficient, clean, and versatile strategy to achieve superhydrophobicity of the FeCoCrMnNi surface by laser processing.
{"title":"Achieving superhydrophobicity of the FeCoCrMnNi surface via synergistic laser texturing and low temperature annealing","authors":"Chao Wang, Hu Huang, Mingming Cui, Zhiyu Zhang, Lin Zhang, Jiwang Yan","doi":"10.2351/7.0001053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0001053","url":null,"abstract":"Superhydrophobic surfaces are highly desirable due to their remarkable water-repellent behavior. Laser texturing with subsequent low surface energy modification is a versatile strategy for creating such surfaces. In this study, via synergistic laser texturing and low temperature annealing, superhydrophobicity was first attempted to be achieved on the FeCoCrMnNi surface. By optimizing the laser parameters, the arrays with large depth-to-width ratios were constructed. Subsequently, by annealing at a low temperature, the transition process from superhydrophilicity to superhydrophobicity was successfully achieved on the FeCoCrMnNi surface. The effects of the hatching interval on the wettability were investigated, and the mechanism of wettability transition for FeCoCrMnNi was discussed. According to the experimental results and analysis, the textured surfaces exhibited excellent superhydrophobicity at different hatching intervals and a maximum contact angle of 165° was obtained. Furthermore, the created superhydrophobic surfaces possessed good liquid capture and self-cleaning capabilities and enabled magnification for optical imaging. The wettability transition after low temperature annealing was attributed to the absorption of airborne organic compounds. This study provides an efficient, clean, and versatile strategy to achieve superhydrophobicity of the FeCoCrMnNi surface by laser processing.","PeriodicalId":50168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Laser Applications","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48683319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Precious and half-precious metals are widely used in various fields, which makes it of great significance to recycle them, and copper was taken as an example for the investigation in this paper. A system based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy combined with machine learning algorithms was developed and employed in the lab to identify and classify several metal devices that contain copper element. According to the obtained emission spectra, 36 characteristic spectral lines of copper element are observed in the spectrogram of high-purity copper, as well as some metallic elements including Zn, Ca, Mg, and Na that also appeared. Moreover, eight types of similar metal devices containing copper element which are common in life (electrode, copper plug, copper tape, carbon brush, wire, circuit board, gasket, and coil) were selected to perform spectral analysis. Rough classification can be achieved by observing the spectra of eight metal devices. The effective classification process of metal devices was implemented by conducting principal component analysis, which built a model to reduce the dimension of spectral data for classification. Several samples are distributed at different positions in the principal component space, which is established based on the three principal components as the coordinate axis. K-nearest neighbors were employed to verify the classification effectiveness, acquiring the final classification accuracy of 99%. The results show that the development system has a broad development prospect for identifying metal copper and classifying metal devices that contain copper element.
{"title":"Identification and classification of metal copper based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy","authors":"Boyuan Han, Ziang Chen, Jun Feng, Yuzhu Liu","doi":"10.2351/7.0001051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0001051","url":null,"abstract":"Precious and half-precious metals are widely used in various fields, which makes it of great significance to recycle them, and copper was taken as an example for the investigation in this paper. A system based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy combined with machine learning algorithms was developed and employed in the lab to identify and classify several metal devices that contain copper element. According to the obtained emission spectra, 36 characteristic spectral lines of copper element are observed in the spectrogram of high-purity copper, as well as some metallic elements including Zn, Ca, Mg, and Na that also appeared. Moreover, eight types of similar metal devices containing copper element which are common in life (electrode, copper plug, copper tape, carbon brush, wire, circuit board, gasket, and coil) were selected to perform spectral analysis. Rough classification can be achieved by observing the spectra of eight metal devices. The effective classification process of metal devices was implemented by conducting principal component analysis, which built a model to reduce the dimension of spectral data for classification. Several samples are distributed at different positions in the principal component space, which is established based on the three principal components as the coordinate axis. K-nearest neighbors were employed to verify the classification effectiveness, acquiring the final classification accuracy of 99%. The results show that the development system has a broad development prospect for identifying metal copper and classifying metal devices that contain copper element.","PeriodicalId":50168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Laser Applications","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44766761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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