Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105583
Helena Delmotte , Stefan Clementz , Stefan Hallström
Composite structures have been increasingly used in military applications for their high specific strength and stiffness, combined with low thermal and electromagnetic signature properties. In such applications, resistance to blast is an important criterion, yet studies comparing different choices of material in the same experimental set-up are scarce. This comparative experimental and numerical study investigates the enclosed blast response of quasi-isotropic carbon and glass fibre composite plates. The study was performed on both undamaged and pre-damaged plates to examine the notch-sensitivity of the composite plates under blast loading. Pre-damages were done with two symmetrically located holes, drilled or shot with fragment simulating projectiles. Results were benchmarked against prior findings for thin steel plates under identical loading conditions. Experimentally, the carbon fibre composite plates exhibited the highest blast resistance (measured by mass of the explosive charge at failure), followed by equal-mass steel plates, and equal-mass glass fibre composite plates. Notably, pre-damage caused a more pronounced reduction in blast resistance for steel plates than for carbon and glass fibre composite plates. Interestingly, composite plates with pre-shot and pre-drilled holes displayed comparable blast performance, suggesting insignificant notch-type dependence. Finally, a finite element simulation model was built and verified with experimental data, showing good overall agreement.
{"title":"Enclosed blast response of fibre-reinforced composite plates — with and without pre-damage","authors":"Helena Delmotte , Stefan Clementz , Stefan Hallström","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Composite structures have been increasingly used in military applications for their high specific strength and stiffness, combined with low thermal and electromagnetic signature properties. In such applications, resistance to blast is an important criterion, yet studies comparing different choices of material in the same experimental set-up are scarce. This comparative experimental and numerical study investigates the enclosed blast response of quasi-isotropic carbon and glass fibre composite plates. The study was performed on both undamaged and pre-damaged plates to examine the notch-sensitivity of the composite plates under blast loading. Pre-damages were done with two symmetrically located holes, drilled or shot with fragment simulating projectiles. Results were benchmarked against prior findings for thin steel plates under identical loading conditions. Experimentally, the carbon fibre composite plates exhibited the highest blast resistance (measured by mass of the explosive charge at failure), followed by equal-mass steel plates, and equal-mass glass fibre composite plates. Notably, pre-damage caused a more pronounced reduction in blast resistance for steel plates than for carbon and glass fibre composite plates. Interestingly, composite plates with pre-shot and pre-drilled holes displayed comparable blast performance, suggesting insignificant notch-type dependence. Finally, a finite element simulation model was built and verified with experimental data, showing good overall agreement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 105583"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the anti-perforation mechanism of reactive powder concrete (RPC) through integrated experimental tests and mesoscopic simulations. Perforation experiments were conducted using a 14.5 mm smoothbore gun on RPC targets containing 2 % steel fibers with three thickness variations (60, 100, and 140 mm). By combining CT scanning and MATLAB-based stochastic fiber modeling, a mesoscopic model incorporating realistic pores and fibers was developed. The established mesoscopic model demonstrated less than 8.3 % error in residual velocity prediction. Through meso‑numerical simulations, it was found that 2–3 % steel fiber content represents the optimal range for comprehensive ballistic efficiency, while 6 % porosity constitutes the critical threshold for the anti‑perforation performance of RPC material. Finally, based on experimental and simulation data, empirical formulas for front and rear crater depths in thin targets were refined to accurately predict residual projectile velocity.
