International Journal of Impact Engineering最新文献_第3页

Coupling validity evaluation and constitutive modeling of annealed copper via weighted SVD and CP decomposition 基于加权SVD和CP分解的退火铜耦合有效性评价及本构建模

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105643

Xinyu Sun, Yiding Wu, Rui Zhu, Wencheng Lu, Shuangqi Li, Bingzhuo Hu, Guangfa Gao

The legitimacy of decoupled forms in dynamic constitutive modeling has long lacked rigorous mathematical criteria. To address this, we propose a unified legitimacy-assessment framework based on Weighted Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (CP) tensor decomposition. This framework introduces an inverse-variance weighting strategy that quantifies experimental reliability from data dispersion, thereby enhancing the physical consistency of model diagnosis. Applied to annealed copper, our analysis reveals that the flow stress exhibits pronounced low-rank characteristics in both two-dimensional (strain–stress state) and quasi-static three-dimensional spaces, validating the use of decoupled models. However, under dynamic conditions and in the full four-dimensional space (incorporating temperature), the Rank-1 approximation error increases markedly, uncovering strong coupling among strain rate, temperature, and stress state. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a coupled constitutive model, informed by the CP decomposition results, significantly improves predictive accuracy. The proposed framework provides a theoretical foundation for simplifying and constructing high-fidelity, data-driven constitutive models.

解耦形式在动态本构建模中的合法性一直缺乏严格的数学标准。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一个基于加权奇异值分解（SVD）和CANDECOMP/PARAFAC （CP）张量分解的统一合法性评估框架。该框架引入了一种反方差加权策略，通过数据分散量化实验可靠性，从而增强模型诊断的物理一致性。应用于退火铜，我们的分析表明，流动应力在二维（应变-应力状态）和准静态三维空间中都表现出明显的低秩特征，验证了解耦模型的使用。然而，在动态条件和全四维空间（含温度）下，Rank-1近似误差显著增大，揭示了应变速率、温度和应力状态之间的强耦合。此外，我们证明了由CP分解结果通知的耦合本构模型显着提高了预测精度。该框架为简化和构建高保真、数据驱动的本构模型提供了理论基础。

{"title":"Coupling validity evaluation and constitutive modeling of annealed copper via weighted SVD and CP decomposition","authors":"Xinyu Sun, Yiding Wu, Rui Zhu, Wencheng Lu, Shuangqi Li, Bingzhuo Hu, Guangfa Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105643","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105643","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The legitimacy of decoupled forms in dynamic constitutive modeling has long lacked rigorous mathematical criteria. To address this, we propose a unified legitimacy-assessment framework based on Weighted Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (CP) tensor decomposition. This framework introduces an inverse-variance weighting strategy that quantifies experimental reliability from data dispersion, thereby enhancing the physical consistency of model diagnosis. Applied to annealed copper, our analysis reveals that the flow stress exhibits pronounced low-rank characteristics in both two-dimensional (strain–stress state) and quasi-static three-dimensional spaces, validating the use of decoupled models. However, under dynamic conditions and in the full four-dimensional space (incorporating temperature), the Rank-1 approximation error increases markedly, uncovering strong coupling among strain rate, temperature, and stress state. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a coupled constitutive model, informed by the CP decomposition results, significantly improves predictive accuracy. The proposed framework provides a theoretical foundation for simplifying and constructing high-fidelity, data-driven constitutive models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105643"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The effect of layered cover plate material on the ballistic performance of ceramic armors: Experimental and numerical study 层状盖板材料对陶瓷装甲弹道性能的影响：实验与数值研究

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105645

Seven Burçin Çellek , Alper Taşdemirci , Gülden Çimen , Fakı Murat Yıldıztekin , Ahmet Kaan Toksoy , Mustafa Güden

This study investigates the ballistic performance of silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic armor systems reinforced with single and hybrid metallic cover plates composed of Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) and copper. Controlled ballistic experiments combined with validated LS-DYNA simulations were conducted to examine how cover-plate material, thickness, and stacking sequence influence penetration resistance, energy dissipation, and failure mechanisms. The experimental results revealed that metallic cover plates significantly enhance protection by improving projectile erosion and extending dwell time. While both Ti64 and copper single layers increased the anti-penetration capability (APC) compared with bare SiC, hybrid configurations achieved the highest performance. The optimal design, consisting of a 2 mm Ti64 plate placed in front of a 1 mm copper plate, produced the greatest reduction in penetration depth and the highest APC value. Numerical analyses closely replicated the experimental trends and provided insight into stress-wave interactions, pressure evolution, and damage progression within the ceramic. The findings demonstrate that hybrid Ti64-Cu systems not only improve initial impact resistance but also redistribute energy toward the front layers, reducing stress transmission to the backing and mitigating catastrophic ceramic failure. The combined experimental and numerical results establish a clear design framework for developing lightweight, high-efficiency ceramic armor through tailored hybrid layering strategies.

