International Journal of Impact Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Spring-rod-based mechanical metamaterials with programmable nonlinear load-displacement curves","authors":"Haifeng Ou,&nbsp;Wenkang Ye,&nbsp;Lingling Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105642","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105642","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Load-displacement curve is the essence of a material for the mechanical performances, which can normally not be changed once they are manufactured. In engineering, complex dynamic loads are usually sudden or unexpected. Great challenges remain for materials with alterable mechanical characteristics to meet various requirement of sudden dynamic protection. Here, we present a novel kind of metamaterial with rich types of load-displacement curves programmable, such as multiple snap-through to resist repeatable impact, stair-stepping for vibration isolation, long quasi-plateau for impact buffering or nonlinear damping, and mixture of above characteristics for complex dynamic loads. The metamaterial is composed of springs and rod mechanisms. The cells’ stiffness can be switched among zero, negative and positive, whilst the load amplitude is regulable. It is realized by the matching between the nonlinearity of rod mechanisms and the springs’ stiffnesses, with the former adjustable by the spring’s length. Thus the metamaterial’s mechanical characteristics can be programmed by only replacing several springs with different stiffness or length. The analytical expressions of the metamaterial’s load-displacement relationship under large deformation are established in an equation of parameters of springs and rods, which plays the guidance for the programming customization of the metamaterial. Experiments demonstrated the excellent buffering of the metamaterial under both repetitive impact and low-frequency vibrations even with indeterminate payload. The proposed spring-rod-based metamaterial and the ability of altering nonlinear load-displacement curves open up a new avenue to the self-adaptive protection under complex dynamic loads.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105642"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Residual impact resistance of fire-exposed RC slabs: High-fidelity modeling, mechanisms, and prediction","authors":"Puchu Xie ,&nbsp;Li Chen ,&nbsp;Bin Feng ,&nbsp;Chengjun Yue ,&nbsp;Linfeng Xu ,&nbsp;Boyu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105640","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105640","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The residual impact resistance of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs following fire exposure is a critical concern for structural safety, yet remains poorly understood due to the complexity of coupled thermo-mechanical phenomena. This paper establishes a high-fidelity computational framework to systematically investigate this issue by integrating the KC-HT constitutive model with a Truss-Enhanced Adaptive FEM-MPM (TEAFEMPM) platform. Following validation against experimental data, an extensive parametric study reveals a non-monotonic, “U-shaped” relationship between the slab’s dynamic resistance and impact velocity. This trend originates from the interplay between physical failure mechanisms and the resistance metric: the initial drop in resistance is driven by a sharp increase in penetration depth as failure transitions from top-rebar containment to bottom-rebar arrest, while the subsequent rise is attributed to material strain-rate hardening within the perforation regime. Furthermore, thermal pre-damage systematically lowers this U-shaped curve. Based on a validated physics-informed decoupling hypothesis—which confirms that thermal degradation is largely independent of impact velocity—these insights are synthesized into a unified predictive model. By employing a general functional form with coefficients calibrated for the studied configuration, the model accurately quantifies residual impact resistance (<span><math><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></math></span> = 0.897). This study elucidates the governing failure mechanisms and provides an efficient tool for the vulnerability assessment of thermally damaged structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105640"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to ’Optimization of steel-UHMWPE multilayer armour under ballistic impact: Experiments and Simulations’","authors":"Sangeeta Khare ,&nbsp;Kartikeya Kartikeya ,&nbsp;Hemant Chouhan ,&nbsp;Naresh Bhatnagar ,&nbsp;Puneet Mahajan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105616","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 105616"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146022749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the penetration of shear thickening fluid (STF) impregnated and neat Kevlar fabrics","authors":"Y.C. Ye,&nbsp;H.C. Xu,&nbsp;H.M. Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105639","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105639","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shear thickening fluid (STF) impregnated Kevlar fabric is an advanced composite material that exhibits superior impact resistance compared to neat Kevlar fabric. This study investigates the penetration behavior of both STF impregnated and neat Kevlar fabrics within a unified framework. A continuum damage mechanics (CDM) based dynamic constitutive model, recently developed for both materials, is first outlined. This model incorporates a dynamic increase factor (accounting for strain rate effects) and a residual strength factor (calibrated using STF rheological properties and yarn pull-out test results). Furthermore, the model is enhanced by incorporating temperature effects, which significantly improves its predictive capability at different temperatures. Numerical simulations of ballistic, low-velocity impact, and quasi-static penetration are conducted using this constitutive model. The simulation results show good agreement with available experimental data in terms of residual velocity, load-displacement curve, and failure patterns, validating the model's accuracy and effectiveness. Parametric studies reveal that projectile nose shape significantly affects the penetration resistance of both materials. Additionally, the STF impregnated fabric mobilizes a larger material region during impact, thereby enhancing its penetration resistance relative to neat Kevlar, while also exhibiting greater strain rate sensitivity across