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Correction method and verification of radial inertia and friction effects under a unified deformation framework in SHPB experiments on soft materials 软材料 SHPB 实验中统一变形框架下径向惯性和摩擦效应的修正方法与验证
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105129
During the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experiments, significant measurement errors can arise due to severe radial inertia and friction effects. Previous studies have developed various correction methods for these two effects. However, these methods have problems such as over-reliance on the volume invariance assumption of the specimen and inconsistent assumptions on the deformation patterns of the two effects, which limit their universality and effectiveness. Therefore, this paper integrates the radial inertia effect and friction effect in a unified deformation framework through reasonable assumptions, and proposes a method to correct the specimen from a complex stress state to a uniaxial stress state. SHPB numerical simulation experiments demonstrate that this method effectively eliminates the combined effects of radial inertia and friction on measurement results for both elastic and viscoelastic materials, including the size effect associated with these two factors. Additionally, the paper presents a scheme to determine the friction coefficient using the size effect of the specimens when the friction coefficient between the specimen and the bar is unknown. Finally, the method was applied to correct the stresses measured in SHPB experiments on silicone rubber of different diameters. It successfully eliminated discrepancies in the stress-strain relationships between specimens of various sizes and determined a friction coefficient that fell within a reasonable range.
在分体式霍普金森压力棒(SHPB)实验中,由于严重的径向惯性和摩擦效应,可能会产生显著的测量误差。以往的研究针对这两种效应开发了各种校正方法。然而,这些方法存在过度依赖试样体积不变性假设、对两种效应的变形模式假设不一致等问题,限制了其普遍性和有效性。因此,本文通过合理的假设,将径向惯性效应和摩擦效应整合到统一的变形框架中,并提出了一种将试样从复杂应力状态校正到单轴应力状态的方法。SHPB 数值模拟实验证明,该方法可有效消除径向惯性和摩擦对弹性和粘弹性材料测量结果的综合影响,包括与这两个因素相关的尺寸效应。此外,本文还提出了一种方案,在试样和棒材之间的摩擦系数未知的情况下,利用试样的尺寸效应确定摩擦系数。最后,应用该方法修正了不同直径硅橡胶 SHPB 实验中测得的应力。它成功消除了不同尺寸试样之间应力-应变关系的差异,并确定了合理范围内的摩擦系数。
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引用次数: 0
A hybrid data-driven machine learning framework for predicting the impact resistance of composite armor 用于预测复合装甲抗冲击性的混合数据驱动机器学习框架
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105125
Composite armor plays a crucial role as the primary defense against high-velocity impacts from fragments and projectiles. However, balancing the need for lightweight structures with the requirement for robust protection remains a significant engineering challenge. Traditional approaches for predicting the protective performance of armor typically involve a combination of experimental testing and numerical simulations, both of which can be resource-intensive and costly. In contrast, data-driven methods combined with machine learning have demonstrated the potential to significantly reduce both time and economic costs, highlighting their substantial advantages in various engineering domains. Unfortunately, a mature machine learning framework for predicting the performance of multilayer composite armor against high-velocity impacts from large fragments has yet to be established. In this paper, a novel data-driven framework for predicting the ballistic performance of composite armor using a hybrid model of Support Vector Machine and Deep Neural Network was established. This framework employed hyperparameter optimization to enhance predictive performance, yielding a model with excellent accuracy. The proposed model was adaptable to multilayered armor with varying layer thicknesses, enabling rapid predictions of armor penetration, residual projectile kinetic energy, and armor deformation.
