At present, most structures with negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) exhibit stress-strain behaviour with only a single plateau and disordered deformation patterns when subjected to large compressive load. Therefore, new NPR structures, inspired by such natural curving shapes noticed in crabs and peacock mantis shrimp, were introduced. The rotational petal circle structure (RPCS) and rotational moon circle structure (RMCS) were constructed based on a common rotational structure and their load bearing capacities were then studied in details. FE simulations of these structures under compression were performed using rate-dependent hardening model and effects of design geometries including angle and radius parameters were examined. Predicted stress-strain responses were firstly validated by comparing with results from experiments. It was found that the proposed geometrical shapes significantly affected deformation modes and mechanical behaviors of the structures. The changes in angle showed more substantial impacts on the critical speed of structures than the radius, while variations of radius primarily governed their specific energy absorptions (SEA). For the RPCS and RMCS models at 30°, SEA values were increased about 97 % and 83.7 %, respectively, due to occurred three-stage deformation. The highest SEA was achieved at the angle of 30° and radius of 2.5 mm, whereas the largest critical velocity was noticed at 45° and 2.25 mm for both structures. A trade-off between energy absorption and critical speed of different configurations were described. Finally, the design guideline using equal arc segmentation for generating structures with multi-stage plateau responses was provided.
{"title":"Quasi-static and dynamic responses of bio-inspired auxetic structures","authors":"Kasidis Payungpisit, Pakarasorn Chueathong, Tara Pongthongpasuk, Kittitat Siriraksophon, Vitoon Uthaisangsuk","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>At present, most structures with negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) exhibit stress-strain behaviour with only a single plateau and disordered deformation patterns when subjected to large compressive load. Therefore, new NPR structures, inspired by such natural curving shapes noticed in crabs and peacock mantis shrimp, were introduced. The rotational petal circle structure (RPCS) and rotational moon circle structure (RMCS) were constructed based on a common rotational structure and their load bearing capacities were then studied in details. FE simulations of these structures under compression were performed using rate-dependent hardening model and effects of design geometries including angle and radius parameters were examined. Predicted stress-strain responses were firstly validated by comparing with results from experiments. It was found that the proposed geometrical shapes significantly affected deformation modes and mechanical behaviors of the structures. The changes in angle showed more substantial impacts on the critical speed of structures than the radius, while variations of radius primarily governed their specific energy absorptions (SEA). For the RPCS and RMCS models at 30°, SEA values were increased about 97 % and 83.7 %, respectively, due to occurred three-stage deformation. The highest SEA was achieved at the angle of 30° and radius of 2.5 mm, whereas the largest critical velocity was noticed at 45° and 2.25 mm for both structures. A trade-off between energy absorption and critical speed of different configurations were described. Finally, the design guideline using equal arc segmentation for generating structures with multi-stage plateau responses was provided.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105285"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143529328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105274
Haokai Zheng, Chunlei Li, Yu Sun, Qiang Han, Xiaohu Yao
Modular system with the self-locking effect has garnered increasing attention in the field of impact protection, owing to its inborn modular controllability and low-cost maintainability. Based on the deconstruction of honeycomb structures, a modular hierarchical honeycomb protection system (MHHS) is developed in this study, offering easy assembly and transportation. The protective performance and deformation behaviors of the modular system are evaluated through drop weight impact tests at 20 J and 60 J, verifying the validity of the finite element simulations. Compared to the integrated honeycomb structure, the modular system reduces peak force by 50% on average while enhancing dynamic specific energy absorption by 54.7% (20 J) and 217% (60 J). The collision durations of the modular system are approximately 2.8 times and 5.5 times longer, indicating less structural stiffness and more structural elasticity. The self-locking effect of the modular system emerges from interactions between the bolts’ bidirectional three-point bending deformation and transverse compressive deformation of components, promoting tighter deformation coupling. Two structural failure criteria are established based on the multi-peak and multi-wave characteristics of response curves, enabling effective dataset preprocessing. The XGBoost model is trained to predict binary classification outcomes for bi-objective analysis based on the modular system performance failure scenarios. The trained model effectively addresses the impact inverse problem, reducing testing costs by 86.1% while maintaining 80% accuracy against simulation benchmarks. These results demonstrate the potential for intelligent assembly applications of the machine learning-guided modular system in practical engineering fields.
