Pub Date : 2025-02-13DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00147-9
Olga Bubnova
{"title":"Mass transfer technique for high-density 2D FET arrays","authors":"Olga Bubnova","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00147-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00147-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 2","pages":"81-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143404125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Photovoltaics — the fastest-growing renewable energy — has seen rapid growth in global cumulative installations, owing to continuous technological advancements in module and cell designs and a decreasing levelized cost of energy. However, this growth brings challenges associated with end-of-life (EOL) management of photovoltaic (PV) modules. Recycling, an important pillar of the circular economy, has a pivotal role in the liberation and recovery of embedded materials present in the EOL PV modules. In this Review, we discuss the current PV recycling strategies, covering liberation of materials and metal recovery approaches, for both pilot trials and laboratory-scale demonstrations. We then highlight their characteristic parameters, performance and key differences, as well as open challenges to PV recycling in terms of cost-effectiveness, policy regulations and data availability. Next, we summarize the technological innovations needed to achieve adequate separation of embedded materials and efficient material recovery. Finally, we propose a way forward to achieve cost-effective, energy-efficient and environmentally friendly recycling of EOL PV modules. This Review provides a critical assessment of the existing photovoltaic recycling technologies, discusses open challenges and makes key recommendations, such as the promotion of design for recycling, widening data availability, policy developments and incentives for upcycling.
{"title":"Open challenges and opportunities in photovoltaic recycling","authors":"Ying Sim, Ankit, Yeow Boon Tay, Dwarakanath Ravikumar, Nripan Mathews","doi":"10.1038/s44287-024-00124-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-024-00124-8","url":null,"abstract":"Photovoltaics — the fastest-growing renewable energy — has seen rapid growth in global cumulative installations, owing to continuous technological advancements in module and cell designs and a decreasing levelized cost of energy. However, this growth brings challenges associated with end-of-life (EOL) management of photovoltaic (PV) modules. Recycling, an important pillar of the circular economy, has a pivotal role in the liberation and recovery of embedded materials present in the EOL PV modules. In this Review, we discuss the current PV recycling strategies, covering liberation of materials and metal recovery approaches, for both pilot trials and laboratory-scale demonstrations. We then highlight their characteristic parameters, performance and key differences, as well as open challenges to PV recycling in terms of cost-effectiveness, policy regulations and data availability. Next, we summarize the technological innovations needed to achieve adequate separation of embedded materials and efficient material recovery. Finally, we propose a way forward to achieve cost-effective, energy-efficient and environmentally friendly recycling of EOL PV modules. This Review provides a critical assessment of the existing photovoltaic recycling technologies, discusses open challenges and makes key recommendations, such as the promotion of design for recycling, widening data availability, policy developments and incentives for upcycling.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 2","pages":"96-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143404128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-03DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00136-4
Mark L. Brongersma, Ragip A. Pala, Hatice Altug, Federico Capasso, Wei Ting Chen, Arka Majumdar, Harry A. Atwater
Optical metasurfaces are judiciously nanostructured thin films capable of manipulating the flow of light in a myriad of new ways. During the past two decades, we have witnessed a true revolution in the basic science that underlies their operation. As a result, these powerful optical elements can now deliver never-seen-before optical functions and transformed the way we think about light–matter interaction at the nanoscale. They also offer a favourable size, weight, power and cost metric compared to bulky optical elements such as lenses and prisms based on polished pieces of glass or moulded plastics. These valuable traits are especially relevant for use in many emerging applications, including wearable displays and sensors, autonomous navigation (robotics, automotive and aerospace), computational imaging, solar energy harvesting and radiative cooling. With the advent of advanced software and high-volume manufacturing processes, the promise of metasurfaces is becoming a practical reality and has already generated tremendous interest from industry. This Review discusses the rapid, recent advances towards transitioning metasurface science into real technologies, propelling the second metasurface revolution. Metasurface optics offer a very favourable size, weight, power and cost metric compared to bulky optical elements based on polished pieces of glass or moulded plastics, and these valuable traits are now propelling their use in many areas of technology.
{"title":"The second optical metasurface revolution: moving from science to technology","authors":"Mark L. Brongersma, Ragip A. Pala, Hatice Altug, Federico Capasso, Wei Ting Chen, Arka Majumdar, Harry A. Atwater","doi":"10.1038/s44287-024-00136-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-024-00136-4","url":null,"abstract":"Optical metasurfaces are judiciously nanostructured thin films capable of manipulating the flow of light in a myriad of new ways. During the past two decades, we have witnessed a true revolution in the basic science that underlies their operation. As a result, these powerful optical elements can now deliver never-seen-before optical functions and transformed the way we think about light–matter interaction at the nanoscale. They also offer a favourable size, weight, power and cost metric compared to bulky optical elements such as lenses and prisms based on polished pieces of glass or moulded plastics. These valuable traits are especially relevant for use in many emerging applications, including wearable displays and sensors, autonomous navigation (robotics, automotive and aerospace), computational imaging, solar energy harvesting and radiative cooling. With the advent of advanced software and high-volume manufacturing processes, the promise of metasurfaces is becoming a practical reality and has already generated tremendous interest from industry. This Review discusses the rapid, recent advances towards transitioning metasurface science into real technologies, propelling the second metasurface revolution. Metasurface optics offer a very favourable size, weight, power and cost metric compared to bulky optical elements based on polished pieces of glass or moulded plastics, and these valuable traits are now propelling their use in many areas of technology.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 2","pages":"125-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-27DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00144-y
Jean-René Lèquepeys, Dominique Noguet, Bruno Paing, Xavier Lemoine, Christophe Wyon, Marie-Claire Cyrille, Claire Fenouillet-Béranger, Eric Dupont-Nivet, Chrystel Deguet, Susana Bonnetier
The FAMES pilot line on fully depleted silicon-on-insulator technology provides a complete toolbox of technologies for the development of innovative chip architectures with increased performance and lower power consumption of mixed-signal circuits.