{"title":"Perforation performance study and residual velocity prediction of reactive powder concrete based on mesoscopic numerical simulation and experiments","authors":"Ping Wu, Yunyao Deng, Chongliang Ma, Zhuohan Wang, Lili Li, Yining Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the anti-perforation mechanism of reactive powder concrete (RPC) through integrated experimental tests and mesoscopic simulations. Perforation experiments were conducted using a 14.5 mm smoothbore gun on RPC targets containing 2 % steel fibers with three thickness variations (60, 100, and 140 mm). By combining CT scanning and MATLAB-based stochastic fiber modeling, a mesoscopic model incorporating realistic pores and fibers was developed. The established mesoscopic model demonstrated less than 8.3 % error in residual velocity prediction. Through meso‑numerical simulations, it was found that 2–3 % steel fiber content represents the optimal range for comprehensive ballistic efficiency, while 6 % porosity constitutes the critical threshold for the anti‑perforation performance of RPC material. Finally, based on experimental and simulation data, empirical formulas for front and rear crater depths in thin targets were refined to accurately predict residual projectile velocity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 105596"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145572017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105594
Ji-Rui Wang, Kui Tang, Jin-Xiang Wang, Xu-Long Hao, Min-Hui Gu
Ballistic gelatine is extensively employed as a soft tissue simulant in wound ballistics research. To investigate the penetration process of shape-stable rifle bullets into ballistic gelatine, an improved 3-DOF motion model describing the two directions translation and one direction rotation was established. Using high-fidelity Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations, validated against experimental data, the model effectively captured complex non-linear drag forces. A key finding indicates that due to the variant of the contact surface, the relationship between the translational drag coefficient and the yaw angle is intrinsically piecewise. Specifically, the Y-direction drag coefficient (CdY)-yaw angle (α) relationship exhibits asymmetry at about 90°, and can be divided into three distinct stages: increasing, decreasing, and stable. Furthermore, the ratio of the X-direction drag force generated by the Y-direction drag force to the Y-direction drag force (λFY) can be divided into four linear stages, each of which passing through zero at 90° and 180°. Notably, the rotational drag coefficient does not need to be divided because the moment generated by the angular velocity is non-negligible. By comparing the 7.62 mm 57-N-231S bullet with its small-calibre variants, it was found that reducing the bullet length, calibre, or incorporating lighter materials promotes faster rotation, enhancing incapacitation performance through more efficient energy transfer and moving high-drag stages forward. This research provides valuable insights for optimising bullet design for enhanced wound ballistics.
在创伤弹道学研究中，弹道明胶作为软组织模拟物被广泛应用。为了研究形状稳定步枪子弹在弹道明胶中的侵彻过程，建立了一种描述两方向平移和一方向旋转的改进三自由度运动模型。通过高保真有限元法（FEM）仿真，并与实验数据进行了验证，该模型有效地捕获了复杂的非线性阻力。一个重要的发现表明，由于接触面的变化，平移阻力系数与偏航角之间的关系本质上是分段的。其中，y方向阻力系数（CdY）与偏航角（α）在90°左右呈不对称关系，可分为增大、减小和稳定三个阶段。此外，由y方向阻力产生的x方向阻力与y方向阻力之比（λFY）可以分为四个线性阶段，每个阶段在90°和180°处都经过零。值得注意的是，转动阻力系数不需要除以，因为角速度产生的力矩是不可忽略的。通过将7.62 mm 57-N-231S子弹与其小口径型号进行比较，研究人员发现，减少子弹长度、口径或采用更轻的材料可以促进更快的旋转，通过更有效的能量传递和将高阻力级向前移动来增强失能性能。这项研究为优化子弹设计提供了有价值的见解，以增强伤口弹道。
{"title":"Numerical simulation and theoretical modelling of the penetration process of shape-stable rifle bullets into ballistic gelatine","authors":"Ji-Rui Wang, Kui Tang, Jin-Xiang Wang, Xu-Long Hao, Min-Hui Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ballistic gelatine is extensively employed as a soft tissue simulant in wound ballistics research. To investigate the penetration process of shape-stable rifle bullets into ballistic gelatine, an improved 3-DOF motion model describing the two directions translation and one direction rotation was established. Using high-fidelity Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations, validated against experimental data, the model effectively captured complex non-linear drag forces. A key finding indicates that due to the variant of the contact surface, the relationship between the translational drag coefficient and the yaw angle is intrinsically piecewise. Specifically, the Y-direction drag coefficient (<em>C</em><sub>dY</sub>)-yaw angle (<em>α</em>) relationship exhibits asymmetry at about 90°, and can be divided into three distinct stages: increasing, decreasing, and stable. Furthermore, the ratio of the X-direction drag force generated by the Y-direction drag force to the Y-direction drag force (<em>λ</em><sub>FY</sub>) can be divided into four linear stages, each of which passing through zero at 90° and 180°. Notably, the rotational drag coefficient does not need to be divided because the moment generated by the angular velocity is non-negligible. By comparing the 7.62 mm 57-N-231S bullet with its small-calibre variants, it was found that reducing the bullet length, calibre, or incorporating lighter materials promotes faster rotation, enhancing incapacitation performance through more efficient energy transfer and moving high-drag stages forward. This research provides valuable insights for optimising bullet design for enhanced wound ballistics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 105594"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145555228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105595
