Pub Date : 2025-11-05DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00220-3
Yuya Nishio, Donglai Zhong, Kyun Kyu Kim, Qianhe Liu, Can Wu, Jeffrey B.-H. Tok, Boris Murmann, Zhenan Bao
Skin-like soft electronics offer conformal, stable interfaces with biological tissues — including skin, heart, brain, muscle and gut — enabling health monitoring, disease diagnosis and closed-loop therapeutic interventions. Continuous, reliable data collection at the human–electronic interface is crucial for advancing both fundamental biological research and personalized health care. Towards this end, integrated circuits (ICs) made with high-performance intrinsically stretchable transistors are essential for monolithic integration with sensors for distributed signal conditioning and amplification. In this Review, we discuss the operational principles, device design, material selection and fabrication considerations that underpin the development of high-performance intrinsically stretchable transistors for wearable and implantable ICs. Key points include the need for high field-effect mobility in short-channel devices — achieved through innovations in materials, device architectures and processing — to push device performance and operation speed; mechanical robustness to maintain stable operation under large strains; low-voltage operation for safe, energy-efficient biomedical systems; and scalable fabrication methods that enable high device density, reproducibility and integration complexity. Looking ahead, advancing both device performance and integration complexity will be pivotal for realizing large-scale, multifunctional ICs that can transform applications in bioelectronics, wearable health monitoring, soft robotics and adaptive human–machine interfaces. Intrinsically stretchable transistors with high mobility, robustness, low-voltage operation and scalable fabrication are key for integrated circuits to advance skin-like soft electronics and to enable stable, conformal interfaces for bioelectronics, wearable technology and adaptive human–machine interfaces.
{"title":"Intrinsically stretchable transistors and integrated circuits","authors":"Yuya Nishio, Donglai Zhong, Kyun Kyu Kim, Qianhe Liu, Can Wu, Jeffrey B.-H. Tok, Boris Murmann, Zhenan Bao","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00220-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00220-3","url":null,"abstract":"Skin-like soft electronics offer conformal, stable interfaces with biological tissues — including skin, heart, brain, muscle and gut — enabling health monitoring, disease diagnosis and closed-loop therapeutic interventions. Continuous, reliable data collection at the human–electronic interface is crucial for advancing both fundamental biological research and personalized health care. Towards this end, integrated circuits (ICs) made with high-performance intrinsically stretchable transistors are essential for monolithic integration with sensors for distributed signal conditioning and amplification. In this Review, we discuss the operational principles, device design, material selection and fabrication considerations that underpin the development of high-performance intrinsically stretchable transistors for wearable and implantable ICs. Key points include the need for high field-effect mobility in short-channel devices — achieved through innovations in materials, device architectures and processing — to push device performance and operation speed; mechanical robustness to maintain stable operation under large strains; low-voltage operation for safe, energy-efficient biomedical systems; and scalable fabrication methods that enable high device density, reproducibility and integration complexity. Looking ahead, advancing both device performance and integration complexity will be pivotal for realizing large-scale, multifunctional ICs that can transform applications in bioelectronics, wearable health monitoring, soft robotics and adaptive human–machine interfaces. Intrinsically stretchable transistors with high mobility, robustness, low-voltage operation and scalable fabrication are key for integrated circuits to advance skin-like soft electronics and to enable stable, conformal interfaces for bioelectronics, wearable technology and adaptive human–machine interfaces.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 11","pages":"715-735"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145480186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-03DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00236-9
A. J. Kenyon, Rachel Won
Tony Kenyon, the director of the Neuroware Innovation and Knowledge Centre (IKC), speaks with Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering about the UK’s first IKC in neuromorphic (brain-inspired) computing hardware — its goals, structure and the broader vision for brain-inspired technologies. Tony Kenyon, the director of the Neuroware Innovation and Knowledge Centre (IKC), introduces the UK’s first IKC in neuromorphic (brain-inspired) computing hardware — its goals, structure and the broader vision for brain-inspired technologies.
