Thermal energy storage (TES) using phase change materials (PCMs) is one of the potential solutions for stockpiling thermal energy and utilizing it for different applications, which results in effective energy usage. The main drawback of organic PCMs in practical applications is poor heat transfer due to low thermal conductivity (TC). Therefore, investigations into nano-enhanced PCMs are being explored to improve their thermophysical properties. In this work, the various thermophysical characteristics of nano-enhanced lauryl alcohol as a PCM were investigated using carbon-based and metallic nanoparticles. The results indicated that the addition of nanoparticles improved its thermal properties and affected other physical properties, such as viscosity. The latent heat was degraded with the addition of nanoparticles. The results revealed that by adding MWCNTs and CuO nanoparticles, a maximum of 82.6% and 49.6% improvement in TC was achieved, respectively. The maximum drop in latent heat during melting and freezing for the PCM with MWCNTs was about 10.1% and 9.3%, respectively, whereas for the PCM with CuO, they were about 11% and 10.3%, respectively. The lowest supercooling for the PCM with MWCNTs and CuO nanoparticles was 8.6 and 8.3 °C, respectively. The present work confirms that nano-enhanced PCMs can be a potential material for storing thermal energy for various applications.
{"title":"Comparative Investigation of Thermal Properties Improvement of Nano-Enhanced Organic Phase Change Materials","authors":"Aravindh Madhavankutty Ambika, Gopi Kannan Kalimuthu, Veerakumar Chinnasamy","doi":"10.3390/jcs8050182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8050182","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal energy storage (TES) using phase change materials (PCMs) is one of the potential solutions for stockpiling thermal energy and utilizing it for different applications, which results in effective energy usage. The main drawback of organic PCMs in practical applications is poor heat transfer due to low thermal conductivity (TC). Therefore, investigations into nano-enhanced PCMs are being explored to improve their thermophysical properties. In this work, the various thermophysical characteristics of nano-enhanced lauryl alcohol as a PCM were investigated using carbon-based and metallic nanoparticles. The results indicated that the addition of nanoparticles improved its thermal properties and affected other physical properties, such as viscosity. The latent heat was degraded with the addition of nanoparticles. The results revealed that by adding MWCNTs and CuO nanoparticles, a maximum of 82.6% and 49.6% improvement in TC was achieved, respectively. The maximum drop in latent heat during melting and freezing for the PCM with MWCNTs was about 10.1% and 9.3%, respectively, whereas for the PCM with CuO, they were about 11% and 10.3%, respectively. The lowest supercooling for the PCM with MWCNTs and CuO nanoparticles was 8.6 and 8.3 °C, respectively. The present work confirms that nano-enhanced PCMs can be a potential material for storing thermal energy for various applications.","PeriodicalId":502935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140982889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zulfiqar Ali, Saba Yaqoob, Jinhong Yu, Alberto D’Amore
Graphene hybrid-filler polymer composites have emerged as prominent materials that revolutionize heavy industries. This review paper encapsulates an in-depth analysis of different influential factors, such as filler/graphene type, aspect ratios, dispersion methods, filler-matrix compatibility, fiber orientation, synergistic effects, different processing techniques, and post-curing conditions, which affect the processing and properties of graphene hybrid polymer composites, as well as their resultant applications. Additionally, it discusses the substantial role of graphene reinforcement with other fillers, such as carbon nanotubes, silica, nano-clays, and metal oxides, to produce functionalized hybrid polymer composites with synergistically enhanced tailored properties, offering solutions for heavy industries, including aerospace, automotive, electronics, and energy harvesting. This review concludes with some suggestions and an outlook on the future of these composite materials by emphasizing the need for continued research to fully optimize their potential.
