Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00221-2
Rachel Won
Sonochemical exfoliation of synthesized bulk black phosphorus crystals provides a route to produce high-quality, narrow and clean black phosphorus nanoribbons for practical applications in electronic and optoelectronic fields.
{"title":"Black phosphorus nanoribbons for future integrated circuits","authors":"Rachel Won","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00221-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00221-2","url":null,"abstract":"Sonochemical exfoliation of synthesized bulk black phosphorus crystals provides a route to produce high-quality, narrow and clean black phosphorus nanoribbons for practical applications in electronic and optoelectronic fields.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 10","pages":"659-659"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145273096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Skin-conformal electronics that naturally adhere to the body are transforming human–machine interfaces (HMIs) by enabling intuitive, real-time gesture recognition with broad potential in immersive applications such as virtual reality, advanced robotics and remote health care. These devices bridge human intentions and machine responses but still require integrated platforms that collect advances in sensing elements, adaptive signal processing and intelligent decision-making algorithms. In this Review, we identify the component innovations and system-level strategies to define a roadmap for skin-conformal gesture recognition as a core element of next-generation HMIs. Advances in conformal device architectures are overcoming the mechanical and signal stability limitations of conventional wearables, enabling reliable operation during continuous use. Integration of sensing and processing enables adaptive, real-time interpretation of gestures aligned with user intent, while emerging computational approaches deliver efficient, low-latency performance inspired by biological learning. Collectively, these developments are shaping design principles for natural, precise and responsive HMIs. Skin-conformal electronics enable intuitive, real-time gesture recognition through seamless integration of conformal sensing and intelligent processing. Reliable and precise human–machine interactions gain thus transformative potential in health care, robotics, immersive applications and other dynamic environments.
{"title":"Skin-conformal electronics for intelligent gesture recognition","authors":"Inho Lee, Hyojin Shin, Haein Cho, Jun-Gyu Choi, Gunuk Wang, Sungjun Park","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00215-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00215-0","url":null,"abstract":"Skin-conformal electronics that naturally adhere to the body are transforming human–machine interfaces (HMIs) by enabling intuitive, real-time gesture recognition with broad potential in immersive applications such as virtual reality, advanced robotics and remote health care. These devices bridge human intentions and machine responses but still require integrated platforms that collect advances in sensing elements, adaptive signal processing and intelligent decision-making algorithms. In this Review, we identify the component innovations and system-level strategies to define a roadmap for skin-conformal gesture recognition as a core element of next-generation HMIs. Advances in conformal device architectures are overcoming the mechanical and signal stability limitations of conventional wearables, enabling reliable operation during continuous use. Integration of sensing and processing enables adaptive, real-time interpretation of gestures aligned with user intent, while emerging computational approaches deliver efficient, low-latency performance inspired by biological learning. Collectively, these developments are shaping design principles for natural, precise and responsive HMIs. Skin-conformal electronics enable intuitive, real-time gesture recognition through seamless integration of conformal sensing and intelligent processing. Reliable and precise human–machine interactions gain thus transformative potential in health care, robotics, immersive applications and other dynamic environments.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 11","pages":"736-754"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145480169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-26DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00218-x
Giacomo Valle
Somatosensory feedback is an essential feature of neural prostheses that aim to restore natural hand dexterity after neurological injuries. This Comment discusses the potential and challenges of electrically stimulating sensory neurons, highlighting the need for highly selective neurotechnology and biomimetic-encoding algorithms for effective brain–machine interfacing.
{"title":"Cortical somatosensory feedback for brain-controlled bionic hands","authors":"Giacomo Valle","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00218-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00218-x","url":null,"abstract":"Somatosensory feedback is an essential feature of neural prostheses that aim to restore natural hand dexterity after neurological injuries. This Comment discusses the potential and challenges of electrically stimulating sensory neurons, highlighting the need for highly selective neurotechnology and biomimetic-encoding algorithms for effective brain–machine interfacing.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 11","pages":"704-706"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145480187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-25DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00217-y
Jiahao Liu
A study in Nature Communications presents a compact, lightweight, integrated sensor array for real-time monitoring of lithium-ion battery health and safety.
{"title":"Monitoring battery health and safety","authors":"Jiahao Liu","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00217-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00217-y","url":null,"abstract":"A study in Nature Communications presents a compact, lightweight, integrated sensor array for real-time monitoring of lithium-ion battery health and safety.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 10","pages":"658-658"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145273097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The metaverse has gained increasing attention with advances in artificial intelligence (AI), semiconductor devices and high-speed networks. Although the metaverse has potential across various industries and consumer markets, it remains in the early stages of development, with further progress in extended reality (XR) technologies anticipated. In this Review, we provide an overview of essential XR technologies for immersive metaverse experiences enabling human–digital interactions. Motion sensing, eye tracking, pose estimation and 3D mapping, scene understanding, digital humans, conversational AI for metaverse non-player characters, motion-to-photon latency compensation and optical display systems are important for human–digital interaction in the metaverse, with AI accelerating the evolution of these technologies. Key challenges include the accuracy and robustness of sensing and recognition of users and surrounding environments, real-time content generation reflecting the users’ responses and environments, and high-performance XR head-mounted displays with compact form factors. Realizing this potential will enable people to interact more genuinely with each other and digital objects in healthcare, education, retail, manufacturing and everyday life. Extended reality (XR) promises to blend real and virtual objects and people in the metaverse. This Review overviews an XR workflow and eight key XR technologies for achieving immersive experiences in both professional settings and everyday life.
