Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105614
Yifan Wang , Lei Wang , Hao Yan , Tao Wang
The elastic impact of a bar on a half-space, accounting for the lateral inertia effect of the bar, is investigated theoretically in this study. An analytical model is developed by coupling a quasi-static contact model with the Rayleigh–Love (RL) equation. The RL model can be degenerated to obtain the classic 1D model based on the classic 1D wave equation and bar impacting a rigid flat. Based on the RL model and the classical 1D model, three key dimensionless parameters and one governing dimensionless parameter are proposed, respectively. The effects of the three dimensionless parameters under the RL model on the lateral inertia effects during bar impact are investigated, and the evolution of contact force and contact duration with the governing dimensionless parameter within the framework of the classic 1D model is examined. Finally, based on the difference between the contact duration and the length of the corresponding perfect square-wave pulse, a quantitative equivalence criterion is provided for when the half-space can be treated as a rigid body.
{"title":"Elastic impact of Rayleigh–Love bar on half space","authors":"Yifan Wang , Lei Wang , Hao Yan , Tao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105614","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The elastic impact of a bar on a half-space, accounting for the lateral inertia effect of the bar, is investigated theoretically in this study. An analytical model is developed by coupling a quasi-static contact model with the Rayleigh–Love (RL) equation. The RL model can be degenerated to obtain the classic 1D model based on the classic 1D wave equation and bar impacting a rigid flat. Based on the RL model and the classical 1D model, three key dimensionless parameters and one governing dimensionless parameter are proposed, respectively. The effects of the three dimensionless parameters under the RL model on the lateral inertia effects during bar impact are investigated, and the evolution of contact force and contact duration with the governing dimensionless parameter within the framework of the classic 1D model is examined. Finally, based on the difference between the contact duration and the length of the corresponding perfect square-wave pulse, a quantitative equivalence criterion is provided for when the half-space can be treated as a rigid body.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 105614"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105613
Guokang Song , Zhiyong Liu , Xiangye Jia , Jinyang Jiang
This study proposes a novel steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC)-foam concrete composites integrated with a re-entrant auxetic cellular frame composite target design. Projectile penetration and contact explosion tests were conducted, and a finite element model validated by experimental data was established to investigate the target’s dynamic responses and failure mechanisms under impact/explosive loads. Results show that in penetration tests, the SFRC layer acts as the primary impact-resistant component, effectively mitigating penetration-induced failure. Although the photosensitive resin-fabricated re-entrant auxetic frame has limited strength, its core contribution lies in enhancing the overall structural strength of the foam concrete matrix; under high-velocity impact, it exhibits a typical “tunnel-like” failure mode while retaining residual penetration resistance—attributed to its cellular frame induced lateral constraint on the foam matrix. For explosion performance, the SFRC layer absorbs most of the explosive energy, and the embedded auxetic frame further optimizes stress distribution (via lateral expansion under load) and facilitates energy dissipation, significantly improving the anti-explosive capacity of both the foam core layer and the entire target. This work offers a reliable experimental and simulation foundation for the parameter design and performance optimization of SFRC-based composite structures in impact and explosion resistance applications.