{"title":"Unveiling the Influential Factors and Heavy Industrial Applications of Graphene Hybrid Polymer Composites","authors":"Zulfiqar Ali, Saba Yaqoob, Jinhong Yu, Alberto D’Amore","doi":"10.3390/jcs8050183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8050183","url":null,"abstract":"Graphene hybrid-filler polymer composites have emerged as prominent materials that revolutionize heavy industries. This review paper encapsulates an in-depth analysis of different influential factors, such as filler/graphene type, aspect ratios, dispersion methods, filler-matrix compatibility, fiber orientation, synergistic effects, different processing techniques, and post-curing conditions, which affect the processing and properties of graphene hybrid polymer composites, as well as their resultant applications. Additionally, it discusses the substantial role of graphene reinforcement with other fillers, such as carbon nanotubes, silica, nano-clays, and metal oxides, to produce functionalized hybrid polymer composites with synergistically enhanced tailored properties, offering solutions for heavy industries, including aerospace, automotive, electronics, and energy harvesting. This review concludes with some suggestions and an outlook on the future of these composite materials by emphasizing the need for continued research to fully optimize their potential.","PeriodicalId":502935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140985413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper presents a critical review and new accomplishments on the equivalence of the first-order displacement-based zigzag theories for laminated composite and sandwich structures. Zigzag theories (ZZTs) have widely spread among researchers over the last few decades thanks to their accuracy in predicting the response of multilayered composite and sandwich structures while retaining the simplicity of their underlying equivalent single-layer (ESL) theory. The displacement field consists of two main contributions: the global one, able to describe the overall structural behaviour, and the local layer-wise one that considers the transverse shear continuity at the layer interfaces that describe the “zigzag” displacement pattern typical of multilayered structures. In the framework of displacement-based linear ZZTs, various assumptions have been made on the local contribution, and different theories have been deduced. This paper aims to provide a unified formulation for first-order ZZTs, highlighting some common aspects and underlying equivalencies with existing formulations. The mathematical demonstrations and the numerical examples prove the equivalence of the approaches to characterising local zigzag enrichment. Finally, it is demonstrated that the kinematic assumptions are the discriminants of the ZZTs’ accuracy.
{"title":"New Accomplishments on the Equivalence of the First-Order Displacement-Based Zigzag Theories through a Unified Formulation","authors":"M. Di Sciuva, M. Sorrenti","doi":"10.3390/jcs8050181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8050181","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents a critical review and new accomplishments on the equivalence of the first-order displacement-based zigzag theories for laminated composite and sandwich structures. Zigzag theories (ZZTs) have widely spread among researchers over the last few decades thanks to their accuracy in predicting the response of multilayered composite and sandwich structures while retaining the simplicity of their underlying equivalent single-layer (ESL) theory. The displacement field consists of two main contributions: the global one, able to describe the overall structural behaviour, and the local layer-wise one that considers the transverse shear continuity at the layer interfaces that describe the “zigzag” displacement pattern typical of multilayered structures. In the framework of displacement-based linear ZZTs, various assumptions have been made on the local contribution, and different theories have been deduced. This paper aims to provide a unified formulation for first-order ZZTs, highlighting some common aspects and underlying equivalencies with existing formulations. The mathematical demonstrations and the numerical examples prove the equivalence of the approaches to characterising local zigzag enrichment. Finally, it is demonstrated that the kinematic assumptions are the discriminants of the ZZTs’ accuracy.","PeriodicalId":502935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":"101 39","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140987511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Kelamanov, D. Yessengaliyev, O. Sariev, Askhat Akuov, Yerulan Samuratov, T. Zhuniskaliyev, Yerbol Kuatbay, Yerbol Mukhambetgaliyev, Olga Kolesnikova, Assel Zhumatova, Zukhra Karaidarova, A. Abdirashit
The article presents the results of obtaining a composite material by sintering nickel-containing raw materials mixed with carbon-containing materials, namely using coke and semi-coke. The sintering process was performed at a charge layer height of 240 mm and the temperature of the lower layer was T = 1200 °C. The results of the sieve analysis showed (a fraction of 10 mm) that the yield of a suitable composite material using coke was 68.3% and with semi-coke 67.0%. The average nickel and chromium content in the composite materials was 1.42% and 3.07%, accordingly. As a result of determining the strength characteristics of the obtained composite materials with various reducing agents by dropping from a height of 2 m onto a steel pallet, it was found that the obtained composite materials have high mechanical properties in terms of strength of 81% and 89.2%. The results of the elemental composition at the studied points and the thermal analysis of the studied composite material are presented. The mineralogical composition of the composite material is presented in the form of serpentine and nontronite, and the empty rock is made of quartz and talc. The activation energy of thermal analysis by the method of non-isothermal kinetics were calculated. The results of experiments on the production of composite materials from nickel-containing raw materials will be recommended for obtaining the optimal composition of composite materials at the stage of pilot tests and industrial development of the developed technology for processing nickel ores of the Republic of Kazakhstan. For the processing of nickel-poor nickel ores, it is of great importance to obtain optimal technological and technical and economic indicators that ensure low cost of nickel in the resulting product.
