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Solving the problem of hiring in STEM 解决科学、技术、工程和数学领域的招聘问题
Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00056-3
Mario Lanza, Naomi Godfrey, Victor Zhirnov
The way in which researchers, scientists and engineers apply for jobs is very inefficient. Creating free online databases of candidates with filtering, ranking and video features could help to maximize reach and identify the most suitable person for each job offer much faster.
研究人员、科学家和工程师申请工作的方式效率很低。创建具有过滤、排名和视频功能的免费在线候选人数据库,有助于最大限度地扩大覆盖面,并更快地为每份工作找到最合适的人选。
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引用次数: 0
Magnetoelectric microelectromechanical and nanoelectromechanical systems for the IoT 用于物联网的磁电微机电系统和纳米机电系统
Pub Date : 2024-05-07 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00044-7
Bin Luo, A. R. Will-Cole, Cunzheng Dong, Yifan He, Xiaxin Liu, Hwaider Lin, Rui Huang, Xiaoling Shi, Michael McConney, Michael Page, Mohan Sanghadasa, Ramamoorthy Ramesh, Nian X. Sun
The internet of things (IoT) has revolutionized society by creating a network of interconnected devices with sensors, processing ability and software for data exchange. However, the expansion of IoT places undue strain on energy resources. Thus, the development of low-power components is critical. Moreover, the demand for IoT has opened new markets for wearable technologies, necessitating innovations towards miniaturization. This rapid growth introduces further challenges in communication and environmental adaptability. Magnetoelectric (ME) microelectromechanical and nanoelectromechanical systems (M/NEMS) introduce unparalleled properties to reshape the IoT landscape. ME M/NEMS enable a 100,000× reduction in wavelength, resulting in reduced size and weight, and provide multifunctionality, such as simultaneous sensing, data transmission and wireless power transfer. With renewed interest in ME M/NEMS platforms, several disruptive technologies have emerged ranging from ultra-compact radiofrequency front-ends to quantum sensing, computing and communication networks. This Review delves into ME materials, ME composites and ME M/NEMS for IoT functions, including logic memory; magnetic sensing; wireless power transfer; ultra-compact antennas; power, radiofrequency and microwave electronics; and communication systems. Magnetoelectric (ME) microelectromechanical and nanoelectromechanical systems (M/NEMS) are vital for addressing the challenges of the internet of things (IoT) networks in size, energy efficiency and communication. This Review delves into ME materials and M/NEMS for IoT applications, such as sensing and communication technologies.
物联网(IoT)通过创建一个由具有传感器、处理能力和数据交换软件的互联设备组成的网络,给社会带来了革命性的变化。然而,物联网的扩展给能源资源带来了过大的压力。因此,开发低功耗元件至关重要。此外,物联网的需求也为可穿戴技术开辟了新的市场,因此有必要向微型化方向创新。这种快速增长为通信和环境适应性带来了更多挑战。磁电(ME)微机电和纳米机电系统(M/NEMS)具有无与伦比的特性,将重塑物联网的格局。ME M/NEMS 可使波长减少 100,000 倍,从而减小尺寸和重量,并提供多功能性,如同时传感、数据传输和无线功率传输。随着人们对 ME M/NEMS 平台的重新关注,出现了从超小型射频前端到量子传感、计算和通信网络等多项颠覆性技术。本综述深入探讨了用于物联网功能的 ME 材料、ME 复合材料和 ME M/NEMS,包括逻辑存储器、磁感应、无线电力传输、超小型天线、电源、射频和微波电子设备以及通信系统。
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引用次数: 0
Autonomous interference-avoiding machine-to-machine communications 自主规避干扰的机对机通信
Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00058-1
Lishu Wu
An article in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications proposes algorithmic solutions to dynamically optimize MIMO waveforms to minimize or eliminate interference in autonomous machine-to-machine communications.
电气和电子工程师学会通信选区期刊》(IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications)上的一篇文章提出了动态优化多输入多输出(MIMO)波形的算法解决方案,以尽量减少或消除自主机器对机器通信中的干扰。
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引用次数: 0
An electrocorticography-based speech decoder for neural speech prostheses 基于皮层电图的神经语音义肢语音解码器
Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00054-5
Silvia Conti
An article in Nature Machine Intelligence presents a neural signal-based speech decoding framework comprising interchangeable architectures for the electrocorticography decoder and a differentiable speech synthesizer.
自然-机器智能》(Nature Machine Intelligence)杂志上的一篇文章介绍了一种基于神经信号的语音解码框架,该框架由可互换的皮层电图解码器架构和可微分语音合成器组成。
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引用次数: 0
Combining quantum and AI for the next superpower 将量子与人工智能相结合,打造下一个超级大国
Pub Date : 2024-04-30 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00051-8
Martina Gschwendtner, Henning Soller, Sheila Zingg
Quantum computing can benefit from the advancements made in artificial intelligence (AI) holistically across the tech stack — AI may even unlock completely new ways of using quantum computers. Simultaneously, AI can benefit from quantum computing leveraging the expected future compute and memory power.