{"title":"Penetration-explosion resistance of novel steel fiber reinforced concrete-foam concrete composites reinforced by Re-entrant auxetic cellular frame","authors":"Guokang Song , Zhiyong Liu , Xiangye Jia , Jinyang Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105613","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105613","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a novel steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC)-foam concrete composites integrated with a re-entrant auxetic cellular frame composite target design. Projectile penetration and contact explosion tests were conducted, and a finite element model validated by experimental data was established to investigate the target’s dynamic responses and failure mechanisms under impact/explosive loads. Results show that in penetration tests, the SFRC layer acts as the primary impact-resistant component, effectively mitigating penetration-induced failure. Although the photosensitive resin-fabricated re-entrant auxetic frame has limited strength, its core contribution lies in enhancing the overall structural strength of the foam concrete matrix; under high-velocity impact, it exhibits a typical “tunnel-like” failure mode while retaining residual penetration resistance—attributed to its cellular frame induced lateral constraint on the foam matrix. For explosion performance, the SFRC layer absorbs most of the explosive energy, and the embedded auxetic frame further optimizes stress distribution (via lateral expansion under load) and facilitates energy dissipation, significantly improving the anti-explosive capacity of both the foam core layer and the entire target. This work offers a reliable experimental and simulation foundation for the parameter design and performance optimization of SFRC-based composite structures in impact and explosion resistance applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 105613"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-06DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105611
Sijia Liu, Li Chen
The dynamic responses of reinforced concrete (RC) beams under blast loads exhibit significant scaling effects due to nonlinear mechanical characteristics such as strain rate sensitivity and plastic damage, making traditional elasticity-based scaling methods inadequate for reliable prototype prediction. To overcome this limitation, this study extends the equivalent static load-based scaling method, previously proposed by our group, to RC beams. The method introduces a dimensionless correction factor K to adjust model test results without requiring complex modifications to initial test conditions. A finite element model incorporating the coupled influence of strain rate and damage was developed to simulate the midspan displacement responses of RC beams under blast loading, serving for assessing the method's validity and predictive accuracy. The results confirm that the proposed approach effectively captures scaling effects and significantly enhances the accuracy of prototype response prediction. The error can be kept within 3.87% when predicting the dynamic response of the prototype under blast loads from the test data of the model RC beam for a small geometric scaling factor of 1/10. The analytical framework provides both theoretical guidance and practical reference for scaled model testing and the analysis of complex structural responses under severe dynamic loads.
{"title":"A scaling method for predicting dynamic responses of reinforced concrete beams under blast loads","authors":"Sijia Liu, Li Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105611","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105611","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dynamic responses of reinforced concrete (RC) beams under blast loads exhibit significant scaling effects due to nonlinear mechanical characteristics such as strain rate sensitivity and plastic damage, making traditional elasticity-based scaling methods inadequate for reliable prototype prediction. To overcome this limitation, this study extends the equivalent static load-based scaling method, previously proposed by our group, to RC beams. The method introduces a dimensionless correction factor <em>K</em> to adjust model test results without requiring complex modifications to initial test conditions. A finite element model incorporating the coupled influence of strain rate and damage was developed to simulate the midspan displacement responses of RC beams under blast loading, serving for assessing the method's validity and predictive accuracy. The results confirm that the proposed approach effectively captures scaling effects and significantly enhances the accuracy of prototype response prediction. The error can be kept within 3.87% when predicting the dynamic response of the prototype under blast loads from the test data of the model RC beam for a small geometric scaling factor of 1/10. The analytical framework provides both theoretical guidance and practical reference for scaled model testing and the analysis of complex structural responses under severe dynamic loads.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 105611"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-06DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105612
Nicolás Contreras , Xihong Zhang , Hong Hao , Francisco Hernández
Locally resonant elastic metamaterials have garnered significant attention due to their unique capacity to attenuate stress waves without requiring large structures. However, the application of these elements is compromised by the narrowness and high frequency of their band gaps. Despite existing efforts to enhance the band gap performance, reducing its frequency to more favourable ranges for engineering applications is challenging. This study provides a new solution by introducing artificial gaps between the core and coating of locally resonant elements (LREs). Numerical analysis first revealed that introducing artificial gaps would shift the band gap location to lower frequencies. An experimental test was designed to validate this prediction. Specimens were numerically designed to ensure the experimental measurable band gap frequency range was fulfilled and that their core–coating combination would generate an effective band gap. A Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar system was used to propagate high-frequency stress waves through samples incorporating locally resonant elements with artificial gaps. The experimental tests successfully detected the band gap in the specimens, confirming the predicted shift to lower frequencies. A parametric analysis was then carried out using the numerical model. It revealed that artificial gaps not only shift the band gap to lower frequencies but also increase its width. The load amplitude, number of resonators, and artificial gap size all influence the performance of the LRE with artificial gaps. A design methodology was proposed that could account for the effects of artificial gaps on band gap location, width, and attenuation, enabling the optimal design of locally resonant elements with artificial gaps.