different impact velocities under identical energy conditions</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105639"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel scaling method for assessing dynamic response distortions of thin plates induced by blast loads","authors":"Sijia Liu,&nbsp;Li Chen,&nbsp;Bin Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105637","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105637","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the blast tests utilizing scaled models, precise control of the blast load is required to meet design specifications. However, achieving this precision is technically challenging. Deviations between the actual and intended blast loads can introduce significant error in extrapolating the prototype's response from the scaled model data. This error is referred to as load distortion. To address this issue, this study proposes a novel scaling method that accounts for load distortion based on an equivalent static load approach. Using a clamped one-way thin steel plate as a case study, dimensional analysis is first conducted to elucidate the physical mechanism underlying load distortion. Then, by applying the equivalent single-degree-of-freedom theory, an explicit relationship between the blast load and structural deformation is derived through the concept of an equivalent static load. A key innovation of this study is that the similarity between the maximum deformation responses of the scaled model and the prototype can be characterized by the product of the load distortion coefficient and the geometric scale factor. This allows for correction of the model's deformation response data, thereby achieving accurate prediction of the prototype's deformation response. The method's validity is confirmed through numerical simulations and shock tube experiments on clamped one-way thin steel plates. This approach successfully circumvents the technical challenge of precise blast load control, while providing a novel reference framework for quantifying the resulting load distortions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105637"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simplified two-DOF model-based analysis and design method for hybrid bar reinforced concrete beams under impact loading","authors":"Qi Cao ,&nbsp;Shuai-Fei Wei ,&nbsp;Zhenji Wang ,&nbsp;Rongxiong Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105638","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105638","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study addresses the impact resistance design requirements for seawater and sea-sand concrete (SSC) structures in island-reef and offshore engineering. A hybrid reinforcement scheme combining glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) and stainless steel bars is investigated to leverage the corrosion resistance of FRP and the ductility of steel. Combining theoretical analysis with consideration of material strain rate effects, a tri-linear restoring force model for hybrid-reinforced beams under both static and dynamic loads was developed. Based on the experimental results, the impact process was simplified as a two-degree-of-freedom (TDOF) mass-spring model. An extensive parametric study encompassing 144 impact scenarios was conducted using the validated TDOF model. Based on the combined experimental and numerical data, empirical equations were derived for the characteristic points of the impact force time-history curve and for predicting the maximum mid-span deflection. The proposed simplified TDOF model and the associated empirical equations provide a practical and effective tool for the impact-resistant design of hybrid-reinforced SSC beams, offering significant theoretical support for the safety of marine structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105638"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of azimuthal prestress on kinetic penetration into soft matter","authors":"Alexandria Rogers ,&nbsp;Jacob A. Rogers ,&nbsp;Camden Clark ,&nbsp;Justin W. Wilkerson","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105630","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105630","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a novel experimental technique for probing how prestress affects penetration dynamics in soft matter. The superimposed-shear impact (SSI) test introduces torsional preloading to an annular gel sample using a Taylor-Couette cell (TCC) prior to projectile impact. To validate the approach, two triblock copolymer gels of differing stiffness were subjected to four levels of TCC inner cylinder rotation (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>). Steel spheres of two diameters were used as projectiles. High-speed imaging tracked the projectile’s depth-time trajectory from contact through cavity pinch-off and rebound. Results demonstrate that increasing <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> consistently reduced the maximum depth of penetration (DoP), independent of gel formulation or projectile size. The stiffer PMMA₁₉ gel exhibited consistently lower DoP values than the PMMA<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>9</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> gel for a given projectile size and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>. The smaller projectile produced shallower penetration and shorter interaction times with the material. Pre-shear also influenced cavity symmetry and projectile rebound behavior: higher <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> caused pinch-off to occur more abruptly and, in some cases, enabled projectile escape <em>via</em> enhanced elastic recoil. Lastly, the classical elastic Froude number (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) was reformulated into a nonlinear elastic Froude number (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) to account for strain stiffening effects that are ubiquitous in soft matter. Plotting normalized DoP against <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> resulted in the data from all test conditions collapsing onto a single curve, aligning with established DoP-<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> scaling trends. The SSI technique thus provides a framework for studying penetration mechanics in preloaded viscoelastic solids that can support understanding, modeling, and control of biological tissues, engineered soft materials, and impact-resistant protective systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105630"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation