Pub Date : 2024-10-29DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00120-y
Olga Bubnova
An article in Nature Communications presents the orbital torque switching in light metal Zr systems with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy ferromagnetic materials.
{"title":"Perpendicularly magnetized materials for energy-efficient orbitronics","authors":"Olga Bubnova","doi":"10.1038/s44287-024-00120-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-024-00120-y","url":null,"abstract":"An article in Nature Communications presents the orbital torque switching in light metal Zr systems with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy ferromagnetic materials.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"1 11","pages":"699-699"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neural computing, guided by brain-inspired computational frameworks, promises to realize various cognitive and perception-related tasks. Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor-based computing machines use orders-of-magnitude more computational resources than the brain on cognitive tasks that humans efficiently perform every day. As a result, we are witnessing a seismic shift in the field of computation. Research efforts are being directed to develop artificial intelligence (AI) hardware that mimics the human brain from a bottom-up perspective — through devices that are more naturally suited to neural computation — and thereby improves the efficiency of performing cognitive tasks. In the attempt to bridge the gap between neuroscience and electronics, here we report on developments in the field of spintronic devices for AI hardware. The dynamics of spintronic devices that can be used for the realization of neural and synaptic functionalities are discussed. A cross-layer perspective extending from the device to the circuit and system levels as a pathway towards efficient neural computing systems is also presented. Spintronic devices for artificial intelligence hardware can bridge the gap between neuroscience and electronics. Here we discuss the dynamics of such devices, enabling neural and synaptic functionalities, alongside a cross-layer approach — from devices to circuits and systems — for efficient neural computing systems.
{"title":"Spintronic neural systems","authors":"Kaushik Roy, Cheng Wang, Sourjya Roy, Anand Raghunathan, Kezhou Yang, Abhronil Sengupta","doi":"10.1038/s44287-024-00107-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-024-00107-9","url":null,"abstract":"Neural computing, guided by brain-inspired computational frameworks, promises to realize various cognitive and perception-related tasks. Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor-based computing machines use orders-of-magnitude more computational resources than the brain on cognitive tasks that humans efficiently perform every day. As a result, we are witnessing a seismic shift in the field of computation. Research efforts are being directed to develop artificial intelligence (AI) hardware that mimics the human brain from a bottom-up perspective — through devices that are more naturally suited to neural computation — and thereby improves the efficiency of performing cognitive tasks. In the attempt to bridge the gap between neuroscience and electronics, here we report on developments in the field of spintronic devices for AI hardware. The dynamics of spintronic devices that can be used for the realization of neural and synaptic functionalities are discussed. A cross-layer perspective extending from the device to the circuit and system levels as a pathway towards efficient neural computing systems is also presented. Spintronic devices for artificial intelligence hardware can bridge the gap between neuroscience and electronics. Here we discuss the dynamics of such devices, enabling neural and synaptic functionalities, alongside a cross-layer approach — from devices to circuits and systems — for efficient neural computing systems.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"1 11","pages":"714-729"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00118-6
Silvia Conti
An article in Science Advances presents the three-dimensional characterization of magnetic skyrmions using soft X-ray laminoghraphy.
科学进展》（Science Advances）杂志上的一篇文章介绍了利用软 X 射线层析成像技术对磁性天幕进行三维表征的情况。
{"title":"Three-dimensional characterization of skyrmions","authors":"Silvia Conti","doi":"10.1038/s44287-024-00118-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-024-00118-6","url":null,"abstract":"An article in Science Advances presents the three-dimensional characterization of magnetic skyrmions using soft X-ray laminoghraphy.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"1 11","pages":"698-698"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00114-w
Srikanth B. Samavedam, Jo De Boeck
With traditional scaling metrics struggling to meet emerging tech demands, rethinking compute systems is essential. The NanoIC pilot line, focused on innovation through collaboration of advanced logic, novel memories and advanced interconnects, aims to fulfil the vision of the European Chips Act for leadership and competitiveness in global semiconductor innovation. With traditional scaling metrics struggling to meet emerging tech demands, rethinking compute systems is essential. The NanoIC pilot line, focused on innovation through collaboration of advanced logic, novel memories, and advanced interconnects, aims to fulfill the European Chips Act’s vision for leadership and competitiveness in global semiconductor innovation.