{"title":"The Influence of artificial gaps in locally resonant elastic metamaterial under impact loading","authors":"Nicolás Contreras , Xihong Zhang , Hong Hao , Francisco Hernández","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105612","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Locally resonant elastic metamaterials have garnered significant attention due to their unique capacity to attenuate stress waves without requiring large structures. However, the application of these elements is compromised by the narrowness and high frequency of their band gaps. Despite existing efforts to enhance the band gap performance, reducing its frequency to more favourable ranges for engineering applications is challenging. This study provides a new solution by introducing artificial gaps between the core and coating of locally resonant elements (LREs). Numerical analysis first revealed that introducing artificial gaps would shift the band gap location to lower frequencies. An experimental test was designed to validate this prediction. Specimens were numerically designed to ensure the experimental measurable band gap frequency range was fulfilled and that their core–coating combination would generate an effective band gap. A Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar system was used to propagate high-frequency stress waves through samples incorporating locally resonant elements with artificial gaps. The experimental tests successfully detected the band gap in the specimens, confirming the predicted shift to lower frequencies. A parametric analysis was then carried out using the numerical model. It revealed that artificial gaps not only shift the band gap to lower frequencies but also increase its width. The load amplitude, number of resonators, and artificial gap size all influence the performance of the LRE with artificial gaps. A design methodology was proposed that could account for the effects of artificial gaps on band gap location, width, and attenuation, enabling the optimal design of locally resonant elements with artificial gaps.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 105612"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105610
Bohan Shen , Qun Li , Haojie Li , Limu Qin , Wen He
A highly accurate nonlinear dynamic model was proposed to predict the dynamic response of rubber pads under high-acceleration shock in the shock calibration system. The viscoelastic and hyperelastic behaviors of the rubber material were integrated into the model while the effects of key parameters, including the rubber pads’ geometric parameters, hardness, and the hemispherical protrusion on the projectile utilized in the shock tests, were explicitly incorporated into the proposed model. Shock experiments were conducted using a shock calibration system and the experimental waveforms were obtained. The parameters of the model were identified using an integrated algorithm combining the Multi-Population Genetic Algorithm (MPGA) and Cuckoo Search (CS) by minimizing a weighted objective function that combining the error over the entire time history and at the peak acceleration between the predicted and experimental waveform. Relationships coupling the identified parameters, impact velocity, and rubber pads’ thickness were subsequently established. Based on these relationships, extrapolation validation was conducted to validate the model's correctness and generalizability. Compared to existing literature, the proposed model demonstrates superior accuracy in predicting responses not only under low accelerations but also under high accelerations, thereby addressing a significant research gap in high-acceleration prediction. Furthermore, the model exhibits excellent versatility by inherently incorporating parameters such as rubber hardness, geometric dimensions and impact velocity.
{"title":"Nonlinear model of rubber pad for dynamic response prediction under high-acceleration shock in the shock calibration system","authors":"Bohan Shen , Qun Li , Haojie Li , Limu Qin , Wen He","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105610","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105610","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A highly accurate nonlinear dynamic model was proposed to predict the dynamic response of rubber pads under high-acceleration shock in the shock calibration system. The viscoelastic and hyperelastic behaviors of the rubber material were integrated into the model while the effects of key parameters, including the rubber pads’ geometric parameters, hardness, and the hemispherical protrusion on the projectile utilized in the shock tests, were explicitly incorporated into the proposed model. Shock experiments were conducted using a shock calibration system and the experimental waveforms were obtained. The parameters of the model were identified using an integrated algorithm combining the Multi-Population Genetic Algorithm (MPGA) and Cuckoo Search (CS) by minimizing a weighted objective function that combining the error over the entire time history and at the peak acceleration between the predicted and experimental waveform. Relationships coupling the identified parameters, impact velocity, and rubber pads’ thickness were subsequently established. Based on these relationships, extrapolation validation was conducted to validate the model's correctness and generalizability. Compared to existing literature, the proposed model demonstrates superior accuracy in predicting responses not only under low accelerations but also under high accelerations, thereby addressing a significant research gap in high-acceleration prediction. Furthermore, the model exhibits excellent versatility by inherently incorporating parameters such as rubber hardness, geometric dimensions and impact velocity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 105610"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105609
Jicheng Li , Lang Zhang , Jianliang Chen , Fengpeng Zhao , Yongjun Deng , Ke Xie