Fengchao Wu , Xuhai Li , Zhiwei Duan, Yufeng Wang, Yuanchao Gan, Yi Sun, Yuan Wang, Sen Chen, Huayun Geng, Yuying Yu, Jianbo Hu
Understanding the dynamic response of materials under complex loading profiles remains challenging in contemporary impact engineering. In this study, we designed layered impactors to generate controlled double shockwaves with tunable profiles (flat-top vs. triangular) and intervals (0.5–3.4 μs). Tin (Sn) samples exhibit two distinct shock breakouts in the free surface velocity profiles, where the inferred secondary spall strength exhibits a systematic reduction relative to primary events. The sequence of dynamic behaviors, including spall evolution and damage recompaction, consistent with the measured characteristics of free surface velocities, was revealed by hydrodynamic simulations effectively. Moreover, the second shock structure (steep vs. ramp increase) directly correlates with the loading history and the resulting first damage degree, which was confirmed by hydrodynamic simulations that incorporated with damage compaction model taking inertia and viscosity into account. These findings establish the shock profile, dual-shock interval, and resultant damage state as governing factors for spall evolution and recompression dynamics, providing a calibrated modeling framework that captures the strength degradation and complex wave-damage interactions observed in multi-shock loading.
{"title":"Double-shock induced spall damage and recompression in tin: experimental and modeling insights into dynamic damage evolution","authors":"Fengchao Wu , Xuhai Li , Zhiwei Duan, Yufeng Wang, Yuanchao Gan, Yi Sun, Yuan Wang, Sen Chen, Huayun Geng, Yuying Yu, Jianbo Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105595","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the dynamic response of materials under complex loading profiles remains challenging in contemporary impact engineering. In this study, we designed layered impactors to generate controlled double shockwaves with tunable profiles (flat-top vs. triangular) and intervals (0.5–3.4 μs). Tin (Sn) samples exhibit two distinct shock breakouts in the free surface velocity profiles, where the inferred secondary spall strength exhibits a systematic reduction relative to primary events. The sequence of dynamic behaviors, including spall evolution and damage recompaction, consistent with the measured characteristics of free surface velocities, was revealed by hydrodynamic simulations effectively. Moreover, the second shock structure (steep vs. ramp increase) directly correlates with the loading history and the resulting first damage degree, which was confirmed by hydrodynamic simulations that incorporated with damage compaction model taking inertia and viscosity into account. These findings establish the shock profile, dual-shock interval, and resultant damage state as governing factors for spall evolution and recompression dynamics, providing a calibrated modeling framework that captures the strength degradation and complex wave-damage interactions observed in multi-shock loading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 105595"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145555229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105592
Pei Zhao , Zhiming Jiao , Tuanwei Zhang , Jianjun Wang , Shengguo Ma , Hui Chang , Xinke Xiao , Xianghui Dai , Weidong Song , Zhihua Wang
A novel dual-phase body-centered cubic TiZrHfTa0.5W0.5 high-entropy alloy energetic structural material has been developed that exhibits a pronounced coupling of penetration and explosion under ballistic impact. This is attributed to the alloy mechanical properties, high density and superior energetic characteristics. Extensive strain hardening and appreciable plasticity are features of the phase transformation from a body-centered cubic matrix to a hexagonal cubic phase structure at high strain rates. Equiaxed sub-grains are formed via dislocation slip and grain subdivision under quasi-static loadings, while a martensitic transformation is mediated by the significant increase in martensite nucleation sites under dynamic loadings. The observed enhanced terminal effects originate from the kinetic and chemical energy of the residual energetic projectile, resulting in a rear target plate petaling tearing failure. The penetration and explosion behavior associated with the energetic projectile when impacting double-spaced plates is quantitatively evaluated using the relationship between the perforation and damaged region diameters and impact velocity.