复合装甲作为抵御碎片和射弹高速撞击的主要防御手段,发挥着至关重要的作用。然而,如何在轻质结构与坚固防护之间取得平衡,仍然是一项重大的工程挑战。预测装甲防护性能的传统方法通常涉及实验测试和数值模拟的结合,这两种方法都可能是资源密集型的,而且成本高昂。相比之下,数据驱动方法与机器学习相结合,已显示出显著降低时间和经济成本的潜力,在各种工程领域凸显出巨大优势。遗憾的是,用于预测多层复合装甲抵御大型碎片高速冲击性能的成熟机器学习框架尚未建立。本文利用支持向量机和深度神经网络的混合模型,建立了一个预测复合装甲弹道性能的新型数据驱动框架。该框架采用超参数优化来提高预测性能,从而建立了一个具有出色准确性的模型。所提出的模型适用于不同层厚的多层装甲,能够快速预测装甲穿透、射弹残余动能和装甲变形。
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引用次数: 0
A graph network-based learnable simulator for spatial-temporal prediction of rigid projectile penetration 基于图网络的可学习模拟器,用于硬质射弹穿透的时空预测
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105123
Predicting plate penetration by rigid projectiles (PPRP) is crucial in terminal ballistics, with broad applications in civil and military engineering. Empirical and analytical methods face challenges in predicting field variables like displacement and stress in target plates. Although numerical methods offer high accuracy, they suffer from low computational efficiency. Herein, we introduce an efficient data-driven machine learning (ML) method based on graph neural networks (GNNs), named PGN, specifically tailored to address the PPRP problem. Unlike traditional ML methods that establish direct input-output mappings, PGN predicts comprehensive spatial-temporal information pertaining to the projectile-target interaction process. A thorough analysis of PGN's performance in terms of accuracy, computational efficiency and generalization ability was performed. Compared to validated results of numerical simulations, PGN maintained high precision with RMSE for displacement, stress, and strain predictions below 0.5 %, 9.5 %, and 2.1 %, respectively. It also achieved R2 values exceeding 0.92 for the time history of projectile velocity and acceleration, while requiring only 9.8 % of the computation time compared to LS-DYNA. In generalization tests, PGN exhibited remarkable adaptability in tackling challenging scenarios that extend far beyond the training data distribution, with overall RMSE between 11 % and 13 %. Furthermore, we find that the maximum information propagation capacity of a simulated physical system must meet or exceed the information propagation need of the real-world physical phenomenon it aims to replicate. Consequently, an approach was proposed to determine the critical connectivity radius of the massage passing method directly from the wave speed in the target medium, which greatly improved the accuracy and efficiency of PGN.
硬质射弹的板穿透(PPRP)预测在末端弹道学中至关重要,在民用和军事工程中有着广泛的应用。经验和分析方法在预测目标板材的位移和应力等现场变量方面面临挑战。数值方法虽然精度高,但计算效率低。在此,我们介绍一种基于图神经网络(GNN)的高效数据驱动机器学习(ML)方法,名为 PGN,专门用于解决 PPRP 问题。与建立直接输入输出映射的传统 ML 方法不同,PGN 预测的是弹丸与目标相互作用过程的综合时空信息。对 PGN 的精度、计算效率和泛化能力进行了全面分析。与数值模拟的验证结果相比,PGN 保持了较高的精度,位移、应力和应变预测的均方根误差分别低于 0.5%、9.5% 和 2.1%。在弹丸速度和加速度的时间历程方面,PGN 的 R2 值也超过了 0.92,而计算时间仅为 LS-DYNA 的 9.8%。在泛化测试中,PGN 在处理远远超出训练数据分布的挑战性场景时表现出了出色的适应性,总体 RMSE 在 11 % 到 13 % 之间。此外,我们还发现,模拟物理系统的最大信息传播能力必须满足或超过其所要复制的真实世界物理现象的信息传播需求。因此,我们提出了一种直接根据目标介质中的波速确定按摩传递法临界连通半径的方法,大大提高了 PGN 的精度和效率。
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引用次数: 0
Impact response of additively manufactured density-graded open-cell foams 加成型密度分级开孔泡沫的冲击响应
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105127
Additive manufacturing has made it possible to fabricate materials that were unachievable with traditional methods. This study focuses on understanding the deformation behavior and energy absorption mechanics of additively manufactured cellular materials with gradually varying densities. Foams have unique deformation behavior due to their intricate topology and composition, resulting in excellent energy dissipation capability. Varying the density can significantly influence their deformation response and improve energy absorption and impact resistance. Voronoi tessellation is employed to model the foams, as it effectively captures the cell morphology in foam structures and produces stochastic cellular topologies accurately. Resin-based additive manufacturing techniques are employed to fabricate cellular materials with varying density configurations for low-velocity and high-velocity impact experiments. The study demonstrates that density-graded foams effectively dissipate a broad spectrum of impact energies, surpassing uniform counterparts by transmitting reduced stress, especially at lower energy levels. This characteristic enhances their suitability for advanced energy absorption applications. The results also show that at high impact velocities, the direction of density gradation influences energy dissipation and peak stress transmission.