Tony Kenyon，神经产品创新和知识中心（IKC）的主任，在接受《自然评论电子工程》采访时谈到了英国第一个神经形态（大脑启发）计算硬件的IKC——它的目标、结构和对大脑启发技术的更广阔的视野。Tony Kenyon，神经产品创新和知识中心（IKC）的主任，介绍了英国第一个IKC的神经形态（大脑启发）计算硬件-它的目标，结构和大脑启发技术的更广阔的视野。
{"title":"Building the UK’s neuromorphic ecosystem","authors":"A. J. Kenyon, Rachel Won","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00236-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00236-9","url":null,"abstract":"Tony Kenyon, the director of the Neuroware Innovation and Knowledge Centre (IKC), speaks with Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering about the UK’s first IKC in neuromorphic (brain-inspired) computing hardware — its goals, structure and the broader vision for brain-inspired technologies. Tony Kenyon, the director of the Neuroware Innovation and Knowledge Centre (IKC), introduces the UK’s first IKC in neuromorphic (brain-inspired) computing hardware — its goals, structure and the broader vision for brain-inspired technologies.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 11","pages":"709-710"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145480184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-03DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00237-8
Sergei Turitsyn, Rachel Won
Sergei Turitsyn, the director of the UK Multidisciplinary Centre for Neuromorphic Computing, speaks with Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering about the first UK multidisciplinary centre that advances brain-inspired, energy-efficient computing technologies to tackle today’s sustainability challenges. Sergei Turitsyn, the director of the UK Multidisciplinary Centre for Neuromorphic Computing, introduces the UK’s first multidisciplinary centre dedicated to advancing brain-inspired, energy-efficient computing to address sustainability challenges.
Sergei Turitsyn是英国神经形态计算多学科中心的主任，他在接受《自然评论电子工程》采访时谈到了英国第一个多学科中心，该中心致力于推动大脑启发、节能计算技术的发展，以应对当今的可持续性挑战。Sergei Turitsyn，英国神经形态计算多学科中心主任，介绍了英国第一个多学科中心，致力于推进大脑启发，节能计算，以应对可持续发展的挑战。
{"title":"The UK’s neuromorphic leap","authors":"Sergei Turitsyn, Rachel Won","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00237-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00237-8","url":null,"abstract":"Sergei Turitsyn, the director of the UK Multidisciplinary Centre for Neuromorphic Computing, speaks with Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering about the first UK multidisciplinary centre that advances brain-inspired, energy-efficient computing technologies to tackle today’s sustainability challenges. Sergei Turitsyn, the director of the UK Multidisciplinary Centre for Neuromorphic Computing, introduces the UK’s first multidisciplinary centre dedicated to advancing brain-inspired, energy-efficient computing to address sustainability challenges.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 11","pages":"707-708"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145480183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-29DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00232-z
Miranda L. Vinay
An article in ACS Nano presents a large language model-powered autonomous zero-shot microscope for characterizing 2D materials.
ACS Nano上的一篇文章介绍了一种用于表征二维材料的大型语言模型驱动的自主零射显微镜。
{"title":"Autonomous machine vision meets 2D materials science","authors":"Miranda L. Vinay","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00232-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00232-z","url":null,"abstract":"An article in ACS Nano presents a large language model-powered autonomous zero-shot microscope for characterizing 2D materials.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 11","pages":"714-714"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145480185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-28DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00228-9
Luis Leyva, J. L. Naredo
The electronics industry has transformed every aspect of people’s lives, with the sector in Mexico —including its designs, manufacturing, global technical support services and supply chains — making a major contribution. To sustain its momentum, Mexico must adapt its electronics industry to rapid technological shifts and changing trade dynamics.