{"title":"Impact protection mechanism and failure prediction of modular hierarchical honeycomb system with self-locking effect","authors":"Haokai Zheng, Chunlei Li, Yu Sun, Qiang Han, Xiaohu Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modular system with the self-locking effect has garnered increasing attention in the field of impact protection, owing to its inborn modular controllability and low-cost maintainability. Based on the deconstruction of honeycomb structures, a modular hierarchical honeycomb protection system (MHHS) is developed in this study, offering easy assembly and transportation. The protective performance and deformation behaviors of the modular system are evaluated through drop weight impact tests at 20 J and 60 J, verifying the validity of the finite element simulations. Compared to the integrated honeycomb structure, the modular system reduces peak force by 50% on average while enhancing dynamic specific energy absorption by 54.7% (20 J) and 217% (60 J). The collision durations of the modular system are approximately 2.8 times and 5.5 times longer, indicating less structural stiffness and more structural elasticity. The self-locking effect of the modular system emerges from interactions between the bolts’ bidirectional three-point bending deformation and transverse compressive deformation of components, promoting tighter deformation coupling. Two structural failure criteria are established based on the multi-peak and multi-wave characteristics of response curves, enabling effective dataset preprocessing. The XGBoost model is trained to predict binary classification outcomes for bi-objective analysis based on the modular system performance failure scenarios. The trained model effectively addresses the impact inverse problem, reducing testing costs by 86.1% while maintaining 80% accuracy against simulation benchmarks. These results demonstrate the potential for intelligent assembly applications of the machine learning-guided modular system in practical engineering fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105274"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105273
Tong Ju, Chuang Chen, Mengzhou Chang, Kai Guo, Enling Tang
The incorporation of an appropriate weight ratio of nano-fillers into glass fiber reinforced resin-based composites (GFRP) can effectively improve their impact resistance and energy absorption characteristics. In this study, nano-graphite particles (GrNPs) were used as a matrix filler, and a systematic investigation was conducted on the effects of varying graphite content (0wt.%, 5 wt.%, 10 wt.% and 15 wt.%) and impact velocity (200∼800 m/s) on the energy absorption and damage characteristics of laminates. An impact energy absorption model was established by considering delamination failure and multiple energy absorption mechanisms. The contributions of various forms of energy, including tensile failure of the primary fibers, deformation of the secondary fibers, shear plugging, delamination, matrix cracking and cone kinetic energy, to the impact energy dissipation were determined at different impact velocities. A mesoscopic finite element model of GrNPs reinforced GFRP (GrNPs-GFRP) laminates was developed based on the virtual fiber method, and the dynamic impact response of GrNPs-GFRP laminates was analyzed using Micro-CT and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that under the impact condition of 200 m/s, the total energy absorption from shear plugging, primary fibers, and secondary fibers exceed 90 %. Compared to pure GFRP laminates, the energy absorption due to shear plugging in GrNPs (5 wt.%) reinforced GFRP laminates increase from 56.1 % to 63.9 %, while the energy absorption from secondary fibers decreases from 21.4 % to 17.1 %, and the energy absorption from primary fibers decreased from 20.4 % to 17.6 %. Under the impact condition of 400 m/s, the energy absorption due to shear plugging in the laminates increase, while the energy absorption in the secondary fiber region decrease due to the reduced contact time between the projectile and target. As the impact velocity increase to approximately 600 m/s, energy absorption in the primary fiber region continues to rise, and the energy absorption of the shear plugging reaches the upper limit. The energy absorption due to delamination and matrix failure has been significantly increased with the rise in impact velocity. When the impact velocity was increase from 400 m/s to 700 m/s, the energy absorption ratio due to delamination increase from 0.9 % to 6.9 %, while the energy absorption ratio due to matrix cracking rises from 1.9 % to 15.5 %. The excellent impact resistance exhibits by GrNPs (5 wt.%) is attributed to the dispersion hardening effect, which improves interlaminar toughness and facilitates the dissipation of impact energy.