快速成型技术使传统方法无法制造的材料成为可能。本研究的重点是了解密度逐渐变化的快速成型蜂窝材料的变形行为和能量吸收力学。泡沫材料因其复杂的拓扑结构和成分而具有独特的变形行为,因而具有出色的能量耗散能力。改变密度可显著影响其变形响应,改善能量吸收和抗冲击性能。由于 Voronoi tessellation 能有效捕捉泡沫结构中的细胞形态,并能准确生成随机细胞拓扑,因此我们采用 Voronoi tessellation 对泡沫进行建模。在低速和高速冲击实验中,采用基于树脂的增材制造技术制造具有不同密度配置的蜂窝材料。研究表明,密度分级泡沫能有效消散各种撞击能量,其传递的应力(尤其是较低能量水平的应力)比均匀的泡沫更小。这一特性提高了它们在高级能量吸收应用中的适用性。研究结果还表明,在冲击速度较高时,密度分级的方向会影响能量耗散和峰值应力传递。
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引用次数: 0
Strain rate sensitivity of rotating-square auxetic metamaterials 旋转方形辅助超材料的应变速率敏感性
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105128
This study provides an in-depth analysis of the mechanical behavior of rotating-square auxetic structures under various strain rates. The structures are fabricated using stereolithography additive manufacturing with a flexible resin. Mechanical tests performed on structures include quasi-static, intermediate, and high strain rate compression tests, supplemented by high-speed optical imaging and two-dimensional digital image correlation analyses. In quasi-static conditions (5 × 10–3 s-1), multiscale measurements reveal the correlation between local and global strains. It is shown that cell hinges play a significant role in structural deformation and load-bearing capacity. In drop tower impact conditions (intermediate strain rate of ca. 200 s-1), the auxetic structures display significant strain rate hardening compared to loading at quasi-static rates. The thin-hinge structures maintain a Poisson's ratio of approximately -0.8, showing higher auxeticity than slow-rate compression tests. High strain rate conditions (ca. 2000s-1) activate additional deformation mechanisms, including a delayed state of equilibrium exemplified by a heterogeneous distribution of lateral strains, possibly due to stress wave interactions and inertial stresses. The study further reveals nonlinear correlations between Poisson's ratio, strain, and strain rate, indicating reduced auxeticity at higher strain rates. These observations are discussed in terms of complex wave interactions and the strain rate hardening characteristics of the base polymer.
本研究深入分析了旋转方形辅助结构在各种应变速率下的机械行为。这些结构是用柔性树脂通过立体光刻增材制造而成的。对结构进行的机械测试包括准静态、中间和高应变率压缩测试,并辅以高速光学成像和二维数字图像相关分析。在准静态条件下(5 × 10-3 s-1),多尺度测量揭示了局部和整体应变之间的相关性。结果表明,电池铰链在结构变形和承载能力方面起着重要作用。在落塔冲击条件下(中间应变速率约为 200 s-1),与准静态速率加载相比,辅助应变结构显示出显著的应变速率硬化。薄铰链结构的泊松比约为-0.8,显示出比慢速压缩试验更高的辅助性。高应变速率条件(约 2000s-1 )激活了额外的变形机制,包括可能由于应力波相互作用和惯性应力造成的侧向应变异质分布所体现的延迟平衡状态。研究进一步揭示了泊松比、应变和应变速率之间的非线性相关性,表明在较高应变速率下的辅助性降低。这些观察结果将根据复杂的波相互作用和基体聚合物的应变速率硬化特性进行讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Molecular dynamics-informed material point method for hypervelocity impact analysis 用于超高速撞击分析的分子动力学信息材料点法
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105124

This paper introduces a framework specifically designed to simulate hypervelocity impact scenarios precisely. The framework utilizes the multiscale shock technique (MSST) from molecular dynamics (MD) to accurately model material states under extreme impact loading conditions, focusing on calculating the equation of state (EOS). A vital aspect of this work is the acquisition and application of the Mie-Grüneisen EOS, which is highly relevant in impact analysis research. The framework employs the material point method (MPM) to conduct analyses of hypervelocity impacts using the derived EOS. This method offers a detailed insight into the dynamic responses of materials subjected to hypervelocity impacts, underscoring the integration of molecular dynamics with the MPM.