{"title":"Coupling effect of penetration and explosion in a novel high-entropy alloy energetic structural material under ballistic impact","authors":"Pei Zhao , Zhiming Jiao , Tuanwei Zhang , Jianjun Wang , Shengguo Ma , Hui Chang , Xinke Xiao , Xianghui Dai , Weidong Song , Zhihua Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105592","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105592","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel dual-phase body-centered cubic TiZrHfTa<sub>0.5</sub>W<sub>0.5</sub> high-entropy alloy energetic structural material has been developed that exhibits a pronounced coupling of penetration and explosion under ballistic impact. This is attributed to the alloy mechanical properties, high density and superior energetic characteristics. Extensive strain hardening and appreciable plasticity are features of the phase transformation from a body-centered cubic matrix to a hexagonal cubic phase structure at high strain rates. Equiaxed sub-grains are formed <em>via</em> dislocation slip and grain subdivision under quasi-static loadings, while a martensitic transformation is mediated by the significant increase in martensite nucleation sites under dynamic loadings. The observed enhanced terminal effects originate from the kinetic and chemical energy of the residual energetic projectile, resulting in a rear target plate petaling tearing failure. The penetration and explosion behavior associated with the energetic projectile when impacting double-spaced plates is quantitatively evaluated using the relationship between the perforation and damaged region diameters and impact velocity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 105592"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145579356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105578
Yunyi Yang , Xudong Shao , Suiwen Wu , Chaomin Mu , Wei Fan , Yaobei He , Yang Wang
Fatigue issues in conventional orthotropic steel bridge decks (OSDs) have led to the development of novel steel-UHPC composite bridge decks (STCs) by the authors, which enhance deck stiffness and reduce fatigue stress. STC structures, with a reinforced UHPC layer, have been applied in over 200 bridges and may offer improved protection for girders under explosion. However, the blast-resistance behavior of STC deck structures has not been studied yet. In this study, to bridge this knowledge gap, a 1:2 scale experiment was conducted on the traditional OSD deck structures and the novel STC deck structures under contact explosion including 2 identical OSDs and 2 identical STCs. The two identical specimens in each type were tested under the explosive equivalents of 1.6 kg and 2.0 kg TNT, respectively. The blast-resistance performance of the OSD and STC structures was then investigated in terms of explosive damage modes, blast-resistant toughness, and dynamic behavior. The test results indicated that the STC bridge deck structure had higher blast-resistant toughness, a higher threshold of explosive equivalent for perforation of steel plate, and better damage control capability. In addition, the damage of UHPC material under blast impact manifested as pulverization, which significantly absorbed explosive energy. Besides, additional test data was collected from similar experiments, upon which the mechanism for enhancing the blast-resistance performance of STC structures was given to a certain extent based on the stress wave theory and certain assumptions. Meanwhile, the damage modes of traditional OSD structures and STC bridge decks under different explosion intensities were analyzed and obtained. Finally, under the same explosive equivalent, STC structures will have smaller displacement, acceleration and strain responses than OSD structures. Meanwhile, for all specimens, the displacement only had one single pulse with short duration. The pulse duration is much smaller in STC structures than in OSD structures due to the relatively higher stiffness of STC provided by the reinforced UHPC layers. The experimental results of this paper can provide valuable data to validate numerical models. These findings provide crucial insights for the design and optimization of bridge deck structures under contact explosion, which can contribute to enhancing the safety and durability of bridges.