{"title":"High-tech electronics industry in Mexico","authors":"Luis Leyva, J. L. Naredo","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00228-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00228-9","url":null,"abstract":"The electronics industry has transformed every aspect of people’s lives, with the sector in Mexico —including its designs, manufacturing, global technical support services and supply chains — making a major contribution. To sustain its momentum, Mexico must adapt its electronics industry to rapid technological shifts and changing trade dynamics.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 12","pages":"792-793"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145719851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-28DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00214-1
Yuxin Zhao, Juan Wang, Shunping Zhang, Wenjie Liang
Olfactory perception, one of the most complex and enigmatic senses, has a crucial role in various aspects of human life. However, mimicking the extraordinary capabilities of the biological olfactory system in electronic devices remains a formidable challenge. Neuromorphic olfactory perception chips, inspired by the intricate architecture and functions of the olfactory pathway, have emerged as a promising solution. By integrating microelectronics and nanoelectronics with artificial intelligence technologies, these chips aim to replicate the ability of the human olfactory system to discriminate and recognize a vast array of odours with high sensitivity, specificity and low-power consumption. The unique features of olfactory perception, such as high-dimensional odour space and complex spatiotemporal coding, pose distinct hindrances for these chips. Researchers are leveraging memristors and spiking neural networks to enable real-time odour perception, learning and recognition. Integrating sensing, computing and memory within these chips represents a substantial leap towards efficient olfactory information processing. This interdisciplinary innovation is revolutionizing applications in environmental monitoring, food quality control, medical diagnosis and emotional communication. Developing neuromorphic olfactory chips is critical for overcoming the limitation of traditional gas sensors and for elevating olfactory machine intelligence. As research advances, neuromorphic olfactory perception chips are poised to unlock new frontiers in understanding and emulating the human sense of smell. This Review discusses the design and functionality of neuromorphic olfactory perception chips, focusing on key technologies, including sensing materials, device structures and signal processing algorithms. The authors also highlight the practical applications and future prospects of these chips in various fields.
{"title":"Neuromorphic olfactory perception chips: towards universal odour recognition and cognition","authors":"Yuxin Zhao, Juan Wang, Shunping Zhang, Wenjie Liang","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00214-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00214-1","url":null,"abstract":"Olfactory perception, one of the most complex and enigmatic senses, has a crucial role in various aspects of human life. However, mimicking the extraordinary capabilities of the biological olfactory system in electronic devices remains a formidable challenge. Neuromorphic olfactory perception chips, inspired by the intricate architecture and functions of the olfactory pathway, have emerged as a promising solution. By integrating microelectronics and nanoelectronics with artificial intelligence technologies, these chips aim to replicate the ability of the human olfactory system to discriminate and recognize a vast array of odours with high sensitivity, specificity and low-power consumption. The unique features of olfactory perception, such as high-dimensional odour space and complex spatiotemporal coding, pose distinct hindrances for these chips. Researchers are leveraging memristors and spiking neural networks to enable real-time odour perception, learning and recognition. Integrating sensing, computing and memory within these chips represents a substantial leap towards efficient olfactory information processing. This interdisciplinary innovation is revolutionizing applications in environmental monitoring, food quality control, medical diagnosis and emotional communication. Developing neuromorphic olfactory chips is critical for overcoming the limitation of traditional gas sensors and for elevating olfactory machine intelligence. As research advances, neuromorphic olfactory perception chips are poised to unlock new frontiers in understanding and emulating the human sense of smell. This Review discusses the design and functionality of neuromorphic olfactory perception chips, focusing on key technologies, including sensing materials, device structures and signal processing algorithms. The authors also highlight the practical applications and future prospects of these chips in various fields.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 11","pages":"755-772"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145480181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-27DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00229-8
Jiahao Liu
An article in Nature Nanotechnology reports a molecular crystal memristor that exhibits ultralow switching energy and high endurance for neuromorphic computing.