{"title":"Technological Analysis of the Production of Nickel-Containing Composite Materials","authors":"B. Kelamanov, D. Yessengaliyev, O. Sariev, Askhat Akuov, Yerulan Samuratov, T. Zhuniskaliyev, Yerbol Kuatbay, Yerbol Mukhambetgaliyev, Olga Kolesnikova, Assel Zhumatova, Zukhra Karaidarova, A. Abdirashit","doi":"10.3390/jcs8050179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8050179","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of obtaining a composite material by sintering nickel-containing raw materials mixed with carbon-containing materials, namely using coke and semi-coke. The sintering process was performed at a charge layer height of 240 mm and the temperature of the lower layer was T = 1200 °C. The results of the sieve analysis showed (a fraction of 10 mm) that the yield of a suitable composite material using coke was 68.3% and with semi-coke 67.0%. The average nickel and chromium content in the composite materials was 1.42% and 3.07%, accordingly. As a result of determining the strength characteristics of the obtained composite materials with various reducing agents by dropping from a height of 2 m onto a steel pallet, it was found that the obtained composite materials have high mechanical properties in terms of strength of 81% and 89.2%. The results of the elemental composition at the studied points and the thermal analysis of the studied composite material are presented. The mineralogical composition of the composite material is presented in the form of serpentine and nontronite, and the empty rock is made of quartz and talc. The activation energy of thermal analysis by the method of non-isothermal kinetics were calculated. The results of experiments on the production of composite materials from nickel-containing raw materials will be recommended for obtaining the optimal composition of composite materials at the stage of pilot tests and industrial development of the developed technology for processing nickel ores of the Republic of Kazakhstan. For the processing of nickel-poor nickel ores, it is of great importance to obtain optimal technological and technical and economic indicators that ensure low cost of nickel in the resulting product.","PeriodicalId":502935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":"112 50","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140986704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Aflori, Diana Serbezeanu, A. Ipate, A. Dobos, D. Rusu
This study presents the synthesis and characterization of polyimide (PI-2) films incorporated with spirulina powder for potential biomedical applications. The synthesis of PI-2 was achieved through a two-step polycondensation reaction using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as the solvent. The incorporation of spirulina was systematically varied to investigate its effects on the structural and surface properties of the hybrid materials. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a tightly bound interface between spirulina and the PI-2 matrix, indicating effective dispersion and strong interfacial adhesion. Profilometry and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the homogeneous integration of spirulina within the polymer matrix, with resulting variations in surface roughness and chemistry. Contact angle measurements demonstrated altered wettability characteristics, with increased hydrophilicity observed with spirulina incorporation. Furthermore, blood component interaction studies indicated the variations in adhesion behavior observed for red blood cells, platelets, and plasma proteins. Water uptake studies revealed enhanced absorption capacity in PI-2 films loaded with spirulina, highlighting their potential suitability for applications requiring controlled hydration. Overall, this comprehensive characterization elucidates the potential of PI-2/spirulina hybrid materials for diverse biomedical applications, offering tunable properties that can be tailored to specific requirements.