本文研究了由Ti-6Al-4V （Ti64）和铜组成的单一和混合金属盖板增强的碳化硅（SiC）陶瓷装甲系统的弹道性能。通过控制弹道实验结合LS-DYNA仿真，研究了盖板材料、厚度和堆叠顺序对穿透阻力、能量耗散和破坏机制的影响。实验结果表明，金属盖板通过改善弹丸侵蚀和延长停留时间，显著提高了防护效果。与裸SiC相比，Ti64和铜单层都提高了抗穿透能力（APC），但混合结构的性能最高。最佳设计是将2mm Ti64板置于1mm铜板前，从而最大程度地降低了穿透深度，APC值最高。数值分析紧密复制了实验趋势，并提供了对陶瓷内部应力波相互作用、压力演变和损伤进展的见解。研究结果表明，混合Ti64-Cu体系不仅提高了初始抗冲击性，而且还将能量重新分配到前层，减少了向衬底的应力传递，减轻了灾难性的陶瓷失效。结合实验和数值结果，为通过定制混合分层策略开发轻量化、高效陶瓷装甲建立了清晰的设计框架。

{"title":"The effect of layered cover plate material on the ballistic performance of ceramic armors: Experimental and numerical study","authors":"Seven Burçin Çellek , Alper Taşdemirci , Gülden Çimen , Fakı Murat Yıldıztekin , Ahmet Kaan Toksoy , Mustafa Güden","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105645","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105645","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the ballistic performance of silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic armor systems reinforced with single and hybrid metallic cover plates composed of Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) and copper. Controlled ballistic experiments combined with validated LS-DYNA simulations were conducted to examine how cover-plate material, thickness, and stacking sequence influence penetration resistance, energy dissipation, and failure mechanisms. The experimental results revealed that metallic cover plates significantly enhance protection by improving projectile erosion and extending dwell time. While both Ti64 and copper single layers increased the anti-penetration capability (APC) compared with bare SiC, hybrid configurations achieved the highest performance. The optimal design, consisting of a 2 mm Ti64 plate placed in front of a 1 mm copper plate, produced the greatest reduction in penetration depth and the highest APC value. Numerical analyses closely replicated the experimental trends and provided insight into stress-wave interactions, pressure evolution, and damage progression within the ceramic. The findings demonstrate that hybrid Ti64-Cu systems not only improve initial impact resistance but also redistribute energy toward the front layers, reducing stress transmission to the backing and mitigating catastrophic ceramic failure. The combined experimental and numerical results establish a clear design framework for developing lightweight, high-efficiency ceramic armor through tailored hybrid layering strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105645"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hypervelocity impact response and equation-of-state characterization of selective laser melted AlSi10Mg alloy 选择性激光熔化AlSi10Mg合金的超高速冲击响应及状态方程表征

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105644

Bilin Zheng , Xiao Kang , Xiaoyu Zhang , Mengchuan Xu , Yuan Li , Ying Li

With the advancement of 3D printing technology, there is a growing trend toward employing intricate selective laser melted (SLM) lightweight lattice structures as hypervelocity impact-resistant devices, potentially replacing traditional Whipple shield configurations. However, systematic analysis of the hypervelocity mechanical performance of SLM-manufactured materials—particularly the widely used AlSi10Mg aluminum alloy—remains insufficient. To investigate the dynamic response mechanisms of SLM AlSi10Mg aluminum alloy under hypervelocity impact, this study systematically quantifies the material's mechanical behavior and pore defect effects through integrated porosity-incorporated numerical simulations and hypervelocity shock compression experiments. A quantitative predictive model correlating porosity with shock wave propagation was established through micro-CT-based pore reconstruction. The study identifies dual attenuation mechanisms mediated by pore networks, involving both energy dissipation through pore collapse and impedance mismatch effects at pore-matrix interfaces. These coupled mechanisms reduce shockwave velocity, attenuate pressure amplitude, and ultimately decrease the equation-of-state (EOS) parameters compared to those of defect-free theoretical values. Hypervelocity shock compression experiments were then conducted at pressures of 14.76 GPa-58.45 GPa, with maximum velocities exceeding 5 km/s, validating the reliability of numerical simulations and enabling the pioneering experimental determination of Hugoniot EOS parameters for SLM AlSi10Mg under hypervelocity conditions. The experimental results demonstrate that compared to conventional wrought aluminum alloys, the SLM material exhibits slight reductions in EOS parameters (1%-10%) alongside systematic degradation of compressive resistance. The scientific innovations of this work include quantitative elucidation of additive manufacturing (AM) defect-shockwave interactions through energy redistribution mechanisms; the pioneer experimental acquisition of Hugoniot EOS parameters for SLM aluminum alloys under extreme dynamic loading.