{"title":"Europe’s pilot line to enable future compute systems","authors":"Srikanth B. Samavedam, Jo De Boeck","doi":"10.1038/s44287-024-00114-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-024-00114-w","url":null,"abstract":"With traditional scaling metrics struggling to meet emerging tech demands, rethinking compute systems is essential. The NanoIC pilot line, focused on innovation through collaboration of advanced logic, novel memories and advanced interconnects, aims to fulfil the vision of the European Chips Act for leadership and competitiveness in global semiconductor innovation. With traditional scaling metrics struggling to meet emerging tech demands, rethinking compute systems is essential. The NanoIC pilot line, focused on innovation through collaboration of advanced logic, novel memories, and advanced interconnects, aims to fulfill the European Chips Act’s vision for leadership and competitiveness in global semiconductor innovation.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"1 12","pages":"764-765"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142798597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00103-z
Jean Anne C. Incorvia, T. Patrick Xiao, Nicholas Zogbi, Azad Naeemi, Christoph Adelmann, Francky Catthoor, Mehdi Tahoori, Fèlix Casanova, Markus Becherer, Guillaume Prenat, Sebastien Couet
The demand for data processing in high-performance computing is growing rapidly. Extrapolating these trends to the long term suggests that a switch, which is more energy-efficient than a silicon complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) switch, is necessary to support future computing needs. Spintronic logic, which encodes information using spin and magnetism, can theoretically provide an energy-efficient switch; however, it is less mature than CMOS logic and has yet to be realized at the level of a full processor system, thus warranting an informed review of spintronic logic technologies with guidelines for future research directions. In this Review, we contextualize spintronic logic within the broader goals of beyond-CMOS computing. We then provide an overview of five types of spintronic logic, discussing the operating principles, advantages, advancements and challenges of each type. We highlight that future research in spintronic logic should focus on the realization of low-voltage operation, transparent benchmarking for application-level tasks, development of computing architectures that exploit unique features of spintronics such as non-volatility and high endurance, and adaptation of spintronic logic to circuits usable for both computing and memory. This Review provides motivation and direction for high-risk, high-reward research in spintronic logic that should be pursued in parallel with the CMOS road map. This Review showcases the research progress and prospects of spintronic logic, which encodes information using spin and magnetism. Focusing on five exemplary types, we discuss the promise, challenges and future research directions in the context of high-performance computing needs.
{"title":"Spintronics for achieving system-level energy-efficient logic","authors":"Jean Anne C. Incorvia, T. Patrick Xiao, Nicholas Zogbi, Azad Naeemi, Christoph Adelmann, Francky Catthoor, Mehdi Tahoori, Fèlix Casanova, Markus Becherer, Guillaume Prenat, Sebastien Couet","doi":"10.1038/s44287-024-00103-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-024-00103-z","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for data processing in high-performance computing is growing rapidly. Extrapolating these trends to the long term suggests that a switch, which is more energy-efficient than a silicon complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) switch, is necessary to support future computing needs. Spintronic logic, which encodes information using spin and magnetism, can theoretically provide an energy-efficient switch; however, it is less mature than CMOS logic and has yet to be realized at the level of a full processor system, thus warranting an informed review of spintronic logic technologies with guidelines for future research directions. In this Review, we contextualize spintronic logic within the broader goals of beyond-CMOS computing. We then provide an overview of five types of spintronic logic, discussing the operating principles, advantages, advancements and challenges of each type. We highlight that future research in spintronic logic should focus on the realization of low-voltage operation, transparent benchmarking for application-level tasks, development of computing architectures that exploit unique features of spintronics such as non-volatility and high endurance, and adaptation of spintronic logic to circuits usable for both computing and memory. This Review provides motivation and direction for high-risk, high-reward research in spintronic logic that should be pursued in parallel with the CMOS road map. This Review showcases the research progress and prospects of spintronic logic, which encodes information using spin and magnetism. Focusing on five exemplary types, we discuss the promise, challenges and future research directions in the context of high-performance computing needs.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"1 11","pages":"700-713"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-08DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00110-0
Junichiro Shiomi, Ken Uchida
Cryogenic CMOS technology has a crucial role in large-scale integrated circuits and quantum computing. However, effective thermal management of cryo-CMOS presents new challenges, requiring in-depth studies of size effects and coherent modulation of phonon transport, and a rethinking of strategies and analytical tools to properly address these complex physical phenomena.