本文介绍了一个专门用于精确模拟超高速冲击情景的框架。该框架利用分子动力学(MD)中的多尺度冲击技术(MSST)来精确模拟极端冲击加载条件下的材料状态,重点是计算状态方程(EOS)。这项工作的一个重要方面是获取和应用与冲击分析研究高度相关的 Mie-Grüneisen EOS。该框架采用材料点法(MPM),利用推导出的状态方程对超高速撞击进行分析。该方法详细揭示了材料在受到超高速撞击时的动态响应,强调了分子动力学与 MPM 的整合。
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引用次数: 0
Occurrence phase of peak responses to symmetric pulse loads 对称脉冲负载峰值响应的出现阶段
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105122

This study fills a challenging gap in the field of structural dynamics. A potential rule is theoretically proved: The peak displacements of undamped single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems subjected to nonnegative but symmetric pulse loads necessarily occur within the pulse loading duration if the frequency ratio β<1, and after the pulse loading duration if the frequency ratio β>1. As a special case, the first peak displacements accurately take place at the end of the pulse loading when β=1. Also, the occurrence time of the first peak displacements has a theoretic value of tϕ=tp/2+T/4 in the case of β>1. Although this potential rule can be easily verified in certain cases, it has not been theoretically and systematically proved so far. A rigorous and complete proof is presented and featured by the proposed analysis based on Duhamel's integral. The analyzation circumvents the difficulties in analytically solving dynamic responses to different pulse loads in different shapes, but still reaches theoretical conclusions and yields a general law of structural dynamics. The proved law can be used to predict the occurrence phase of the first peak displacements when undamped SDOF systems subjected to nonnegative but symmetric pulse loads.

这项研究填补了结构动力学领域的一项空白。从理论上证明了一个潜在规则:在非负但对称的脉冲载荷作用下,如果频率比β<1,无阻尼单自由度(SDOF)系统的位移峰值必然发生在脉冲载荷持续时间内;如果频率比β>1,位移峰值必然发生在脉冲载荷持续时间之后。 作为特例,当β=1 时,第一个位移峰值准确地发生在脉冲载荷结束时。此外,在 β>1 的情况下,第一个位移峰值的出现时间的理论值为 tj=tp/2+T/4。 虽然这一潜在规则在某些情况下很容易得到验证,但迄今为止尚未得到理论上的系统证明。基于杜哈梅尔积分的分析方法提出了一个严格而完整的证明。该分析规避了分析解决不同形状的不同脉冲载荷动态响应的困难,但仍然得出了理论结论,并产生了结构动力学的一般规律。当无阻尼 SDOF 系统受到非负但对称的脉冲载荷作用时,所证明的定律可用于预测首峰位移的发生相位。
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引用次数: 0
Analytical and numerical models to predict the shape of incident pulse in split-Hopkinson bar experiments 预测分裂霍普金森棒实验中入射脉冲形状的分析和数值模型
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105103
In typical split-Hopkinson pressure bar experiments (SHPB), the striker bar impacts the incident bar via discs made from soft materials such as copper. These discs, also called pulse shapers, are used (i) to eliminate the high frequency components of the incident pulse, (ii) to obtain a finite rise time of the incident pulse and (iii) to obtain a constant strain rate. Although these pulse shapers have been used for over decades in SHPB experiments, no analytical solutions or simple models are available that can predict the incident pulse as a function of the striker velocity, pulse shaper geometry and material parameters. Assuming that the pulse shaper is a rigid-linearly hardening material, we derive the analytical solution for the incident pulse when the rise time of the incident pulse is less than twice the time taken for a longitudinal wave to travel along the length of the striker. For larger rise times, we additionally assume that the striker is rigid to obtain a simple numerical model to predict the incident pulse in the presence of a pulse shaper. Both these models are validated against numerical simulations and experiments to demonstrate their accuracy.