随着3D打印技术的进步，采用复杂的选择性激光熔化（SLM）轻质点阵结构作为超高速抗冲击器件的趋势日益增长，有可能取代传统的惠普尔屏蔽结构。然而，对slm制造的材料，特别是广泛使用的AlSi10Mg铝合金的超高速力学性能的系统分析仍然不足。为了研究超高速冲击下SLM AlSi10Mg铝合金的动态响应机制，本研究通过综合孔隙率数值模拟和超高速冲击压缩实验，系统量化了材料的力学行为和孔隙缺陷效应。通过基于微ct的孔隙重建，建立了孔隙度与激波传播的定量预测模型。该研究确定了由孔隙网络介导的双重衰减机制，包括孔隙崩塌的能量耗散和孔隙-基质界面的阻抗失配效应。与没有缺陷的理论值相比，这些耦合机制降低了冲击波速度，减弱了压力幅值，最终降低了状态方程（EOS）参数。在14.76 GPa-58.45 GPa的超高速激波压缩实验条件下，最大速度超过5 km/s，验证了数值模拟的可靠性，实现了超高速条件下AlSi10Mg SLM Hugoniot EOS参数的开创性实验确定。实验结果表明，与传统的变形铝合金相比，SLM材料的EOS参数略有降低（1%-10%），同时抗压性能也有系统的下降。这项工作的科学创新包括通过能量再分配机制定量阐明增材制造（AM）缺陷-冲击波相互作用；在极端动态载荷下，SLM铝合金Hugoniot EOS参数的首次实验采集。

{"title":"Hypervelocity impact response and equation-of-state characterization of selective laser melted AlSi10Mg alloy","authors":"Bilin Zheng , Xiao Kang , Xiaoyu Zhang , Mengchuan Xu , Yuan Li , Ying Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105644","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105644","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the advancement of 3D printing technology, there is a growing trend toward employing intricate selective laser melted (SLM) lightweight lattice structures as hypervelocity impact-resistant devices, potentially replacing traditional Whipple shield configurations. However, systematic analysis of the hypervelocity mechanical performance of SLM-manufactured materials—particularly the widely used AlSi10Mg aluminum alloy—remains insufficient. To investigate the dynamic response mechanisms of SLM AlSi10Mg aluminum alloy under hypervelocity impact, this study systematically quantifies the material's mechanical behavior and pore defect effects through integrated porosity-incorporated numerical simulations and hypervelocity shock compression experiments. A quantitative predictive model correlating porosity with shock wave propagation was established through micro-CT-based pore reconstruction. The study identifies dual attenuation mechanisms mediated by pore networks, involving both energy dissipation through pore collapse and impedance mismatch effects at pore-matrix interfaces. These coupled mechanisms reduce shockwave velocity, attenuate pressure amplitude, and ultimately decrease the equation-of-state (EOS) parameters compared to those of defect-free theoretical values. Hypervelocity shock compression experiments were then conducted at pressures of 14.76 GPa-58.45 GPa, with maximum velocities exceeding 5 km/s, validating the reliability of numerical simulations and enabling the pioneering experimental determination of Hugoniot EOS parameters for SLM AlSi10Mg under hypervelocity conditions. The experimental results demonstrate that compared to conventional wrought aluminum alloys, the SLM material exhibits slight reductions in EOS parameters (1%-10%) alongside systematic degradation of compressive resistance. The scientific innovations of this work include quantitative elucidation of additive manufacturing (AM) defect-shockwave interactions through energy redistribution mechanisms; the pioneer experimental acquisition of Hugoniot EOS parameters for SLM aluminum alloys under extreme dynamic loading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105644"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Spring-rod-based mechanical metamaterials with programmable nonlinear load-displacement curves 具有可编程非线性载荷-位移曲线的基于弹簧杆的机械超材料

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105642

Haifeng Ou, Wenkang Ye, Lingling Hu

Load-displacement curve is the essence of a material for the mechanical performances, which can normally not be changed once they are manufactured. In engineering, complex dynamic loads are usually sudden or unexpected. Great challenges remain for materials with alterable mechanical characteristics to meet various requirement of sudden dynamic protection. Here, we present a novel kind of metamaterial with rich types of load-displacement curves programmable, such as multiple snap-through to resist repeatable impact, stair-stepping for vibration isolation, long quasi-plateau for impact buffering or nonlinear damping, and mixture of above characteristics for complex dynamic loads. The metamaterial is composed of springs and rod mechanisms. The cells’ stiffness can be switched among zero, negative and positive, whilst the load amplitude is regulable. It is realized by the matching between the nonlinearity of rod mechanisms and the springs’ stiffnesses, with the former adjustable by the spring’s length. Thus the metamaterial’s mechanical characteristics can be programmed by only replacing several springs with different stiffness or length. The analytical expressions of the metamaterial’s load-displacement relationship under large deformation are established in an equation of parameters of springs and rods, which plays the guidance for the programming customization of the metamaterial. Experiments demonstrated the excellent buffering of the metamaterial under both repetitive impact and low-frequency vibrations even with indeterminate payload. The proposed spring-rod-based metamaterial and the ability of altering nonlinear load-displacement curves open up a new avenue to the self-adaptive protection under complex dynamic loads.