{"title":"Development of New Polyimide/Spirulina Hybrid Materials: Preparation and Characterization","authors":"M. Aflori, Diana Serbezeanu, A. Ipate, A. Dobos, D. Rusu","doi":"10.3390/jcs8050178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8050178","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents the synthesis and characterization of polyimide (PI-2) films incorporated with spirulina powder for potential biomedical applications. The synthesis of PI-2 was achieved through a two-step polycondensation reaction using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as the solvent. The incorporation of spirulina was systematically varied to investigate its effects on the structural and surface properties of the hybrid materials. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a tightly bound interface between spirulina and the PI-2 matrix, indicating effective dispersion and strong interfacial adhesion. Profilometry and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the homogeneous integration of spirulina within the polymer matrix, with resulting variations in surface roughness and chemistry. Contact angle measurements demonstrated altered wettability characteristics, with increased hydrophilicity observed with spirulina incorporation. Furthermore, blood component interaction studies indicated the variations in adhesion behavior observed for red blood cells, platelets, and plasma proteins. Water uptake studies revealed enhanced absorption capacity in PI-2 films loaded with spirulina, highlighting their potential suitability for applications requiring controlled hydration. Overall, this comprehensive characterization elucidates the potential of PI-2/spirulina hybrid materials for diverse biomedical applications, offering tunable properties that can be tailored to specific requirements.","PeriodicalId":502935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":"124 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140985891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The elongation of the bolt hole is an important parameter for assessing the failure of bolted joints. However, direct experimental measurement using strain gauges and extensometers is difficult. This article shows that digital image correlation (DIC) can overcome the difficulties and provide important indications of the failure mechanisms of bolted joints. Hole elongation was measured using DIC in the following carbon/epoxy composite configurations: standard open-hole tensile (OHT) and filled-hole tensile (FHT), single-lap shear only-bolted (OB), and single-lap shear hybrid-bolted/bonded (HBB) joints. For each configuration, the hole-elongation changes were tracked for cross-ply (CP) and quasi-isotropic (QI) stacking sequences with two thicknesses. In the tensile load direction for OHT and FHT cases, CP showed a greater hole elongation than QI. However, the opposite trend was observed in the transverse direction. In OB joints, bypass loads contributed more to the hole elongation than bearing action. In HBB joints, it has been observed that the adhesive significantly reduces hole elongation, particularly for CP configurations. Moreover, it was found that in HBB joints, hole elongation was independent of laminate lay-up, while it was very determinative in OB joints.
{"title":"Bolt-Hole Elongation of Woven Carbon-Epoxy Composite Plates and Joints Using the Digital Image Correlation Technique","authors":"Masoud Mehrabian, A. Lakis, R. Boukhili","doi":"10.3390/jcs8050180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8050180","url":null,"abstract":"The elongation of the bolt hole is an important parameter for assessing the failure of bolted joints. However, direct experimental measurement using strain gauges and extensometers is difficult. This article shows that digital image correlation (DIC) can overcome the difficulties and provide important indications of the failure mechanisms of bolted joints. Hole elongation was measured using DIC in the following carbon/epoxy composite configurations: standard open-hole tensile (OHT) and filled-hole tensile (FHT), single-lap shear only-bolted (OB), and single-lap shear hybrid-bolted/bonded (HBB) joints. For each configuration, the hole-elongation changes were tracked for cross-ply (CP) and quasi-isotropic (QI) stacking sequences with two thicknesses. In the tensile load direction for OHT and FHT cases, CP showed a greater hole elongation than QI. However, the opposite trend was observed in the transverse direction. In OB joints, bypass loads contributed more to the hole elongation than bearing action. In HBB joints, it has been observed that the adhesive significantly reduces hole elongation, particularly for CP configurations. Moreover, it was found that in HBB joints, hole elongation was independent of laminate lay-up, while it was very determinative in OB joints.","PeriodicalId":502935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":"123 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140986366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yoshitora Wadayama, Ai Kaneda, Taiga Imae, Daisuke Nakane, T. Akitsu
Microdroplets generated in microfluidic devices are attracting attention as a new chemical reaction field and are expected to improve reactivity. One of the effects of microscaling is that the ratio of the force that acts on the diffusion and movement of substances to gravity is different from that of ordinary solvents. Recently, we proposed a hypothesis for determining reaction acceleration through micro-miniaturization: If a reaction is inhibited by setting the volume and viscosity of the solution to conditions that are unfavorable to the reaction on a normal scale, that reaction can be promoted in microfluidics. Therefore, for the purpose of this verification, (1) we used an amino acid Schiff base copper(II) complex with an azobenzene group to demonstrate the polarization-induced orientation in a polymer film (the redirection that is mechanically maintained in a soft matter matrix). Numerical data on optical anisotropy parameters were reported. (2) When the reaction is confirmed to be promoted in laminar flow in a microfluidic device and its azo derivative, a copper(II) complex is used to increase the solvent viscosity or diffusion during synthesis on a normally large scale. We will obtain and discuss data on the investigation of changing the solvent volume as a region. The range of experimental conditions for volume and viscosity did not lead to an improvement in synthetic yield, nor did (3) the comparison of solvents and viscosity for single-crystal growth of amino acid Schiff base copper(II) complexes having azobenzene groups. A solvent whose viscosity was measured was used, but microcrystals were obtained using the diffusion method.