{"title":"Europe’s pilot line on fully depleted silicon-on-insulator technology (FAMES)","authors":"Jean-René Lèquepeys, Dominique Noguet, Bruno Paing, Xavier Lemoine, Christophe Wyon, Marie-Claire Cyrille, Claire Fenouillet-Béranger, Eric Dupont-Nivet, Chrystel Deguet, Susana Bonnetier","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00144-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00144-y","url":null,"abstract":"The FAMES pilot line on fully depleted silicon-on-insulator technology provides a complete toolbox of technologies for the development of innovative chip architectures with increased performance and lower power consumption of mixed-signal circuits.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 2","pages":"77-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143404836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-21DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00142-0
Lishu Wu
An article in Nature presents an approach for the cost-effective and scalable integration of electrically pumped III–V-based lasers onto silicon wafers using a CMOS pilot prototyping line.
{"title":"CMOS compatible III–V nano-ridge lasers","authors":"Lishu Wu","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00142-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00142-0","url":null,"abstract":"An article in Nature presents an approach for the cost-effective and scalable integration of electrically pumped III–V-based lasers onto silicon wafers using a CMOS pilot prototyping line.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 2","pages":"82-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143404126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Grid-scale, long-duration energy storage has been widely recognized as an important means to address the intermittency of wind and solar power. This Comment explores the potential of using existing large-scale hydropower systems for long-duration and seasonal energy storage, highlighting technological challenges and future research directions for pumped-storage renovation.
{"title":"Pumped-storage renovation for grid-scale, long-duration energy storage","authors":"Jianjian Shen, Yue Wang, Tingjie Hao, Chuntian Cheng","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00143-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00143-z","url":null,"abstract":"Grid-scale, long-duration energy storage has been widely recognized as an important means to address the intermittency of wind and solar power. This Comment explores the potential of using existing large-scale hydropower systems for long-duration and seasonal energy storage, highlighting technological challenges and future research directions for pumped-storage renovation.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 2","pages":"79-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143404838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-17DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00132-8
Tommaso Confalone, Sanaz Shokri, Flavia Lo Sardo, Valerii M. Vinokur, Kornelius Nielsch, Haider Golam, Nicola Poccia
The possibility of stacking and twisting cuprate superconducting interfaces drives the search for emergent states in complex oxides with forbidden interfaces. However, the design of advanced coherent functional circuits is limited by the fragility of these interfaces. Here, we discuss the experimental steps needed to solve this challenge.
{"title":"Challenges in the electrical engineering of cuprate twistronics","authors":"Tommaso Confalone, Sanaz Shokri, Flavia Lo Sardo, Valerii M. Vinokur, Kornelius Nielsch, Haider Golam, Nicola Poccia","doi":"10.1038/s44287-024-00132-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-024-00132-8","url":null,"abstract":"The possibility of stacking and twisting cuprate superconducting interfaces drives the search for emergent states in complex oxides with forbidden interfaces. However, the design of advanced coherent functional circuits is limited by the fragility of these interfaces. Here, we discuss the experimental steps needed to solve this challenge.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 2","pages":"73-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-16DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00133-7
With the celebration of our first anniversary, the team reflects on a successful year of delivering cutting-edge insights in electrical engineering while continuing the mission of shaping the future of the field through expert reviews, perspectives and comments.
{"title":"Happy birthday, Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s44287-024-00133-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-024-00133-7","url":null,"abstract":"With the celebration of our first anniversary, the team reflects on a successful year of delivering cutting-edge insights in electrical engineering while continuing the mission of shaping the future of the field through expert reviews, perspectives and comments.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44287-024-00133-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142995912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-13DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00138-2
Maarten Rosmeulen
The recent introduction of the compute express link (CXL) memory interface provides opportunities for new memories to complement dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) in data-intensive compute applications. Research at imec shows that a 3D-integrated charge-coupled-device (CCD)-based memory with IGZO conduction channel is an excellent candidate.
{"title":"A 3D buffer memory for AI and machine learning","authors":"Maarten Rosmeulen","doi":"10.1038/s44287-024-00138-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-024-00138-2","url":null,"abstract":"The recent introduction of the compute express link (CXL) memory interface provides opportunities for new memories to complement dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) in data-intensive compute applications. Research at imec shows that a 3D-integrated charge-coupled-device (CCD)-based memory with IGZO conduction channel is an excellent candidate.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 2","pages":"75-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143404837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-07DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00137-3
Silvia Conti
An article presented at the 2024 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting describes a single-chip image sensor with simultaneous colour and ranging information capabilities.
{"title":"High-resolution colour and range image capture on a single chip","authors":"Silvia Conti","doi":"10.1038/s44287-024-00137-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-024-00137-3","url":null,"abstract":"An article presented at the 2024 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting describes a single-chip image sensor with simultaneous colour and ranging information capabilities.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"11-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142995911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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