量子计算可以从人工智能(AI)在整个技术堆栈中取得的全面进步中获益--人工智能甚至可以开启使用量子计算机的全新方式。同时,人工智能也能从量子计算利用未来预期的计算和内存能力中受益。
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引用次数: 0
Transistor engineering based on 2D materials in the post-silicon era 后硅时代基于二维材料的晶体管工程技术
Pub Date : 2024-04-30 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00045-6
Senfeng Zeng, Chunsen Liu, Peng Zhou
The miniaturization of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) has been the driving force behind the development of integrated circuits over the past 60 years; however, owing to short channel effect, reducing the gate length of MOSFETs to sub-10 nm represents a fundamental challenge. Two-dimensional materials (2DMs) with atomic scale thicknesses and non-dangling bonds interface enable sub-10 nm scale length, making them suitable candidates for advanced tech nodes beyond sub-3 nm. Although the performance metrics of a single 2DMs transistor have equalled or surpassed those of silicon, leaving no doubt about the potential of 2DMs at the laboratory level, the way of moving 2DMs from ‘lab to fab’ remains unclear. In this Review, we analyse the similarities and differences between 2DMs MOSFETs and silicon MOSFETs in the integrated circuits engineering process; we present potential solutions for channel, contact and dielectric engineering using 2DM to address the scaling challenges faced by a silicon-based device at the advanced tech node. Finally, we summarize the challenges in translating the performance of individual 2DMs devices into large-scale integrated circuits, including large-scale and stable transfer technology, high-quality material synthesis with controllable layers. Once these technical issues are properly solved, 2DMs can take full advantage of their properties at a farther scaling. This Review systematically compares 2DMs and silicon metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors technologies in the integrated circuits engineering process and presents potential solutions for channel, contact and dielectric engineering using 2DM to address the scaling challenges faced by a silicon-based device at the advanced tech node.
过去 60 年来,金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET)的微型化一直是集成电路发展的推动力;然而,由于短沟道效应,将 MOSFET 的栅极长度减少到 10 纳米以下是一项根本性挑战。二维材料(2DM)具有原子尺度的厚度和无张力键界面,可实现 10 纳米以下的尺度长度,因此适合用于 3 纳米以下的先进技术节点。尽管单个 2DM 晶体管的性能指标已经等同于或超过了硅,2DM 在实验室层面的潜力毋庸置疑,但 2DM 从 "实验室到工厂 "的发展道路仍不明确。在本综述中,我们分析了 2DM MOSFET 与硅 MOSFET 在集成电路工程过程中的异同;我们提出了使用 2DM 进行沟道、接触和介电工程的潜在解决方案,以应对硅基器件在先进技术节点上面临的扩展挑战。最后,我们总结了将单个 2DM 器件的性能转化为大规模集成电路所面临的挑战,包括大规模和稳定的传输技术、具有可控层的高质量材料合成。一旦这些技术问题得到妥善解决,2DMs 就能在更大范围内充分利用其特性。
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引用次数: 0
3D integration of 2D electronics 二维电子器件的三维集成
Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00038-5
Darsith Jayachandran, Najam U Sakib, Saptarshi Das
The adoption of three-dimensional (3D) integration has revolutionized NAND flash memory technology, and a similar transformative potential exists for logic circuits, by stacking transistors into the third dimension. This pivotal shift towards 3D integration of logic arrives on the heels of substantial improvements in silicon device structures and their subsequent scaling in size and performance. Yet, advanced scaling requires ultrathin semiconducting channels, which are difficult to achieve using silicon. In this context, field-effect transistors based on two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors have drawn notable attention owing to their atomically thin nature and impressive performance milestones. In addition, 2D materials offer a broader spectrum of functionalities — such as optical, chemical and biological sensing — that extends their utility beyond simple ‘more Moore’ dimensional scaling and enables the development of ‘more than Moore’ technologies. Thus, 3D integration of 2D electronics could bring us unanticipated discoveries, leading to sustainable and energy-efficient computing systems. In this Review, we explore the progress, challenges and future opportunities for 3D integration of 2D electronics. Since the most advanced nodes in silicon are reaching the limits of planar integration, 2D materials could help to advance the semiconductor industry. With the potential for use in multifunctional chips, 2D materials offer combined logic, memory and sensing in integrated 3D chips.