Integrated with related oblique penetration / perforation experiments, three-dimensional (3D) finite element simulations on the non-ideal penetration / perforation of tungsten fiber reinforced metallic glass matrix (WF/MG) composite long rods onto the steel target is conducted, and comparative analysis with the normal impact condition is also performed. Subsequently, the effects of various factors, including oblique angle, attack angle and impact velocity, etc., on the ‘self-sharpening’ behavior of composite rod and its corresponding ballistic performances are analyzed in detail. Related analysis shows that under oblique penetration / perforation conditions, due to the asymmetric force on the rod nose, the rod gradually sharpens into an asymmetric sharp shape, and deviation also occurs in the penetration trajectory, correspondingly the ‘self-sharpening’ behavior of composite rod is weakened, and its penetration capability is reduced. Under the impact conditions with an attack angle, the rod experiences a large lateral load, and it leads to bending deformation in the rod shank and yawing in the latter penetration stage, and deviation also occurs in the trajectory; besides, damage occurs in the internal matrix, and the overall structural integrity of long rod is weakened, thus its ‘self-sharpening’ behavior is gradually weakened. Additionally, the impact velocity significantly influences the ‘self-sharpening’ characteristics and the ballistic performance of the composite rod under the non-ideal impact conditions, and the weakness in the penetration capability of composite rod derived from the oblique angle and attack angle is much more remarkable when the impact velocity is low. When the oblique angle reaches 50°, the composite rod is unable to penetrate effectively into the target within the impact velocity range of 900 m/s, and rod skipping will occur if the oblique angle further increases. When the attack angle exceeds 2°, the composite rod is hard to maintain its structural integrity at all impact velocities and oblique angles.
{"title":"Non-ideal penetration / perforation performance of tungsten fiber reinforced metallic glass matrix composite long rod","authors":"Jicheng Li , Lang Zhang , Jianliang Chen , Fengpeng Zhao , Yongjun Deng , Ke Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105609","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105609","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integrated with related oblique penetration / perforation experiments, three-dimensional (3D) finite element simulations on the non-ideal penetration / perforation of tungsten fiber reinforced metallic glass matrix (WF/MG) composite long rods onto the steel target is conducted, and comparative analysis with the normal impact condition is also performed. Subsequently, the effects of various factors, including oblique angle, attack angle and impact velocity, etc., on the ‘self-sharpening’ behavior of composite rod and its corresponding ballistic performances are analyzed in detail. Related analysis shows that under oblique penetration / perforation conditions, due to the asymmetric force on the rod nose, the rod gradually sharpens into an asymmetric sharp shape, and deviation also occurs in the penetration trajectory, correspondingly the ‘self-sharpening’ behavior of composite rod is weakened, and its penetration capability is reduced. Under the impact conditions with an attack angle, the rod experiences a large lateral load, and it leads to bending deformation in the rod shank and yawing in the latter penetration stage, and deviation also occurs in the trajectory; besides, damage occurs in the internal matrix, and the overall structural integrity of long rod is weakened, thus its ‘self-sharpening’ behavior is gradually weakened. Additionally, the impact velocity significantly influences the ‘self-sharpening’ characteristics and the ballistic performance of the composite rod under the non-ideal impact conditions, and the weakness in the penetration capability of composite rod derived from the oblique angle and attack angle is much more remarkable when the impact velocity is low. When the oblique angle reaches 50°, the composite rod is unable to penetrate effectively into the target within the impact velocity range of 900 m/s, and rod skipping will occur if the oblique angle further increases. When the attack angle exceeds 2°, the composite rod is hard to maintain its structural integrity at all impact velocities and oblique angles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 105609"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105608
Boyang Zhu , Xin Bao , Tianchun Ai , Shutao Li , Gang Li , Shiwei Wang , Jingbo Liu
The analysis of rock stress wave attenuation under high-frequency and high-strain-rate conditions constitutes a critical component in the prevention and mitigation of extreme dynamic load-induced disasters. However, there are some limits with traditional methods, including reliance on long rock specimens and restricted accuracy in high-frequency loading, hindering the accurate evaluation of attenuation behavior. This paper presents a novel methodology based on wavefield decoupling in short rock bars and frequency-domain analysis to tackle these issues. By examining the superposition of multiple reflected waves within short rock specimens in the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus, the proposed method overcomes the limitations of traditional techniques concerning specimen size and high-strain-rate simulation, while also simplifying experimental complexity. Furthermore, a stepwise calibration strategy for viscoelastic constitutive parameters is developed on frequency-domain analysis, streamlining the quantification procedure. Experimental validation demonstrates that the proposed method markedly reduces errors in evaluating high-frequency stress wave attenuation when compared with traditional methods. Numerical simulations further confirm that the calibrated constitutive model reliably reproduces the measured waveforms, underscoring its excellent engineering applicability. These findings provide an efficient and reliable technical framework for analyzing rock stress wave attenuation and calibrating constitutive model parameters in extreme dynamic loading scenarios.