载荷-位移曲线是材料力学性能的本质，材料一经制造，通常是不可改变的。在工程中，复杂的动荷载通常是突然的或不可预测的。机械特性多变的材料要满足各种突发动态保护的要求，面临着很大的挑战。在这里，我们提出了一种新型的具有丰富类型的可编程载荷-位移曲线的超材料，例如用于抵抗重复冲击的多重穿越，用于隔振的阶梯，用于缓冲冲击或非线性阻尼的长准平台，以及用于复杂动态载荷的上述特性的混合。该超材料由弹簧和杆机构组成。单元刚度可在零、负、正之间切换，载荷幅值可调。它是通过连杆机构的非线性与弹簧刚度的匹配来实现的，前者可以通过弹簧的长度来调节。因此，只需更换几个不同刚度或长度的弹簧，就可以对超材料的机械特性进行编程。建立了大变形条件下超材料的载荷-位移关系的解析表达式，为超材料的编程定制提供了指导。实验证明，即使载荷不确定，该材料在重复冲击和低频振动下也具有良好的缓冲性能。所提出的基于弹簧杆的超材料及其改变非线性载荷-位移曲线的能力为复杂动载荷下的自适应保护开辟了一条新的途径。

{"title":"Spring-rod-based mechanical metamaterials with programmable nonlinear load-displacement curves","authors":"Haifeng Ou, Wenkang Ye, Lingling Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105642","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105642","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Load-displacement curve is the essence of a material for the mechanical performances, which can normally not be changed once they are manufactured. In engineering, complex dynamic loads are usually sudden or unexpected. Great challenges remain for materials with alterable mechanical characteristics to meet various requirement of sudden dynamic protection. Here, we present a novel kind of metamaterial with rich types of load-displacement curves programmable, such as multiple snap-through to resist repeatable impact, stair-stepping for vibration isolation, long quasi-plateau for impact buffering or nonlinear damping, and mixture of above characteristics for complex dynamic loads. The metamaterial is composed of springs and rod mechanisms. The cells’ stiffness can be switched among zero, negative and positive, whilst the load amplitude is regulable. It is realized by the matching between the nonlinearity of rod mechanisms and the springs’ stiffnesses, with the former adjustable by the spring’s length. Thus the metamaterial’s mechanical characteristics can be programmed by only replacing several springs with different stiffness or length. The analytical expressions of the metamaterial’s load-displacement relationship under large deformation are established in an equation of parameters of springs and rods, which plays the guidance for the programming customization of the metamaterial. Experiments demonstrated the excellent buffering of the metamaterial under both repetitive impact and low-frequency vibrations even with indeterminate payload. The proposed spring-rod-based metamaterial and the ability of altering nonlinear load-displacement curves open up a new avenue to the self-adaptive protection under complex dynamic loads.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105642"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Residual impact resistance of fire-exposed RC slabs: High-fidelity modeling, mechanisms, and prediction 暴露于火中的RC板的残余抗冲击性：高保真模型、机制和预测

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105640

Puchu Xie , Li Chen , Bin Feng , Chengjun Yue , Linfeng Xu , Boyu Chen

The residual impact resistance of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs following fire exposure is a critical concern for structural safety, yet remains poorly understood due to the complexity of coupled thermo-mechanical phenomena. This paper establishes a high-fidelity computational framework to systematically investigate this issue by integrating the KC-HT constitutive model with a Truss-Enhanced Adaptive FEM-MPM (TEAFEMPM) platform. Following validation against experimental data, an extensive parametric study reveals a non-monotonic, “U-shaped” relationship between the slab’s dynamic resistance and impact velocity. This trend originates from the interplay between physical failure mechanisms and the resistance metric: the initial drop in resistance is driven by a sharp increase in penetration depth as failure transitions from top-rebar containment to bottom-rebar arrest, while the subsequent rise is attributed to material strain-rate hardening within the perforation regime. Furthermore, thermal pre-damage systematically lowers this U-shaped curve. Based on a validated physics-informed decoupling hypothesis—which confirms that thermal degradation is largely independent of impact velocity—these insights are synthesized into a unified predictive model. By employing a general functional form with coefficients calibrated for the studied configuration, the model accurately quantifies residual impact resistance (

R^{2}

= 0.897). This study elucidates the governing failure mechanisms and provides an efficient tool for the vulnerability assessment of thermally damaged structures.