三维(3D)集成的采用使 NAND 闪存技术发生了革命性的变化,通过将晶体管堆叠到三维空间,逻辑电路也存在着类似的变革潜力。随着硅器件结构的大幅改进及其尺寸和性能的不断扩大,逻辑电路向三维集成的关键转变也随之而来。然而,先进的扩展需要超薄的半导体通道,而使用硅却很难实现这一点。在这种情况下,基于二维(2D)半导体的场效应晶体管因其原子级超薄特性和令人印象深刻的性能里程碑而备受关注。此外,二维材料还具有更广泛的功能(如光学、化学和生物传感),使其用途超越了简单的 "更摩尔 "维度扩展,并实现了 "比摩尔 "技术的发展。因此,二维电子器件的三维集成可能会给我们带来意想不到的发现,从而带来可持续的高能效计算系统。在本综述中,我们将探讨二维电子器件三维集成的进展、挑战和未来机遇。由于最先进的硅节点已达到平面集成的极限,二维材料有助于推动半导体行业的发展。二维材料具有应用于多功能芯片的潜力,可在集成三维芯片中实现逻辑、存储和传感的组合。
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引用次数: 0
Memristor-based hardware accelerators for artificial intelligence 基于 Memristor 的人工智能硬件加速器
Pub Date : 2024-04-23 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00037-6
Yi Huang, Takashi Ando, Abu Sebastian, Meng-Fan Chang, J. Joshua Yang, Qiangfei Xia
Satisfying the rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms requires exponential growth in computing resources, which, in turn, presents huge challenges for deploying AI models on hardware. Memristor-based hardware accelerators provide a promising solution to the energy efficiency and latency issues in large AI model deployments. The non-volatility of memristive devices facilitates in-memory computing, in which computing occurs within memory cells where data are stored. This approach eliminates the constant data shuttling between the processing and memory units found in the von Neumann architecture, resulting in substantial time and energy savings. The recent surge of research and development in this field indicates a pivotal transition of memristor technology from proof-of-concept demonstrations to commercial products that accelerate AI models across various applications. In this Review, we survey the latest progress in memristive crossbar arrays, peripheral circuits, architectures, hardware–software co-designs and system implementations for memristor-based hardware accelerators. We discuss how these research efforts bridge the gap between memristive devices and energy-efficient accelerators for AI. Finally, we summarize the key remaining issues and propose potential pathways to future hardware accelerators with low latency and high energy efficiency, emphasizing the technology scale-up and commercialization for large-scale AI applications. This Review summarizes latest advancements in memristor-based hardware accelerators, an energy-efficient solution for computing-intensive artificial intelligence algorithms, covering crossbar arrays, peripheral circuits, architectures and software–hardware co-designs. It analyses challenges and pathways for the transition of memristor technology to commercial products.
满足人工智能(AI)算法的快速发展需要计算资源的指数级增长,这反过来又给在硬件上部署人工智能模型带来了巨大挑战。基于 Memristor 的硬件加速器为解决大型人工智能模型部署中的能效和延迟问题提供了一种前景广阔的解决方案。Memristive 器件的非挥发性有利于内存计算,即在存储数据的内存单元内进行计算。这种方法消除了冯-诺依曼架构中处理单元和内存单元之间的持续数据穿梭,从而节省了大量时间和能源。最近,这一领域的研究和开发热潮表明,忆阻器技术正在从概念验证演示向商业产品过渡,从而加速各种应用中的人工智能模型。在这篇综述中,我们将探讨基于忆阻器的硬件加速器在忆阻器横杆阵列、外围电路、架构、软硬件协同设计和系统实现方面的最新进展。我们将讨论这些研究工作如何在人工智能的忆阻器件和高能效加速器之间架起一座桥梁。最后,我们总结了余下的关键问题,并提出了未来实现低延迟、高能效硬件加速器的潜在途径,同时强调了针对大规模人工智能应用的技术扩展和商业化。本综述总结了基于忆阻器的硬件加速器的最新进展,这是一种针对计算密集型人工智能算法的高能效解决方案,涵盖了交叉条阵列、外围电路、架构和软硬件协同设计。报告分析了将忆阻器技术转化为商业产品所面临的挑战和途径。
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引用次数: 0
Medical artificial intelligence should do no harm 医疗人工智能不应造成伤害
Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00049-2
Melanie E. Moses, Sonia M. Gipson Rankin
Bias and distrust in medicine have been perpetuated by the misuse of medical equations, algorithms and devices. Artificial intelligence (AI) can exacerbate these problems. However, AI also has potential to detect, mitigate and remedy the harmful effects of bias to build trust and improve healthcare for everyone.
医疗方程式、算法和设备的滥用导致医学中的偏见和不信任长期存在。人工智能(AI)可能会加剧这些问题。然而,人工智能也有潜力检测、减轻和纠正偏见的有害影响,从而建立信任,改善每个人的医疗保健。
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引用次数: 0
Promoting women in tech 促进科技界妇女的发展
Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00046-5
In the spirit of promoting gender equality, Sony, in partnership with Nature, has launched the ‘Sony Women in Technology Award’ to recognize and celebrate the remarkable women spearheading advancements in STEM.
本着促进性别平等的精神,索尼公司与《自然》杂志合作推出了 "索尼科技女性奖",以表彰和赞美在科技、工程和数学领域率先取得进步的杰出女性。
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引用次数: 0
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Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering
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