{"title":"Extended reality technologies for applications in the metaverse","authors":"Hiroshi Mukawa, Yoichi Hirota, Hiroki Mizuno, Makoto Murata, Fuminori Homma, Keita Mochizuki, Ryo Ogawa, Yuki Mamishin, Hiroyuki Aga, Jun Yokono, Daiki Shimada, Masaki Fukuchi","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00211-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00211-4","url":null,"abstract":"The metaverse has gained increasing attention with advances in artificial intelligence (AI), semiconductor devices and high-speed networks. Although the metaverse has potential across various industries and consumer markets, it remains in the early stages of development, with further progress in extended reality (XR) technologies anticipated. In this Review, we provide an overview of essential XR technologies for immersive metaverse experiences enabling human–digital interactions. Motion sensing, eye tracking, pose estimation and 3D mapping, scene understanding, digital humans, conversational AI for metaverse non-player characters, motion-to-photon latency compensation and optical display systems are important for human–digital interaction in the metaverse, with AI accelerating the evolution of these technologies. Key challenges include the accuracy and robustness of sensing and recognition of users and surrounding environments, real-time content generation reflecting the users’ responses and environments, and high-performance XR head-mounted displays with compact form factors. Realizing this potential will enable people to interact more genuinely with each other and digital objects in healthcare, education, retail, manufacturing and everyday life. Extended reality (XR) promises to blend real and virtual objects and people in the metaverse. This Review overviews an XR workflow and eight key XR technologies for achieving immersive experiences in both professional settings and everyday life.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 12","pages":"819-834"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145719844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-24DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00210-5
Chenchen Li, Fangxing Li, Sufan Jiang, Jinning Wang
The implementation of energy equity is a pivotal goal of the global energy transition, driven by widespread recognition of energy inequities worldwide. Energy equity has been broadly regarded as a sociological concept rather than an engineering one. The absence of technical engineering methods necessitates the development of a justified and sound approach to making energy equity an actionable practice in the broader realms of energy, environment and sustainability. In this Perspective, we propose a generalized definition of energy equity from the engineering perspective of electric power systems. We look at policies for energy equity that have already been introduced in Europe and the USA, noting their limited effectiveness, and provide four categories of classification for current energy-equity research: quantifying energy equity, improving equity in the accessibility of electricity, improving equity in the affordability of electricity, and improving equity in the resilience of power systems. We then set out a roadmap to address ongoing research challenges in energy equity. Energy equity calls for fair access to energy for all, but this sociological concept has not been defined in ways that are relevant to electric power systems. We provide a definition, summarize efforts so far and set out a roadmap of the challenges to be addressed to achieve equity of energy accessibility, affordability and resilience.
{"title":"Translating energy equity from a sociological concept to an electric power engineering perspective","authors":"Chenchen Li, Fangxing Li, Sufan Jiang, Jinning Wang","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00210-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00210-5","url":null,"abstract":"The implementation of energy equity is a pivotal goal of the global energy transition, driven by widespread recognition of energy inequities worldwide. Energy equity has been broadly regarded as a sociological concept rather than an engineering one. The absence of technical engineering methods necessitates the development of a justified and sound approach to making energy equity an actionable practice in the broader realms of energy, environment and sustainability. In this Perspective, we propose a generalized definition of energy equity from the engineering perspective of electric power systems. We look at policies for energy equity that have already been introduced in Europe and the USA, noting their limited effectiveness, and provide four categories of classification for current energy-equity research: quantifying energy equity, improving equity in the accessibility of electricity, improving equity in the affordability of electricity, and improving equity in the resilience of power systems. We then set out a roadmap to address ongoing research challenges in energy equity. Energy equity calls for fair access to energy for all, but this sociological concept has not been defined in ways that are relevant to electric power systems. We provide a definition, summarize efforts so far and set out a roadmap of the challenges to be addressed to achieve equity of energy accessibility, affordability and resilience.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 10","pages":"694-702"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145273094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-17DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00207-0
Mario Lanza, Sebastian Pazos, Fernando Aguirre
The endurance, retention and system-level performance of memristors for memory and computation has been often misrepresented in articles that lack statistics and use non-standardized characterization and simulation protocols. Here we discuss the origin of these issues, their negative effect in the nascent memristor industry, and potential ways to mitigate them.
{"title":"The Achilles’ heel of memristive technologies","authors":"Mario Lanza, Sebastian Pazos, Fernando Aguirre","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00207-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00207-0","url":null,"abstract":"The endurance, retention and system-level performance of memristors for memory and computation has been often misrepresented in articles that lack statistics and use non-standardized characterization and simulation protocols. Here we discuss the origin of these issues, their negative effect in the nascent memristor industry, and potential ways to mitigate them.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 10","pages":"654-656"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145273093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-15DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00216-z
Miranda L. Vinay
A study in Nano-Micro Letters presents an ultrasonic microrobot that demonstrates agile navigation through narrow pipes at high speed.