{"title":"A new method for quantifying the attenuation behavior of stress wave propagation in rock with high strain rates and high-frequency excitation","authors":"Boyang Zhu , Xin Bao , Tianchun Ai , Shutao Li , Gang Li , Shiwei Wang , Jingbo Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105608","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105608","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The analysis of rock stress wave attenuation under high-frequency and high-strain-rate conditions constitutes a critical component in the prevention and mitigation of extreme dynamic load-induced disasters. However, there are some limits with traditional methods, including reliance on long rock specimens and restricted accuracy in high-frequency loading, hindering the accurate evaluation of attenuation behavior. This paper presents a novel methodology based on wavefield decoupling in short rock bars and frequency-domain analysis to tackle these issues. By examining the superposition of multiple reflected waves within short rock specimens in the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus, the proposed method overcomes the limitations of traditional techniques concerning specimen size and high-strain-rate simulation, while also simplifying experimental complexity. Furthermore, a stepwise calibration strategy for viscoelastic constitutive parameters is developed on frequency-domain analysis, streamlining the quantification procedure. Experimental validation demonstrates that the proposed method markedly reduces errors in evaluating high-frequency stress wave attenuation when compared with traditional methods. Numerical simulations further confirm that the calibrated constitutive model reliably reproduces the measured waveforms, underscoring its excellent engineering applicability. These findings provide an efficient and reliable technical framework for analyzing rock stress wave attenuation and calibrating constitutive model parameters in extreme dynamic loading scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 105608"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-21DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105607
Christian C. Roth , Teresa Fras , Dirk Mohr
This study examines the impact response and fracture behavior of 8 mm diameter tungsten heavy alloy (WHA) rods using a combined experimental and numerical approach. To address the dimensional constraints of the raw material, characterization is performed at two scales: conventional axisymmetric specimens for large-scale tension and compression tests, and sub-8 mm flat miniature specimens to probe a wide range of stress states, from shear to biaxial tension. Quasi-static and dynamic tests reveal significant strain rate sensitivity and a pronounced strength differential effect, with compressive flow stress approximately 14% higher than in tension. Taylor impact experiments are conducted with WHA projectiles and tungsten-carbide targets at velocities up to 180 m/s. A Drucker-Prager plasticity model, combined with Swift-Voce hardening and a modified Johnson-Cook rate/temperature dependence, captures the observed plastic response. Fracture initiation is accurately described using a strain rate dependent Hosford-Coulomb model. The calibrated model successfully predicts the crack initiation under various stress states, including the loading histories during projectile impact. The results demonstrate a robust methodology for characterizing and modeling metallic projectiles, particularly when conventional testing is limited by specimen size.