传统正交各向异性钢桥面的疲劳问题促使作者开发了新型钢- uhpc复合桥面，以提高桥面刚度并降低疲劳应力。具有增强UHPC层的STC结构已在200多座桥梁中得到应用，可以改善梁在爆炸下的保护。然而，STC甲板结构的抗爆性能尚未得到研究。在本研究中，为了弥补这一知识空白，我们对传统的OSD甲板结构和新型STC甲板结构在接触爆炸下进行了1:2比例的实验，包括2个相同的OSD和2个相同的STC。分别在1.6 kg和2.0 kg TNT当量爆炸作用下对两种型号相同的试样进行试验。从爆炸损伤模式、抗爆韧性和动力性能等方面研究了OSD和STC结构的抗爆性能。试验结果表明，STC桥面结构具有较高的抗爆韧性、较高的钢板穿孔爆炸当量阈值和较好的损伤控制能力。此外，UHPC材料在爆炸冲击作用下的损伤表现为粉化，对爆炸能量的吸收显著。并从类似试验中收集了额外的试验数据，在此基础上，基于应力波理论和一定的假设，在一定程度上给出了STC结构提高抗爆性能的机理。同时，分析得到了不同爆炸强度下传统OSD结构和STC桥面的损伤模式。最后，在相同的爆炸当量下，STC结构的位移、加速度和应变响应要小于OSD结构。同时，所有试件的位移均为单脉冲，持续时间短。由于增强的UHPC层提供了相对较高的STC刚度，STC结构的脉冲持续时间比OSD结构小得多。本文的实验结果可以为数值模型的验证提供有价值的数据。这些研究结果为接触爆炸作用下桥面结构的设计与优化提供了重要见解，有助于提高桥梁的安全性和耐久性。
{"title":"Experimental study on the blast resistance behavior of steel-UHPC composite bridge decks for long-span bridges under contact explosion","authors":"Yunyi Yang , Xudong Shao , Suiwen Wu , Chaomin Mu , Wei Fan , Yaobei He , Yang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105578","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105578","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fatigue issues in conventional orthotropic steel bridge decks (OSDs) have led to the development of novel steel-UHPC composite bridge decks (STCs) by the authors, which enhance deck stiffness and reduce fatigue stress. STC structures, with a reinforced UHPC layer, have been applied in over 200 bridges and may offer improved protection for girders under explosion. However, the blast-resistance behavior of STC deck structures has not been studied yet. In this study, to bridge this knowledge gap, a 1:2 scale experiment was conducted on the traditional OSD deck structures and the novel STC deck structures under contact explosion including 2 identical OSDs and 2 identical STCs. The two identical specimens in each type were tested under the explosive equivalents of 1.6 kg and 2.0 kg TNT, respectively. The blast-resistance performance of the OSD and STC structures was then investigated in terms of explosive damage modes, blast-resistant toughness, and dynamic behavior. The test results indicated that the STC bridge deck structure had higher blast-resistant toughness, a higher threshold of explosive equivalent for perforation of steel plate, and better damage control capability. In addition, the damage of UHPC material under blast impact manifested as pulverization, which significantly absorbed explosive energy. Besides, additional test data was collected from similar experiments, upon which the mechanism for enhancing the blast-resistance performance of STC structures was given to a certain extent based on the stress wave theory and certain assumptions. Meanwhile, the damage modes of traditional OSD structures and STC bridge decks under different explosion intensities were analyzed and obtained. Finally, under the same explosive equivalent, STC structures will have smaller displacement, acceleration and strain responses than OSD structures. Meanwhile, for all specimens, the displacement only had one single pulse with short duration. The pulse duration is much smaller in STC structures than in OSD structures due to the relatively higher stiffness of STC provided by the reinforced UHPC layers. The experimental results of this paper can provide valuable data to validate numerical models. These findings provide crucial insights for the design and optimization of bridge deck structures under contact explosion, which can contribute to enhancing the safety and durability of bridges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 105578"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145579277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105593
Yang Du , Yixiao Sun , Yuanqi Liu , Fan Zhou , Junyu Zhang , Kun Liu , Liantong Fu , Hao Li , Zhengli Hua
A constitutive model that simultaneously incorporates hydrogen enhanced localized plasticity (HELP) and hydrogen solid solution strengthening was developed. By writing the VUMAT subroutine, it was developed to predict dynamic fracture of hydrogen pipe burst. Burst experiments were conducted on hydrogen-charged pipes with hydrogen concentrations ranging from 0 to 8.70 ppm, and the numerical model was verified in terms of crack propagation behaviors and fracture patterns. Internal gas decompression, crack propagation behavior, crack length and speed were obtained and analyzed in detail. The results showed that the cracks on both sides of the uncharged pipe propagated axially for a certain distance and then stopped. In contrast, the hydrogen-charged