{"title":"Verification of the Inverse Scale Effect Hypothesis on Viscosity and Diffusion by Azo-Amino Acid Schiff Base Copper Complexes","authors":"Yoshitora Wadayama, Ai Kaneda, Taiga Imae, Daisuke Nakane, T. Akitsu","doi":"10.3390/jcs8050177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8050177","url":null,"abstract":"Microdroplets generated in microfluidic devices are attracting attention as a new chemical reaction field and are expected to improve reactivity. One of the effects of microscaling is that the ratio of the force that acts on the diffusion and movement of substances to gravity is different from that of ordinary solvents. Recently, we proposed a hypothesis for determining reaction acceleration through micro-miniaturization: If a reaction is inhibited by setting the volume and viscosity of the solution to conditions that are unfavorable to the reaction on a normal scale, that reaction can be promoted in microfluidics. Therefore, for the purpose of this verification, (1) we used an amino acid Schiff base copper(II) complex with an azobenzene group to demonstrate the polarization-induced orientation in a polymer film (the redirection that is mechanically maintained in a soft matter matrix). Numerical data on optical anisotropy parameters were reported. (2) When the reaction is confirmed to be promoted in laminar flow in a microfluidic device and its azo derivative, a copper(II) complex is used to increase the solvent viscosity or diffusion during synthesis on a normally large scale. We will obtain and discuss data on the investigation of changing the solvent volume as a region. The range of experimental conditions for volume and viscosity did not lead to an improvement in synthetic yield, nor did (3) the comparison of solvents and viscosity for single-crystal growth of amino acid Schiff base copper(II) complexes having azobenzene groups. A solvent whose viscosity was measured was used, but microcrystals were obtained using the diffusion method.","PeriodicalId":502935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":" 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140994168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A simple higher-order model (HOM) is presented in this study for the bending analysis of an intact or delaminated composite and sandwich beam. This model adopts the concept of sub-laminates to simulate multilayered structures, and each sub-laminate takes cubic variation for axial displacement and linear variation for transverse displacement through the thickness. A sub-laminate possesses displacement components at its surfaces (bottom and top) that provide a straightforward way to improve the accuracy of prediction by stacking several sub-laminates. Thus, analysts will have the flexibility to balance the computational cost and the accuracy by selecting an appropriate sub-lamination scheme. The proposed model was implemented by developing a C0 beam element that has only displacement unknowns. The model was used to solve numerical examples of composite and sandwich beams to demonstrate its performance.
{"title":"Analysis of Intact/Delaminated Composite and Sandwich Beams Using a Higher-Order Modeling Technique","authors":"Yuan Feng, Abdul H. Sheikh, Guanzhen Li","doi":"10.3390/jcs8050175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8050175","url":null,"abstract":"A simple higher-order model (HOM) is presented in this study for the bending analysis of an intact or delaminated composite and sandwich beam. This model adopts the concept of sub-laminates to simulate multilayered structures, and each sub-laminate takes cubic variation for axial displacement and linear variation for transverse displacement through the thickness. A sub-laminate possesses displacement components at its surfaces (bottom and top) that provide a straightforward way to improve the accuracy of prediction by stacking several sub-laminates. Thus, analysts will have the flexibility to balance the computational cost and the accuracy by selecting an appropriate sub-lamination scheme. The proposed model was implemented by developing a C0 beam element that has only displacement unknowns. The model was used to solve numerical examples of composite and sandwich beams to demonstrate its performance.","PeriodicalId":502935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":" 28","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140991634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent times, there has been a notable surge in the interest in promoting environmentally conscious products, particularly within the building industry where the focus has shifted towards sustainable materials. In this study, as a sustainable building material, ceiling tiles have been fabricated as a composite board containing waste materials, namely waste paper, sawdust, recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and epoxy resin, and characterized comprehensively through physical and mechanical tests, density, thickness swelling (TS), modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and flexural strength (FS) for product stability. A total of nine composites were fabricated with different ratios through molding techniques, and the characterization results were compared to determine the optimized stable ratio of composite composition. The composition of 25% waste paper, 15% sawdust, 10% recycled PET, and 50% epoxy resin presented the maximum FS compared to the other composite ratios. Water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling were evaluated after immersion durations of 1–24 h. The findings revealed that as the density increased, the sawdust content within the matrix decreased from 25–35%. Concurrently, an increase in recycled PET content resulted in decreased water absorption and thickness swelling. Significantly, the MOE, MOR, and FS demonstrated optimal values at 864.256 N/mm2, 12.786 N/mm2, and 4.64 MPa, respectively. These observations represent the excellent qualities of this hybrid composite board, particularly in terms of sustainability, stability, and water absorption capacity. Moreover, its lightweight nature and ability to support ceiling loads further enhance its appeal for construction applications. This study not only advances the discourse on sustainable construction materials but also fosters opportunities for broader acceptance and innovation within the industry.