{"title":"Scientific challenges of cryo-electronics thermal management","authors":"Junichiro Shiomi, Ken Uchida","doi":"10.1038/s44287-024-00110-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-024-00110-0","url":null,"abstract":"Cryogenic CMOS technology has a crucial role in large-scale integrated circuits and quantum computing. However, effective thermal management of cryo-CMOS presents new challenges, requiring in-depth studies of size effects and coherent modulation of phonon transport, and a rethinking of strategies and analytical tools to properly address these complex physical phenomena.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"1 12","pages":"762-763"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142798598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microsystems combining fluid dynamics and electric-field-induced forces have emerged as powerful tools for manipulating and isolating biological species. Advances in electrokinetic theory, combined with optimized microfabrication processes, are at the core of the development of high-throughput devices capable of directly handling unprocessed samples and seamlessly integrating analytical functions. Electrokinetic technologies can manipulate bioparticles ranging from a few nanometres to tens of micrometres, achieving throughputs of up to 106 particles per second, comparable to other state-of-the-art techniques. This Review starts by presenting the fundamentals of physical phenomena underlying the generation of electrokinetic forces applied to biological particles. We then provide an overview of existing technologies, with a focus on key factors influencing the development of new electrokinetic microdevices. Lastly, we delve into the unique challenges associated with translating these integrated microsystems into commercial systems, and we highlight the opportunities, future research directions and applications in the fields of in vitro diagnostics and healthcare. Advances in electrokinetics enable high-throughput microsystems integrating fluid dynamics and electric field forces to manipulate bioparticles. This Review covers fundamental phenomena, existing technologies, challenges and future directions in the development of electrokinetic microdevices for diagnostics and healthcare.
{"title":"Electrokinetic microdevices for biological sample processing","authors":"Gloria Porro, Till Ryser, Pierre-Emmanuel Thiriet, Micaela Siria Cristofori, Carlotta Guiducci","doi":"10.1038/s44287-024-00099-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-024-00099-6","url":null,"abstract":"Microsystems combining fluid dynamics and electric-field-induced forces have emerged as powerful tools for manipulating and isolating biological species. Advances in electrokinetic theory, combined with optimized microfabrication processes, are at the core of the development of high-throughput devices capable of directly handling unprocessed samples and seamlessly integrating analytical functions. Electrokinetic technologies can manipulate bioparticles ranging from a few nanometres to tens of micrometres, achieving throughputs of up to 106 particles per second, comparable to other state-of-the-art techniques. This Review starts by presenting the fundamentals of physical phenomena underlying the generation of electrokinetic forces applied to biological particles. We then provide an overview of existing technologies, with a focus on key factors influencing the development of new electrokinetic microdevices. Lastly, we delve into the unique challenges associated with translating these integrated microsystems into commercial systems, and we highlight the opportunities, future research directions and applications in the fields of in vitro diagnostics and healthcare. Advances in electrokinetics enable high-throughput microsystems integrating fluid dynamics and electric field forces to manipulate bioparticles. This Review covers fundamental phenomena, existing technologies, challenges and future directions in the development of electrokinetic microdevices for diagnostics and healthcare.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"1 12","pages":"768-787"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44287-024-00099-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142798603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Terahertz communication systems for real-world video transmission","authors":"Lishu Wu","doi":"10.1038/s44287-024-00109-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-024-00109-7","url":null,"abstract":"An article in Nature Communications presents a terahertz communication system for real-world live video transmission applications.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"1 10","pages":"638-638"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142431093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00106-w
Qiming Shao, Kevin Garello, Jianshi Tang
The convergence of spintronics and traditional semiconductor technology marks a critical juncture in the evolution of computing architectures, for which the development of foundation cells become indispensable. Here we discuss the current landscape of spintronics and propose a holistic co-design methodology to integrate spintronic devices into silicon platforms.
{"title":"Spintronic foundation cells for large-scale integration","authors":"Qiming Shao, Kevin Garello, Jianshi Tang","doi":"10.1038/s44287-024-00106-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-024-00106-w","url":null,"abstract":"The convergence of spintronics and traditional semiconductor technology marks a critical juncture in the evolution of computing architectures, for which the development of foundation cells become indispensable. Here we discuss the current landscape of spintronics and propose a holistic co-design methodology to integrate spintronic devices into silicon platforms.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"1 11","pages":"694-695"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-30DOI: 10.1038/s44287-024-00102-0
Zhi Chen, Mariana Medina Sánchez
Medical microrobots are emerging as cutting-edge technologies in gynaecological healthcare and reproductive medicine, offering novel, non-invasive therapeutic and diagnostic solutions. Here, we discuss their development in the field and the challenges and opportunities in translating the technology from the laboratory to clinical practice.
{"title":"Microrobots in gynaecological care and reproductive medicine","authors":"Zhi Chen, Mariana Medina Sánchez","doi":"10.1038/s44287-024-00102-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-024-00102-0","url":null,"abstract":"Medical microrobots are emerging as cutting-edge technologies in gynaecological healthcare and reproductive medicine, offering novel, non-invasive therapeutic and diagnostic solutions. Here, we discuss their development in the field and the challenges and opportunities in translating the technology from the laboratory to clinical practice.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"1 12","pages":"759-761"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142798554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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