{"title":"Taylor impact response of tungsten heavy alloy: Multi-scale experiments and modeling","authors":"Christian C. Roth , Teresa Fras , Dirk Mohr","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the impact response and fracture behavior of 8 mm diameter tungsten heavy alloy (WHA) rods using a combined experimental and numerical approach. To address the dimensional constraints of the raw material, characterization is performed at two scales: conventional axisymmetric specimens for large-scale tension and compression tests, and sub-8 mm flat miniature specimens to probe a wide range of stress states, from shear to biaxial tension. Quasi-static and dynamic tests reveal significant strain rate sensitivity and a pronounced strength differential effect, with compressive flow stress approximately 14% higher than in tension. Taylor impact experiments are conducted with WHA projectiles and tungsten-carbide targets at velocities up to 180 m/s. A Drucker-Prager plasticity model, combined with Swift-Voce hardening and a modified Johnson-Cook rate/temperature dependence, captures the observed plastic response. Fracture initiation is accurately described using a strain rate dependent Hosford-Coulomb model. The calibrated model successfully predicts the crack initiation under various stress states, including the loading histories during projectile impact. The results demonstrate a robust methodology for characterizing and modeling metallic projectiles, particularly when conventional testing is limited by specimen size.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 105607"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study focuses on the force-time response of cylindrical water ice specimens subjected to impact loadings. Spherical specimens are traditionally used to characterize the impact behavior of water ice. However, they cannot be used to study the geometric effects induced by a cylindrical shape. Impact tests were carried out on a Hopkinson bar at 30 m s−1. These tests have demonstrated the importance of the impact angle in terms of both the increase in the load and the peak force at impact. Contrarily to what was observed for tensile spalling test, porosity has no noticeable impact on the maximum peak force measured here. The importance of the impact angle is illustrated by comparing the mechanical response of ice spheres with pellet cylinders for equivalent kinetic energies and temperatures.
研究了圆柱形水冰试件在冲击载荷作用下的力-时响应。球形试样通常用于表征水冰的冲击行为。然而，它们不能用于研究由圆柱形引起的几何效应。在霍普金森杆上进行30 m s−1的冲击试验。这些试验证明了冲击角在载荷增加和冲击峰值力方面的重要性。与拉伸剥落试验相反，孔隙率对此处测得的最大峰值力没有明显影响。通过比较在等效动能和温度条件下，冰球和球团圆柱体的力学响应，说明了冲击角的重要性。
{"title":"Experimental and numerical investigation of the impact force generated by cylindrical ice water pellets","authors":"Jordan Berton , Maurine Montagnat , Pascal Forquin , Fabien Souris","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on the force-time response of cylindrical water ice specimens subjected to impact loadings. Spherical specimens are traditionally used to characterize the impact behavior of water ice. However, they cannot be used to study the geometric effects induced by a cylindrical shape. Impact tests were carried out on a Hopkinson bar at 30 m s<sup>−1</sup>. These tests have demonstrated the importance of the impact angle in terms of both the increase in the load and the peak force at impact. Contrarily to what was observed for tensile spalling test, porosity has no noticeable impact on the maximum peak force measured here. The importance of the impact angle is illustrated by comparing the mechanical response of ice spheres with pellet cylinders for equivalent kinetic energies and temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 105597"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145555230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-20DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105582
Haocheng Chang , Jiajun Zhang , Baixue Ge , Zichao Pan , Airong Chen
This study proposes a peridynamic differential operator (PDDO)-based non-local particle framework for simulating high-velocity impact (HVI). The Navier–Stokes equations are reformulated into an integral form using PDDO, enabling stable discretization and a natural treatment of discontinuities. Two modeling strategies are considered: an equation of state (EOS) approach to capture fluidization, and a constitutive model to describe fracture and damage. Artificial viscosity and density diffusion are incorporated to enhance stability. A comparison is presented among smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), corrected-SPH (CSPH), non-ordinary state-based peridynamics (NOSBPD), and the proposed framework. The comparison focuses on the accuracy and computational complexity of their respective equations of motion. The framework is validated through several numerical examples. Results show that the EOS method effectively reproduces fluidization of solids under HVI, while the constitutive equation method better captures localized damage. Comparisons with experiments confirm strong agreement in deformation patterns and characteristic variables. The proposed method provides a robust and versatile tool for analyzing extreme impact scenarios relevant to protective structures and material design.
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