pipe exhibited similar initial axial cracks propagation but subsequently both branched, and the branching cracks propagated along the pipe in the circumferential direction. The fracture behavior of the hydrogen-charged pipe was more severe, with pronounced plastic deformation observed in the middle section. Compared to the case of 0 ppm, the axial crack length of hydrogen-charged pipe was reduced by 50-60 mm at 3.46 ppm and by 80-100 mm at 8.70 ppm. Moreover, hydrogen ingress accelerated the crack propagation speed, the maximum crack propagation speed increased by approximately 7 m/s for each 1 ppm increase in hydrogen concentration. It was further revealed that under the damage constitutive model considering the HELP mechanism, the incorporation of hydrogen solid solution strengthening reduced plastic deformation and slowed damage accumulation, thereby delaying crack branching. Compared with the existing models, the constructed model is more accurate in dynamic damage and fracture prediction analysis. It is more consistent with the experiment results.
{"title":"Modeling dynamic fracture of hydrogen pipe burst incorporating HELP and hydrogen solid solution strengthening mechanism","authors":"Yang Du , Yixiao Sun , Yuanqi Liu , Fan Zhou , Junyu Zhang , Kun Liu , Liantong Fu , Hao Li , Zhengli Hua","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A constitutive model that simultaneously incorporates hydrogen enhanced localized plasticity (HELP) and hydrogen solid solution strengthening was developed. By writing the VUMAT subroutine, it was developed to predict dynamic fracture of hydrogen pipe burst. Burst experiments were conducted on hydrogen-charged pipes with hydrogen concentrations ranging from 0 to 8.70 ppm, and the numerical model was verified in terms of crack propagation behaviors and fracture patterns. Internal gas decompression, crack propagation behavior, crack length and speed were obtained and analyzed in detail. The results showed that the cracks on both sides of the uncharged pipe propagated axially for a certain distance and then stopped. In contrast, the hydrogen-charged pipe exhibited similar initial axial cracks propagation but subsequently both branched, and the branching cracks propagated along the pipe in the circumferential direction. The fracture behavior of the hydrogen-charged pipe was more severe, with pronounced plastic deformation observed in the middle section. Compared to the case of 0 ppm, the axial crack length of hydrogen-charged pipe was reduced by 50-60 mm at 3.46 ppm and by 80-100 mm at 8.70 ppm. Moreover, hydrogen ingress accelerated the crack propagation speed, the maximum crack propagation speed increased by approximately 7 m/s for each 1 ppm increase in hydrogen concentration. It was further revealed that under the damage constitutive model considering the HELP mechanism, the incorporation of hydrogen solid solution strengthening reduced plastic deformation and slowed damage accumulation, thereby delaying crack branching. Compared with the existing models, the constructed model is more accurate in dynamic damage and fracture prediction analysis. It is more consistent with the experiment results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 105593"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145579280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-11DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105591
Zejian Xu , Zhicheng Cai , Yang Han , Liudmila Igusheva , Yuri Petrov , Shixiang Zhao , Fenglei Huang
The split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system and a universal testing machine were used to measure the fracture toughness of zirconia (ZrO2) and alumina (Al2O3) ceramics across a wide range of loading rates from 1.0 × 10-8 to 2.0 TPa·m1/2·s-1. The experimental-numerical method was used to determine the dynamic fracture toughness of the materials. The results exhibit a positive relationship between fracture toughness and loading rate as well as a negative correlation between fracture initiation time and loading rate for both of the ceramics. The analysis of fracture morphology reveals different micromechanism in the failure of the materials under different loading rates. This analysis offers an explanation for the dependency of fracture toughness on loading rates. Additionally, the incubation time criterion and its modified version were employed to describe the effects of loading rate on fracture toughness and fracture initiation time.