在典型的分离式霍普金森压力棒(SHPB)实验中,撞击棒通过铜等软材料制成的圆盘撞击入射棒。这些圆盘也称为脉冲整形器,用于:(i) 消除入射脉冲的高频成分;(ii) 获得入射脉冲的有限上升时间;(iii) 获得恒定的应变率。虽然这些脉冲整形器已在 SHPB 实验中使用了数十年,但目前还没有分析解决方案或简单模型可以预测入射脉冲与冲锋速度、脉冲整形器几何形状和材料参数之间的函数关系。假设脉冲整形器是一种刚性线性硬化材料,当入射脉冲的上升时间小于纵波沿冲锋器长度传播时间的两倍时,我们得出入射脉冲的解析解。对于较大的上升时间,我们还假设击剑是刚性的,从而得到一个简单的数值模型来预测脉冲整形器存在时的入射脉冲。我们通过数值模拟和实验对这两个模型进行了验证,以证明它们的准确性。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental study on the blast resistance of polyurea-coated aramid fabrics 聚脲涂层芳纶织物抗爆性实验研究
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105120

This paper investigates overpressure attenuation capacity and failure mechanism of the polyurea-coated aramid fabric (PCAF) subjected to air-blast loading experimentally. The peak overpressure, arrival time and positive pressure duration of shock waves on the blast and back side of PCAFs were obtained in tests and analyzed. In addition, the failure mode and mechanism were revealed with the electron scanning microscope (SEM), meanwhile the effect of polyurea type, coating position and thickness ratio on the blast resistance were discussed. The results show that in the cases of scaled distances of 1.84 and 2.32 m/kg1/3, PCAFs, one-layer polyurea coated on three-layer aramid woven fabrics, can attenuate the peak overpressure by about 70 %, delay the arrival time by about 0.7 ms, and shorten the positive pressure duration by 10 %-50 %. This is due to the increased out-of plane stiffness and closure of interweaving apertures of the aramid fabric. Furthermore, perforation is the main failure mode of aramid fabrics, in which the tensile breakage in weft yarn and the frictional slip in warp yarn, while the failure modes of PCAF mainly include fracture and exfoliation, with both weft and warp yarns breakage and polyurea failure. It was concluded that the degree of infiltration between the polyurea and fabric affects mechanical properties of the fiber, changing the failure mode of PCAF. In terms of the extent of damage, the PCAF exhibits a superior blast resistance when the polyurea coated on the back side. The blast resistance of PCAF increases first then decreases with an increase in the thickness of the polyurea layer under the same areal density.