of temporary cavity dynamics in ballistic gelatin using the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian Method","authors":"Genlin Mo ,&nbsp;Haitao Lu ,&nbsp;Li Liu ,&nbsp;Weiyu He","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105635","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105635","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the wounding potential of spherical fragments using numerical simulation with ballistic gelatin, a standard tissue simulant in wound ballistics. The large deformation of the gelatin was simulated utilizing the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation. Impacts of two spherical fragments were analyzed: one with a diameter of 3 mm at an initial velocity of 651 m/s, and the other with a diameter of 4.76 mm at 1150 m/s. The simulation results demonstrated that the 3 mm fragment was trapped within the gelatin block, whereas the 4.76 mm fragment penetrated through it. The evolution of the temporary cavity showed good agreement with experimental observations. The relationship between the fragment's velocity and the maximum pressure preceding it was elucidated. The model also revealed that high volumetric tensile stresses, which are capable of inducing severe tissue injury, can develop in the gelatin. Furthermore, the simulations highlight that atmospheric pressure is a critical factor that must be accounted for in accurate modeling of temporary cavity formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105635"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiphysics non-ordinary state-based peridynamics for modeling non-shock ignition of PBX","authors":"Tianyu Ren ,&nbsp;Xiaoliang Deng ,&nbsp;Fei Han ,&nbsp;Qian Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a mechanical-thermal-chemical coupled multiphysics non-ordinary state-based peridynamics (NOSBPD) computational framework for investigating the non-shock ignition behavior of polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs). To combine the rate-dependent Johnson-Cook plastic constitutive model and the Arrhenius chemical reaction heat release model with nonlocal peridynamic enables the rigorous modeling of non-shock ignition behaviors of PBX charge, overcoming the challenges faced by the existing simulation techniques. Within such framework, a series of complicated processes such as dynamic deformation and fracture, crack nucleation and propagation, friction between crack surfaces, plastic dissipation, heat conduction, and crystal chemical reaction can be simulated in a simultaneous manner. The proposed approach is validated through classic examples including Kalthoff-Winkler (KW) impact and Taylor-bar impact tests. The predictive capability of the proposed approach is further demonstrated by modeling of the Steven test of PBX. The simulation results exhibit good agreement with both previous experimental and numerical results with respect to temperature evolution, pressure history, as well as critical impact velocity for ignition. In addition, the influences of impact velocities, explosive thicknesses, and projectile shapes on the ignition response of the PBX were analyzed, providing a deep and thoughtful understanding of ignition behaviors of PBX. The proposed multiphysics computational framework advances the development of non-shock ignition models and also can be utilized to guide the design of PBXs charges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105634"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation into the penetration mechanism of a rigid long rod into a semi-infinite metallic target","authors":"Canwei Zhu,&nbsp;Tianbao Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105636","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105636","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metallic materials are widely employed as armor target materials, making the investigation of their penetration mechanisms critically important. In this study, we develop a novel theoretical model of rigid projectile penetrating into semi-infinite metal target. The model constructs a two-dimensional velocity field in the target material based on the mass conservation equation, while incorporating the effects of strain hardening, strain rate, and thermal softening into the radial stress formulation within the plastic region. Using the above mentioned velocity field, the momentum equation is accurately solved in the elastic and plastic region, the stress field is obtained, the force exerted on the projectile is approximated, and the equation of motion is solved numerically to ultimately determine the penetration depth. Subsequently, the theoretical predictions of the proposed approximation method are compared with experimental data on normal penetration in metal target. The results demonstrate that the calculations using the explicit Johnson–Cook constitutive relationship exhibit excellent agreement with the experimental penetration depths of ogive–nosed rigid long rods penetrating into semi–infinite metal targets. Moreover, a comparison of different constitutive models in the plastic region reveals their influence on the deformation resistance. When the <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>θ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> related to nose shape correlation parameter, falls within the range <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>∘</mo></mrow></msup><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mrow><mi>θ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><mo>≤</mo><mn>9</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>∘</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, the effect of strain rate on deformation resistance increases with <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>θ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, whereas the effect of thermal softening first decreases and then increases slightly as <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>θ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> increases. In addition, the proposed theoretical model proves that the inertial effect of the rigid projectile penetrating the semi-infinite metal target is negligible. However, a significant nonlinear correlation is observed between the penetration resistance and the impact velocity, the physical mechanism of which arises from the strain rate effect in the target material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105636"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145895839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}