《纳米微快报》上的一项研究展示了一种超声波微型机器人，它可以在狭窄的管道中高速灵活地导航。
{"title":"Ultrasonic microrobots for inspecting pipelines","authors":"Miranda L. Vinay","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00216-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00216-z","url":null,"abstract":"A study in Nano-Micro Letters presents an ultrasonic microrobot that demonstrates agile navigation through narrow pipes at high speed.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 10","pages":"657-657"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145273095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-12DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00213-2
Junsuk Rho, Moon-Ho Jo, Yong-Young Noh, Unyong Jeong, Gil-Ho Lee
Electronics and photonics research at Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) spans from metasurface flat optical devices to quantum and stretchable electronics. In this Viewpoint, five professors discuss how POSTECH, with strong industry ties and interdisciplinary collaborations, aims to redefine nanoscale electronic and photonic materials and devices, quantum electronics and photonics, future information technology and computing.
{"title":"Electronics and photonics-related research and education at POSTECH","authors":"Junsuk Rho, Moon-Ho Jo, Yong-Young Noh, Unyong Jeong, Gil-Ho Lee","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00213-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00213-2","url":null,"abstract":"Electronics and photonics research at Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) spans from metasurface flat optical devices to quantum and stretchable electronics. In this Viewpoint, five professors discuss how POSTECH, with strong industry ties and interdisciplinary collaborations, aims to redefine nanoscale electronic and photonic materials and devices, quantum electronics and photonics, future information technology and computing.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 12","pages":"799-805"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145719841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00206-1
Shichao Ding, Yizhou Bian, Tamoghna Saha, Muhammad Inam Khan, An-Yi Chang, Lu Yin, Sheng Xu, Joseph Wang
Wearable technology has the potential to advance health monitoring by enabling continuous, multimodal sensing. A major bottleneck that hampers the adoption of such advanced health monitoring systems is the need for continuous power supply. Integrated energy-autonomous wearable microgrids offer a compelling solution to support the growing power demands of long-term health care and wellness monitoring. However, wearable microgrid systems require optimal energy management, tailored to changing environmental conditions and dynamic user demands. This Perspective highlights the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI) in optimizing and guiding the development of powerful wearable microgrids. Leveraging intelligent, accurate prediction of future energy needs, AI empowers autonomous, on-demand, continuous power supply, able to dynamically adapt to fluctuating energy needs in diverse everyday scenarios. AI’s key roles in guiding wearable microgrids include data processing, energy budgeting, sustainable energy harvesting and tailoring systems to behavioural patterns and environmental factors. The developmental trends of AI-enabled wearable microgrids are categorized into three proposed generations, with an in-depth analysis of their advanced functions and intelligent operations. The resulting microgrids balance in real-time energy production, storage and demand to achieve greater efficiency, autonomy and sustained performance, as desired for supporting continuous health monitoring. Wearable multimodal monitoring systems deliver continuous insight into patients’ health status but are constrained by power needs. Next-generation artificial intelligence-enabled wearable microgrids can drive sustainable energy harvesting, intelligent budgeting and adaptive management for autonomous, on-demand power delivery for wearable devices.
{"title":"Artificial intelligence-enabled wearable microgrids for self-sustained energy management","authors":"Shichao Ding, Yizhou Bian, Tamoghna Saha, Muhammad Inam Khan, An-Yi Chang, Lu Yin, Sheng Xu, Joseph Wang","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00206-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00206-1","url":null,"abstract":"Wearable technology has the potential to advance health monitoring by enabling continuous, multimodal sensing. A major bottleneck that hampers the adoption of such advanced health monitoring systems is the need for continuous power supply. Integrated energy-autonomous wearable microgrids offer a compelling solution to support the growing power demands of long-term health care and wellness monitoring. However, wearable microgrid systems require optimal energy management, tailored to changing environmental conditions and dynamic user demands. This Perspective highlights the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI) in optimizing and guiding the development of powerful wearable microgrids. Leveraging intelligent, accurate prediction of future energy needs, AI empowers autonomous, on-demand, continuous power supply, able to dynamically adapt to fluctuating energy needs in diverse everyday scenarios. AI’s key roles in guiding wearable microgrids include data processing, energy budgeting, sustainable energy harvesting and tailoring systems to behavioural patterns and environmental factors. The developmental trends of AI-enabled wearable microgrids are categorized into three proposed generations, with an in-depth analysis of their advanced functions and intelligent operations. The resulting microgrids balance in real-time energy production, storage and demand to achieve greater efficiency, autonomy and sustained performance, as desired for supporting continuous health monitoring. Wearable multimodal monitoring systems deliver continuous insight into patients’ health status but are constrained by power needs. Next-generation artificial intelligence-enabled wearable microgrids can drive sustainable energy harvesting, intelligent budgeting and adaptive management for autonomous, on-demand power delivery for wearable devices.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 10","pages":"683-693"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145273083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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