{"title":"Fracture toughness and failure mechanism of alumina and zirconia ceramics over a wide loading rate range","authors":"Zejian Xu , Zhicheng Cai , Yang Han , Liudmila Igusheva , Yuri Petrov , Shixiang Zhao , Fenglei Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105591","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105591","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system and a universal testing machine were used to measure the fracture toughness of zirconia (ZrO<sub>2</sub>) and alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) ceramics across a wide range of loading rates from 1.0 × 10<sup>-8</sup> to 2.0 TPa·m<sup>1/2</sup>·s<sup>-1</sup>. The experimental-numerical method was used to determine the dynamic fracture toughness of the materials. The results exhibit a positive relationship between fracture toughness and loading rate as well as a negative correlation between fracture initiation time and loading rate for both of the ceramics. The analysis of fracture morphology reveals different micromechanism in the failure of the materials under different loading rates. This analysis offers an explanation for the dependency of fracture toughness on loading rates. Additionally, the incubation time criterion and its modified version were employed to describe the effects of loading rate on fracture toughness and fracture initiation time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 105591"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145528628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Firstly, the damage test of the torpedo head scale model under the underwater explosion of 45gTNT was carried out. The test results showed that when the explosion distance was 50 cm, 20 cm and 15 cm, the torpedo head presented mild damage, moderate damage and severe damage respectively. Then, tests were carried out on the mechanical properties of the torpedo shell material. For A356 aluminum alloy, the effect of Lode angle is introduced into the Johnson-Cook (JC) fracture criterion, so that a fracture criterion considering Lode parameter, stress triaxiality, strain rate, and temperature is proposed, and the parameters are determined based on the simple tensile, notched tensile, shear, dynamic tensile, and high temperature tensile. Then the Johnson-Cook constitutive model was modified by correcting the strain-hardening term based on the Hockett-Sherby hardening model, correcting the strain-rate term by using the bifold model, and adding a parameter to the temperature term, thus proposing a modified JC constitutive model, and the parameters of the JC constitutive model were determined by static and dynamic compression experiments. And the causes of thermal softening at different temperatures were analyzed through electron microscope scanning. Then the plastic work transfer coefficient was determined based on single pulse loading experiments, and 2.5gTNT underwater explosion experiments were carried out in different blast distances of the thin plate. Through the fracture criterion and the constitutive model proposed in this paper, and JC fracture criterion to carry out numerical simulations and comparisons found that: due to the JC fracture criterion does not take into account the influence of the Lode parameter, the results of its simulation is more serious than the experimental damage. The proposed fracture model and constitutive model can simulate the damage in the experiment better than JC model. Finally, numerical simulation of the head damage of the torpedo was carried out. The failure mode of the torpedo shell, as well as the variation process of plastic strain and temperature during the explosion process, were discussed.