{"title":"Durable and energy-efficient molecular crystal memristors","authors":"Jiahao Liu","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00229-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00229-8","url":null,"abstract":"An article in Nature Nanotechnology reports a molecular crystal memristor that exhibits ultralow switching energy and high endurance for neuromorphic computing.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 11","pages":"713-713"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145480168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The growing gap between the rapidly increasing demand for computing power and the slowing improvements in computing speed is becoming more noticeable within the von Neumann architecture. Ferroelectric materials, such as hafnium-based ferroelectrics and two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals ferroelectrics, are promising for neuromorphic computing because the partial ferroelectric domain switching behaviour can emulate the temporal dynamics of biological neurons and synapses. Because ferroelectric devices are driven by electric fields, their writing energy is much lower than that of other efficient materials used for memory, such as phase change memory and resistive random-access memory. In this Review, we discuss the advances in ferroelectric neuromorphic devices and arrays, and their in-sensor applications. We summarize the device structure and principles of ferroelectric synaptic devices and neuronal circuits. Furthermore, we emphasize the key role of ferroelectric devices in building efficient and scalable synapse and neuron arrays, including topologies of various structures, the potential for more physical domain computing and high-density 3D integration. Finally, we discuss ferroelectric materials as a key component in supporting workloads that are unattainable using complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-based memory technology. Ferroelectric switching behaviour can more closely emulate the temporal dynamics of biological neurons and synapses for neuromorphic computing. This Review clarifies the mechanism of two-terminal and three-terminal ferroelectric devices and highlights their potential for efficient in-memory and in-sensor applications.
{"title":"Ferroelectric-based neuromorphic memory devices for bio-inspired computing","authors":"Yihan Liu, Weiyi Tang, Jinhua Zeng, Chongyang Bai, Keji Zhou, Xumeng Zhang, Qi Liu, Zhangcheng Huang, Guangjian Wu, Jianlu Wang","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00222-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00222-1","url":null,"abstract":"The growing gap between the rapidly increasing demand for computing power and the slowing improvements in computing speed is becoming more noticeable within the von Neumann architecture. Ferroelectric materials, such as hafnium-based ferroelectrics and two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals ferroelectrics, are promising for neuromorphic computing because the partial ferroelectric domain switching behaviour can emulate the temporal dynamics of biological neurons and synapses. Because ferroelectric devices are driven by electric fields, their writing energy is much lower than that of other efficient materials used for memory, such as phase change memory and resistive random-access memory. In this Review, we discuss the advances in ferroelectric neuromorphic devices and arrays, and their in-sensor applications. We summarize the device structure and principles of ferroelectric synaptic devices and neuronal circuits. Furthermore, we emphasize the key role of ferroelectric devices in building efficient and scalable synapse and neuron arrays, including topologies of various structures, the potential for more physical domain computing and high-density 3D integration. Finally, we discuss ferroelectric materials as a key component in supporting workloads that are unattainable using complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-based memory technology. Ferroelectric switching behaviour can more closely emulate the temporal dynamics of biological neurons and synapses for neuromorphic computing. This Review clarifies the mechanism of two-terminal and three-terminal ferroelectric devices and highlights their potential for efficient in-memory and in-sensor applications.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 11","pages":"773-787"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145480170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-06DOI: 10.1038/s44287-025-00219-w
Chan-Byoung Chae, JeongGil Ko, Kwang Soon Kim, Seong-Lyun Kim
In this Viewpoint, four professors at Yonsei University discuss next-generation communications and networking at the university through world-class faculty, cutting-edge research infrastructure and strong global partnerships. By integrating computing, communications and artificial intelligence (AI), Yonsei University fosters pioneering research, real-world prototyping, and active student engagement, shaping the future of AI-native 6G networks in Korea and worldwide.
{"title":"AI network-related research and education at Yonsei University","authors":"Chan-Byoung Chae, JeongGil Ko, Kwang Soon Kim, Seong-Lyun Kim","doi":"10.1038/s44287-025-00219-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44287-025-00219-w","url":null,"abstract":"In this Viewpoint, four professors at Yonsei University discuss next-generation communications and networking at the university through world-class faculty, cutting-edge research infrastructure and strong global partnerships. By integrating computing, communications and artificial intelligence (AI), Yonsei University fosters pioneering research, real-world prototyping, and active student engagement, shaping the future of AI-native 6G networks in Korea and worldwide.","PeriodicalId":501701,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering","volume":"3 1","pages":"10-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145970211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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