火灾后钢筋混凝土（RC）板的残余抗冲击性是结构安全的关键问题，但由于耦合热-力学现象的复杂性，人们对其了解甚少。本文通过将KC-HT本构模型与桁架增强自适应FEM-MPM （TEAFEMPM）平台相结合，建立了一个高保真的计算框架来系统地研究这一问题。在对实验数据进行验证之后，一项广泛的参数研究揭示了板的动阻力与冲击速度之间的非单调的“u形”关系。这一趋势源于物理破坏机制与阻力指标之间的相互作用：随着破坏从顶部钢筋密封过渡到底部钢筋停止，穿透深度急剧增加，从而导致阻力的最初下降，而随后的上升归因于射孔区内材料应变率硬化。此外，热预损伤系统地降低了u形曲线。基于一个经过验证的物理解耦假设（证实热降解在很大程度上与撞击速度无关），这些见解被综合成一个统一的预测模型。通过采用一般函数形式，并根据所研究的配置校准系数，该模型准确地量化了剩余抗冲击性（R2 = 0.897）。本研究阐明了热损伤结构的控制破坏机制，为热损伤结构的易损性评估提供了有效的工具。

{"title":"Residual impact resistance of fire-exposed RC slabs: High-fidelity modeling, mechanisms, and prediction","authors":"Puchu Xie , Li Chen , Bin Feng , Chengjun Yue , Linfeng Xu , Boyu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105640","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105640","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The residual impact resistance of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs following fire exposure is a critical concern for structural safety, yet remains poorly understood due to the complexity of coupled thermo-mechanical phenomena. This paper establishes a high-fidelity computational framework to systematically investigate this issue by integrating the KC-HT constitutive model with a Truss-Enhanced Adaptive FEM-MPM (TEAFEMPM) platform. Following validation against experimental data, an extensive parametric study reveals a non-monotonic, “U-shaped” relationship between the slab’s dynamic resistance and impact velocity. This trend originates from the interplay between physical failure mechanisms and the resistance metric: the initial drop in resistance is driven by a sharp increase in penetration depth as failure transitions from top-rebar containment to bottom-rebar arrest, while the subsequent rise is attributed to material strain-rate hardening within the perforation regime. Furthermore, thermal pre-damage systematically lowers this U-shaped curve. Based on a validated physics-informed decoupling hypothesis—which confirms that thermal degradation is largely independent of impact velocity—these insights are synthesized into a unified predictive model. By employing a general functional form with coefficients calibrated for the studied configuration, the model accurately quantifies residual impact resistance (<span><math><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></math></span> = 0.897). This study elucidates the governing failure mechanisms and provides an efficient tool for the vulnerability assessment of thermally damaged structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105640"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to ’Optimization of steel-UHMWPE multilayer armour under ballistic impact: Experiments and Simulations’ “钢质超高分子量聚乙烯多层装甲在弹道冲击下的优化：实验和模拟”的更正

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105616

Sangeeta Khare , Kartikeya Kartikeya , Hemant Chouhan , Naresh Bhatnagar , Puneet Mahajan

引用次数: 0

On the penetration of shear thickening fluid (STF) impregnated and neat Kevlar fabrics 剪切增稠液（STF）浸渍整齐凯夫拉织物的渗透性能

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105639

Y.C. Ye, H.C. Xu, H.M. Wen

Shear thickening fluid (STF) impregnated Kevlar fabric is an advanced composite material that exhibits superior impact resistance compared to neat Kevlar fabric. This study investigates the penetration behavior of both STF impregnated and neat Kevlar fabrics within a unified framework. A continuum damage mechanics (CDM) based dynamic constitutive model, recently developed for both materials, is first outlined. This model incorporates a dynamic increase factor (accounting for strain rate effects) and a residual strength factor (calibrated using STF rheological properties and yarn pull-out test results). Furthermore, the model is enhanced by incorporating temperature effects, which significantly improves its predictive capability at different temperatures. Numerical simulations of ballistic, low-velocity impact, and quasi-static penetration are conducted using this constitutive model. The simulation results show good agreement with available experimental data in terms of residual velocity, load-displacement curve, and failure patterns, validating the model's accuracy and effectiveness. Parametric studies reveal that projectile nose shape significantly affects the penetration resistance of both materials. Additionally, the STF impregnated fabric mobilizes a larger material region during impact, thereby enhancing its penetration resistance relative to neat Kevlar, while also exhibiting greater strain rate sensitivity across different impact velocities under identical energy conditions