{"title":"Influence of Physical–Mechanical Strength and Water Absorption Capacity on Sawdust–Waste Paper–Recycled Plastic Hybrid Composite for Ceiling Tile Application","authors":"Berhanu Tolessa Amena, Nazia Hossain","doi":"10.3390/jcs8050176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8050176","url":null,"abstract":"In recent times, there has been a notable surge in the interest in promoting environmentally conscious products, particularly within the building industry where the focus has shifted towards sustainable materials. In this study, as a sustainable building material, ceiling tiles have been fabricated as a composite board containing waste materials, namely waste paper, sawdust, recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and epoxy resin, and characterized comprehensively through physical and mechanical tests, density, thickness swelling (TS), modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and flexural strength (FS) for product stability. A total of nine composites were fabricated with different ratios through molding techniques, and the characterization results were compared to determine the optimized stable ratio of composite composition. The composition of 25% waste paper, 15% sawdust, 10% recycled PET, and 50% epoxy resin presented the maximum FS compared to the other composite ratios. Water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling were evaluated after immersion durations of 1–24 h. The findings revealed that as the density increased, the sawdust content within the matrix decreased from 25–35%. Concurrently, an increase in recycled PET content resulted in decreased water absorption and thickness swelling. Significantly, the MOE, MOR, and FS demonstrated optimal values at 864.256 N/mm2, 12.786 N/mm2, and 4.64 MPa, respectively. These observations represent the excellent qualities of this hybrid composite board, particularly in terms of sustainability, stability, and water absorption capacity. Moreover, its lightweight nature and ability to support ceiling loads further enhance its appeal for construction applications. This study not only advances the discourse on sustainable construction materials but also fosters opportunities for broader acceptance and innovation within the industry.","PeriodicalId":502935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":" 44","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140990104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Corrosion of conventional steel reinforcement is responsible for numerous structurally deficient bridges, which is a multi-billion-dollar challenge that creates a vicious cycle of maintenance, repair, and replacement of infrastructure. Repair of existing structures with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) has become widespread due to multiple advantages. Carbon FRP’s superior tensile strength and stiffness make it particularly effective in shear and flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. This experimental study incorporates carbon fiber polymer composite bars and wraps to study and report on the flexural behavior of RC beams. By employing a combination of CFRP bar and wrap for strengthening RC beams, this study observed an approximate 95% improvement in flexural load capacity relative to control RC beams without strengthening. This substantial enhancement highlights the effectiveness of integrating CFRP in structural applications. Nevertheless, the key observation is the failure mode due to this combination providing significant insights into the changes facilitated by this combination approach.
{"title":"An Experimental Study Incorporating Carbon Fiber Composite Bars and Wraps for Concrete Performance and Failure Insight","authors":"Ali Akbarpour, Jeffery Volz, Shreya Vemuganti","doi":"10.3390/jcs8050174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8050174","url":null,"abstract":"Corrosion of conventional steel reinforcement is responsible for numerous structurally deficient bridges, which is a multi-billion-dollar challenge that creates a vicious cycle of maintenance, repair, and replacement of infrastructure. Repair of existing structures with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) has become widespread due to multiple advantages. Carbon FRP’s superior tensile strength and stiffness make it particularly effective in shear and flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. This experimental study incorporates carbon fiber polymer composite bars and wraps to study and report on the flexural behavior of RC beams. By employing a combination of CFRP bar and wrap for strengthening RC beams, this study observed an approximate 95% improvement in flexural load capacity relative to control RC beams without strengthening. This substantial enhancement highlights the effectiveness of integrating CFRP in structural applications. Nevertheless, the key observation is the failure mode due to this combination providing significant insights into the changes facilitated by this combination approach.","PeriodicalId":502935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":" 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140994958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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