本文通过实验研究了聚脲涂层芳纶织物(PCAF)在气爆荷载作用下的超压衰减能力和失效机理。试验获得并分析了冲击波在聚脲涂层芳纶织物爆炸面和背面的峰值超压、到达时间和正压持续时间。此外,还利用电子扫描显微镜(SEM)揭示了其失效模式和机理,并讨论了聚脲类型、涂层位置和厚度比对抗爆性能的影响。结果表明,在标度距离为 1.84 和 2.32 m/kg1/3 的情况下,涂覆在三层芳纶编织物上的单层聚脲 PCAF 可使峰值过压衰减约 70%,到达时间延迟约 0.7 ms,正压持续时间缩短 10%-50%。这是因为芳纶织物的平面外刚度增加,交织孔隙闭合。此外,穿孔是芳纶织物的主要失效模式,其中纬纱拉伸断裂,经纱摩擦滑移;而 PCAF 的失效模式主要包括断裂和剥离,其中纬纱和经纱均断裂,聚脲失效。结论是聚脲与织物之间的渗透程度会影响纤维的机械性能,改变 PCAF 的失效模式。就破坏程度而言,聚脲涂覆在 PCAF 背面时,PCAF 表现出更高的抗爆性。在相同面积密度下,随着聚脲层厚度的增加,PCAF 的抗爆性先增加后减小。
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引用次数: 0
Crushing responses and energy absorption characteristics of the dynamic stiffening porous material subjected to different strain rates 不同应变速率下动态加硬多孔材料的挤压响应和能量吸收特性
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105117

Porous material (PM) has excellent energy absorption performance and is widely used as an impact-energy absorber. However, the PM may provide little utility when the impact conditions change. Shear stiffening gel (SSG) with an extremely strong viscosity effect can be as a dynamic responding fortifier to overcome the limitation of PMs. In this paper, a rate-dependent, smart energy-absorbing material (SSG/PM) is fabricated by incorporating SSG that is reinforced with CaCO3 particles onto the PM. Aided by the dynamic compression experiments at the strain rate range of 0.001 to 100 s−1, both SSG/PM and neat PM are assessed and compared for crushing performance. Results reveal that the SSG/PM exhibits a pronounced dynamic stiffening characteristic in response to various strain rates owing to the rate-dependent phase transition of embedded SSG, thereby contributing to enhancing the PM skeleton's ability to withstand deformation. The SSG/PM displays a noteworthy boost in energy absorption (up to 831.98 %). Moreover, the influence of loading rate, particle mass fraction, and PM aperture size are also examined. The findings indicate that its crushing resistance and energy absorption capability are enhanced with the increase in strain rate, demonstrating the ability to adapt to various dynamic scenarios. The use of a higher particle mass fraction and smaller aperture size helps to improve the energy absorption capability of the SSG/PM. Additionally, quantitative energy analysis is implemented in which the energy dissipation mechanisms of the SSG/PM are attributed to the synergistic interaction of skeleton deformation, shear stiffening effects, and particle enhancement. It is ascertained that as the loading rate increases, the shear stiffening effect continues to strengthen; the particle content effect exhibits a rising-falling trend; while the skeleton deformation shows a rate-independent feature. This study sheds light on the crushing behaviors and corresponding energy dissipation mechanisms of SSG-based composites, thereby providing valuable insights for the design of SSG-based composites.

多孔材料(PM)具有出色的能量吸收性能,被广泛用作冲击能量吸收器。然而,当冲击条件发生变化时,多孔材料的作用就会大打折扣。具有极强粘度效应的剪切增硬凝胶(SSG)可以作为动态响应强化剂,克服多孔材料的局限性。本文通过在 PM 上加入用 CaCO3 颗粒增强的 SSG,制造出了一种随速率变化的智能吸能材料(SSG/PM)。在应变速率为 0.001 到 100 s-1 的动态压缩实验的辅助下,对 SSG/PM 和纯 PM 的破碎性能进行了评估和比较。结果表明,由于内嵌 SSG 的相变与应变速率有关,SSG/PM 在不同应变速率下表现出明显的动态变硬特性,从而增强了 PM 骨架承受变形的能力。SSG/PM 的能量吸收能力显著提高(高达 831.98%)。此外,还研究了加载速率、颗粒质量分数和 PM 孔径大小的影响。研究结果表明,随着应变速率的增加,其抗挤压能力和能量吸收能力都得到了增强,这证明了其适应各种动态环境的能力。使用较高的颗粒质量分数和较小的孔径尺寸有助于提高 SSG/PM 的能量吸收能力。此外,还进行了定量能量分析,将 SSG/PM 的能量耗散机制归因于骨架变形、剪切加固效应和颗粒增强的协同作用。结果表明,随着加载速率的增加,剪切加固效应不断加强;颗粒含量效应呈上升-下降趋势;而骨架变形则表现出与速率无关的特征。该研究揭示了基于 SSG 的复合材料的挤压行为和相应的能量耗散机制,从而为基于 SSG 的复合材料的设计提供了宝贵的启示。
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引用次数: 0
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International Journal of Impact Engineering
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