剪切增稠液（STF）浸渍凯夫拉纤维织物是一种先进的复合材料，与纯凯夫拉纤维织物相比，具有优越的抗冲击性。本研究在一个统一的框架内研究了STF浸渍和整齐凯夫拉织物的渗透行为。本文首先概述了一种基于连续损伤力学（CDM）的动态本构模型，该模型是最近针对这两种材料开发的。该模型包含一个动态增加因子（考虑应变率效应）和一个残余强度因子（使用STF流变特性和纱线拉出测试结果进行校准）。此外，模型还加入了温度效应，显著提高了模型在不同温度下的预测能力。利用该本构模型进行了弹道、低速冲击和准静态侵彻的数值模拟。仿真结果与现有实验数据在残余速度、载荷-位移曲线、破坏模式等方面吻合较好，验证了模型的准确性和有效性。参数化研究表明，弹鼻形状对两种材料的侵彻阻力均有显著影响。此外，STF浸渍织物在冲击过程中动员了更大的材料区域，从而提高了其相对于纯凯夫拉的穿透阻力，同时在相同能量条件下，在不同的冲击速度下也表现出更大的应变率敏感性

{"title":"On the penetration of shear thickening fluid (STF) impregnated and neat Kevlar fabrics","authors":"Y.C. Ye, H.C. Xu, H.M. Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105639","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105639","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shear thickening fluid (STF) impregnated Kevlar fabric is an advanced composite material that exhibits superior impact resistance compared to neat Kevlar fabric. This study investigates the penetration behavior of both STF impregnated and neat Kevlar fabrics within a unified framework. A continuum damage mechanics (CDM) based dynamic constitutive model, recently developed for both materials, is first outlined. This model incorporates a dynamic increase factor (accounting for strain rate effects) and a residual strength factor (calibrated using STF rheological properties and yarn pull-out test results). Furthermore, the model is enhanced by incorporating temperature effects, which significantly improves its predictive capability at different temperatures. Numerical simulations of ballistic, low-velocity impact, and quasi-static penetration are conducted using this constitutive model. The simulation results show good agreement with available experimental data in terms of residual velocity, load-displacement curve, and failure patterns, validating the model's accuracy and effectiveness. Parametric studies reveal that projectile nose shape significantly affects the penetration resistance of both materials. Additionally, the STF impregnated fabric mobilizes a larger material region during impact, thereby enhancing its penetration resistance relative to neat Kevlar, while also exhibiting greater strain rate sensitivity across different impact velocities under identical energy conditions</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105639"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A novel scaling method for assessing dynamic response distortions of thin plates induced by blast loads 一种评估爆炸荷载引起的薄板动态响应畸变的新型标度方法

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105637

Sijia Liu, Li Chen, Bin Feng

In the blast tests utilizing scaled models, precise control of the blast load is required to meet design specifications. However, achieving this precision is technically challenging. Deviations between the actual and intended blast loads can introduce significant error in extrapolating the prototype's response from the scaled model data. This error is referred to as load distortion. To address this issue, this study proposes a novel scaling method that accounts for load distortion based on an equivalent static load approach. Using a clamped one-way thin steel plate as a case study, dimensional analysis is first conducted to elucidate the physical mechanism underlying load distortion. Then, by applying the equivalent single-degree-of-freedom theory, an explicit relationship between the blast load and structural deformation is derived through the concept of an equivalent static load. A key innovation of this study is that the similarity between the maximum deformation responses of the scaled model and the prototype can be characterized by the product of the load distortion coefficient and the geometric scale factor. This allows for correction of the model's deformation response data, thereby achieving accurate prediction of the prototype's deformation response. The method's validity is confirmed through numerical simulations and shock tube experiments on clamped one-way thin steel plates. This approach successfully circumvents the technical challenge of precise blast load control, while providing a novel reference framework for quantifying the resulting load distortions.

在使用比例模型的爆炸试验中，需要精确控制爆炸载荷以满足设计规范。然而，实现这种精度在技术上是具有挑战性的。实际爆炸载荷与预期爆炸载荷之间的偏差可能会导致根据比例模型数据推断原型响应的重大误差。这种误差被称为负载失真。为了解决这个问题，本研究提出了一种新的缩放方法，该方法基于等效静态负载方法来考虑负载畸变。以夹紧单向薄钢板为例，首先进行了量纲分析，阐明了载荷变形的物理机制。然后，应用等效单自由度理论，通过等效静载荷的概念推导出爆炸载荷与结构变形之间的明确关系。该研究的一个关键创新之处在于，比例模型与原型的最大变形响应的相似性可以用荷载变形系数与几何比例因子的乘积来表征。这样可以对模型的变形响应数据进行校正，从而实现对原型变形响应的准确预测。通过对单向夹紧薄钢板的数值模拟和激波管实验，验证了该方法的有效性。这种方法成功地规避了精确爆炸载荷控制的技术挑战，同时为量化产生的载荷畸变提供了一种新的参考框架。