{"title":"Application of the MJC model considering the Lode effect and temperature effect in the study of torpedo damage caused by underwater explosions","authors":"Yanbo Wen, Qu Wang, Ying Ye, Zhichao Lai, Chenyang He, Yipeng Jiang, Ruiyuan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105590","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105590","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Firstly, the damage test of the torpedo head scale model under the underwater explosion of 45gTNT was carried out. The test results showed that when the explosion distance was 50 cm, 20 cm and 15 cm, the torpedo head presented mild damage, moderate damage and severe damage respectively. Then, tests were carried out on the mechanical properties of the torpedo shell material. For A356 aluminum alloy, the effect of Lode angle is introduced into the Johnson-Cook (JC) fracture criterion, so that a fracture criterion considering Lode parameter, stress triaxiality, strain rate, and temperature is proposed, and the parameters are determined based on the simple tensile, notched tensile, shear, dynamic tensile, and high temperature tensile. Then the Johnson-Cook constitutive model was modified by correcting the strain-hardening term based on the Hockett-Sherby hardening model, correcting the strain-rate term by using the bifold model, and adding a parameter to the temperature term, thus proposing a modified JC constitutive model, and the parameters of the JC constitutive model were determined by static and dynamic compression experiments. And the causes of thermal softening at different temperatures were analyzed through electron microscope scanning. Then the plastic work transfer coefficient was determined based on single pulse loading experiments, and 2.5gTNT underwater explosion experiments were carried out in different blast distances of the thin plate. Through the fracture criterion and the constitutive model proposed in this paper, and JC fracture criterion to carry out numerical simulations and comparisons found that: due to the JC fracture criterion does not take into account the influence of the Lode parameter, the results of its simulation is more serious than the experimental damage. The proposed fracture model and constitutive model can simulate the damage in the experiment better than JC model. Finally, numerical simulation of the head damage of the torpedo was carried out. The failure mode of the torpedo shell, as well as the variation process of plastic strain and temperature during the explosion process, were discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 105590"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145529215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-11DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105588
Moujin Lin , Guangzhao Pei , Lu Zhang , Bing Xue , Xuming Yan , Ao Ma
The mechanical response of materials under dynamic combined compression-shear loading is critical for many engineering applications. This study proposes a technique that utilizes a helical structure to convert axial compression waves into coupled compression–shear waves, thereby achieving synchronized dynamic loading in a conventional Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB). A predictive formula was derived from stress wave theory to determine the shear-to-compressive stress ratio in the transmission bar. Finite element simulations were conducted to investigate the influence of key geometric parameters of the helical structure on the stress conversion. The results indicate that the number of helical rods has a negligible influence, whereas the lead angle and interfacial friction significantly affect the amplitudes of the transmitted stresses. Experimental validation demonstrated strong consistency with both theoretical predictions and numerical simulations, confirming the reliability of the proposed model. The developed technique offers precise control of loading synchronization and stress ratios, while maintaining the advantages of simplicity, reusability, and low cost. Furthermore, the dynamic mechanical behavior of 1060 Al was characterized, validating the effectiveness of the proposed experimental method.
{"title":"Achieving synchronous compression-shear loading on SHPB using helical structures","authors":"Moujin Lin , Guangzhao Pei , Lu Zhang , Bing Xue , Xuming Yan , Ao Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105588","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105588","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanical response of materials under dynamic combined compression-shear loading is critical for many engineering applications. This study proposes a technique that utilizes a helical structure to convert axial compression waves into coupled compression–shear waves, thereby achieving synchronized dynamic loading in a conventional Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB). A predictive formula was derived from stress wave theory to determine the shear-to-compressive stress ratio in the transmission bar. Finite element simulations were conducted to investigate the influence of key geometric parameters of the helical structure on the stress conversion. The results indicate that the number of helical rods has a negligible influence, whereas the lead angle and interfacial friction significantly affect the amplitudes of the transmitted stresses. Experimental validation demonstrated strong consistency with both theoretical predictions and numerical simulations, confirming the reliability of the proposed model. The developed technique offers precise control of loading synchronization and stress ratios, while maintaining the advantages of simplicity, reusability, and low cost. Furthermore, the dynamic mechanical behavior of 1060 Al was characterized, validating the effectiveness of the proposed experimental method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 105588"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145579409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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