{"title":"A novel scaling method for assessing dynamic response distortions of thin plates induced by blast loads","authors":"Sijia Liu, Li Chen, Bin Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105637","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105637","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the blast tests utilizing scaled models, precise control of the blast load is required to meet design specifications. However, achieving this precision is technically challenging. Deviations between the actual and intended blast loads can introduce significant error in extrapolating the prototype's response from the scaled model data. This error is referred to as load distortion. To address this issue, this study proposes a novel scaling method that accounts for load distortion based on an equivalent static load approach. Using a clamped one-way thin steel plate as a case study, dimensional analysis is first conducted to elucidate the physical mechanism underlying load distortion. Then, by applying the equivalent single-degree-of-freedom theory, an explicit relationship between the blast load and structural deformation is derived through the concept of an equivalent static load. A key innovation of this study is that the similarity between the maximum deformation responses of the scaled model and the prototype can be characterized by the product of the load distortion coefficient and the geometric scale factor. This allows for correction of the model's deformation response data, thereby achieving accurate prediction of the prototype's deformation response. The method's validity is confirmed through numerical simulations and shock tube experiments on clamped one-way thin steel plates. This approach successfully circumvents the technical challenge of precise blast load control, while providing a novel reference framework for quantifying the resulting load distortions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105637"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Simplified two-DOF model-based analysis and design method for hybrid bar reinforced concrete beams under impact loading 基于简化二自由度模型的混合钢筋混凝土梁冲击荷载分析与设计方法

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105638

Qi Cao , Shuai-Fei Wei , Zhenji Wang , Rongxiong Gao

This study addresses the impact resistance design requirements for seawater and sea-sand concrete (SSC) structures in island-reef and offshore engineering. A hybrid reinforcement scheme combining glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) and stainless steel bars is investigated to leverage the corrosion resistance of FRP and the ductility of steel. Combining theoretical analysis with consideration of material strain rate effects, a tri-linear restoring force model for hybrid-reinforced beams under both static and dynamic loads was developed. Based on the experimental results, the impact process was simplified as a two-degree-of-freedom (TDOF) mass-spring model. An extensive parametric study encompassing 144 impact scenarios was conducted using the validated TDOF model. Based on the combined experimental and numerical data, empirical equations were derived for the characteristic points of the impact force time-history curve and for predicting the maximum mid-span deflection. The proposed simplified TDOF model and the associated empirical equations provide a practical and effective tool for the impact-resistant design of hybrid-reinforced SSC beams, offering significant theoretical support for the safety of marine structures.

本文研究了岛礁和近海工程中海水和海砂混凝土结构的抗冲击设计要求。为了充分利用玻璃纤维增强聚合物（GFRP）的耐腐蚀性能和钢的延性，研究了玻璃纤维增强聚合物（GFRP）与不锈钢棒的混合加固方案。结合理论分析，考虑材料应变率效应，建立了动、静荷载作用下混合配筋梁的三线性恢复力模型。基于实验结果，将冲击过程简化为两自由度质量-弹簧模型。使用经过验证的TDOF模型进行了包含144种影响情景的广泛参数研究。根据试验与数值相结合的数据，推导出了冲击力时程曲线特征点及最大跨中挠度预测的经验方程。所建立的简化TDOF模型及相关经验方程为混合配筋SSC梁的抗冲击设计提供了实用有效的工具，为海洋结构的安全设计提供了重要的理论支持。

{"title":"Simplified two-DOF model-based analysis and design method for hybrid bar reinforced concrete beams under impact loading","authors":"Qi Cao , Shuai-Fei Wei , Zhenji Wang , Rongxiong Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105638","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105638","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study addresses the impact resistance design requirements for seawater and sea-sand concrete (SSC) structures in island-reef and offshore engineering. A hybrid reinforcement scheme combining glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) and stainless steel bars is investigated to leverage the corrosion resistance of FRP and the ductility of steel. Combining theoretical analysis with consideration of material strain rate effects, a tri-linear restoring force model for hybrid-reinforced beams under both static and dynamic loads was developed. Based on the experimental results, the impact process was simplified as a two-degree-of-freedom (TDOF) mass-spring model. An extensive parametric study encompassing 144 impact scenarios was conducted using the validated TDOF model. Based on the combined experimental and numerical data, empirical equations were derived for the characteristic points of the impact force time-history curve and for predicting the maximum mid-span deflection. The proposed simplified TDOF model and the associated empirical equations provide a practical and effective tool for the impact-resistant design of hybrid-reinforced SSC beams, offering significant theoretical support for the safety of marine structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105638"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of azimuthal prestress on kinetic penetration into soft matter 方位预应力对软物质动力学侵彻的影响

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105630

Alexandria Rogers , Jacob A. Rogers , Camden Clark , Justin W. Wilkerson

This study introduces a novel experimental technique for probing how prestress affects penetration dynamics in soft matter. The superimposed-shear impact (SSI) test introduces torsional preloading to an annular gel sample using a Taylor-Couette cell (TCC) prior to projectile impact. To validate the approach, two triblock copolymer gels of differing stiffness were subjected to four levels of TCC inner cylinder rotation (

Ω_{i}

). Steel spheres of two diameters were used as projectiles. High-speed imaging tracked the projectile’s depth-time trajectory from contact through cavity pinch-off and rebound. Results demonstrate that increasing

Ω_{i}

consistently reduced the maximum depth of penetration (DoP), independent of gel formulation or projectile size. The stiffer PMMA₁₉ gel exhibited consistently lower DoP values than the PMMA

_{9}

gel for a given projectile size and

Ω_{i}

. The smaller projectile produced shallower penetration and shorter interaction times with the material. Pre-shear also influenced cavity symmetry and projectile rebound behavior: higher

Ω_{i}

caused pinch-off to occur more abruptly and, in some cases, enabled projectile escape via enhanced elastic recoil. Lastly, the classical elastic Froude number (

F_{e}

) was reformulated into a nonlinear elastic Froude number (

F_{n e}

) to account for strain stiffening effects that are ubiquitous in soft matter. Plotting normalized DoP against

F_{n e}

resulted in the data from all test conditions collapsing onto a single curve, aligning with established DoP-

F_{e}

scaling trends. The SSI technique thus provides a framework for studying penetration mechanics in preloaded viscoelastic solids that can support understanding, modeling, and control of biological tissues, engineered soft materials, and impact-resistant protective systems.

本文介绍了一种新的实验技术来探测预应力对软物质穿透动力学的影响。叠加剪切冲击（SSI）测试在弹丸撞击之前，使用Taylor-Couette电池（TCC）对环形凝胶样品进行扭转预压。为了验证该方法，对两种不同刚度的三嵌段共聚物凝胶进行了四种水平的TCC内柱旋转（Ωi）。两种直径的钢球被用作弹丸。高速成像跟踪了弹丸从接触到空腔挤压和反弹的深时轨迹。结果表明，增加Ωi会持续降低最大穿透深度（DoP），与凝胶配方或弹丸尺寸无关。对于给定的弹丸大小和Ωi，较硬的PMMA19凝胶的DoP值始终低于PMMA9凝胶。较小的弹丸产生较浅的穿透和较短的与材料的相互作用时间。预剪切也影响空腔对称性和弹丸反弹行为：更高的Ωi导致夹断发生更突然，在某些情况下，使弹丸通过增强弹性后坐力逃逸。最后，将经典弹性弗劳德数（Fe）重新表述为非线性弹性弗劳德数（Fne），以考虑软物质中普遍存在的应变硬化效应。将标准化的DoP与Fne进行对比，可以将所有测试条件下的数据压缩到一条曲线上，与已建立的DoP- fe缩放趋势一致。因此，SSI技术为研究预加载粘弹性固体中的渗透力学提供了一个框架，可以支持对生物组织、工程软材料和抗冲击保护系统的理解、建模和控制。

{"title":"Effect of azimuthal prestress on kinetic penetration into soft matter","authors":"Alexandria Rogers , Jacob A. Rogers , Camden Clark , Justin W. Wilkerson","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105630","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105630","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a novel experimental technique for probing how prestress affects penetration dynamics in soft matter. The superimposed-shear impact (SSI) test introduces torsional preloading to an annular gel sample using a Taylor-Couette cell (TCC) prior to projectile impact. To validate the approach, two triblock copolymer gels of differing stiffness were subjected to four levels of TCC inner cylinder rotation (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>). Steel spheres of two diameters were used as projectiles. High-speed imaging tracked the projectile’s depth-time trajectory from contact through cavity pinch-off and rebound. Results demonstrate that increasing <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> consistently reduced the maximum depth of penetration (DoP), independent of gel formulation or projectile size. The stiffer PMMA<sub>19</sub> gel exhibited consistently lower DoP values than the PMMA<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>9</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> gel for a given projectile size and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>. The smaller projectile produced shallower penetration and shorter interaction times with the material. Pre-shear also influenced cavity symmetry and projectile rebound behavior: higher <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> caused pinch-off to occur more abruptly and, in some cases, enabled projectile escape <em>via</em> enhanced elastic recoil. Lastly, the classical elastic Froude number (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) was reformulated into a nonlinear elastic Froude number (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) to account for strain stiffening effects that are ubiquitous in soft matter. Plotting normalized DoP against <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> resulted in the data from all test conditions collapsing onto a single curve, aligning with established DoP-<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> scaling trends. The SSI technique thus provides a framework for studying penetration mechanics in preloaded viscoelastic solids that can support understanding, modeling, and control of biological tissues, engineered soft materials, and impact-resistant protective systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105630"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0