{"title":"Energy absorption model and damage behavior of GrNPs reinforced GFRP laminate composites under ballistic impact","authors":"Tong Ju, Chuang Chen, Mengzhou Chang, Kai Guo, Enling Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The incorporation of an appropriate weight ratio of nano-fillers into glass fiber reinforced resin-based composites (GFRP) can effectively improve their impact resistance and energy absorption characteristics. In this study, nano-graphite particles (GrNPs) were used as a matrix filler, and a systematic investigation was conducted on the effects of varying graphite content (0wt.%, 5 wt.%, 10 wt.% and 15 wt.%) and impact velocity (200∼800 m/s) on the energy absorption and damage characteristics of laminates. An impact energy absorption model was established by considering delamination failure and multiple energy absorption mechanisms. The contributions of various forms of energy, including tensile failure of the primary fibers, deformation of the secondary fibers, shear plugging, delamination, matrix cracking and cone kinetic energy, to the impact energy dissipation were determined at different impact velocities. A mesoscopic finite element model of GrNPs reinforced GFRP (GrNPs-GFRP) laminates was developed based on the virtual fiber method, and the dynamic impact response of GrNPs-GFRP laminates was analyzed using Micro-CT and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that under the impact condition of 200 m/s, the total energy absorption from shear plugging, primary fibers, and secondary fibers exceed 90 %. Compared to pure GFRP laminates, the energy absorption due to shear plugging in GrNPs (5 wt.%) reinforced GFRP laminates increase from 56.1 % to 63.9 %, while the energy absorption from secondary fibers decreases from 21.4 % to 17.1 %, and the energy absorption from primary fibers decreased from 20.4 % to 17.6 %. Under the impact condition of 400 m/s, the energy absorption due to shear plugging in the laminates increase, while the energy absorption in the secondary fiber region decrease due to the reduced contact time between the projectile and target. As the impact velocity increase to approximately 600 m/s, energy absorption in the primary fiber region continues to rise, and the energy absorption of the shear plugging reaches the upper limit. The energy absorption due to delamination and matrix failure has been significantly increased with the rise in impact velocity. When the impact velocity was increase from 400 m/s to 700 m/s, the energy absorption ratio due to delamination increase from 0.9 % to 6.9 %, while the energy absorption ratio due to matrix cracking rises from 1.9 % to 15.5 %. The excellent impact resistance exhibits by GrNPs (5 wt.%) is attributed to the dispersion hardening effect, which improves interlaminar toughness and facilitates the dissipation of impact energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105273"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-27DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105271
Maisie Edwards-Mowforth , Miguel Costas , Martin Kristoffersen , Filipe Teixeira-Dias , Tore Børvik
The introduction of additive manufacturing (AM) to the defence industry has created possibilities for customisable and optimised light-weight armour. Maraging steel is a low carbon, high-strength steel, well suited to AM fabrication by laser powder-bed fusion (LPBF), that takes on ultra high-strength post heat-treatment, lending it significant potential for protective applications. Promising ballistic performance has been demonstrated in the literature albeit with a tendency for brittle behaviour; it remains unknown to what extent the AM processing is responsible for the unfavourable reduction in ductility. A comparison of AM maraging steel targets alongside traditionally wrought targets under ballistic impact forms the main objective of this study. AM maraging steel in both the as-printed and heat-treated state has been experimentally characterised, examined, and tested in a ballistic range alongside its traditionally wrought counterpart. Very little difference was found in the ballistic limit velocity of the AM maraging steel compared to wrought both before and after heat treatment, despite significant differences in ductility found in tensile tests. In the majority of the ballistic impact tests, damage inflicted on the projectile core was more extensive for the AM targets than for the wrought. Numerical models were constructed in the IMPETUS Solver to simulate the ballistic impact response of the non-heat-treated material. Standard and commonly used material models were implemented, with only simple adjustments to account for the AM material characteristics. The experimentally and numerically determined ballistic limit velocity agreed to within 10%, and numerical results were found to be conservative.
{"title":"On the ballistic perforation resistance of additively manufactured and wrought maraging steel: Experiments and numerical models","authors":"Maisie Edwards-Mowforth , Miguel Costas , Martin Kristoffersen , Filipe Teixeira-Dias , Tore Børvik","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105271","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105271","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The introduction of additive manufacturing (AM) to the defence industry has created possibilities for customisable and optimised light-weight armour. Maraging steel is a low carbon, high-strength steel, well suited to AM fabrication by laser powder-bed fusion (LPBF), that takes on ultra high-strength post heat-treatment, lending it significant potential for protective applications. Promising ballistic performance has been demonstrated in the literature albeit with a tendency for brittle behaviour; it remains unknown to what extent the AM processing is responsible for the unfavourable reduction in ductility. A comparison of AM maraging steel targets alongside traditionally wrought targets under ballistic impact forms the main objective of this study. AM maraging steel in both the as-printed and heat-treated state has been experimentally characterised, examined, and tested in a ballistic range alongside its traditionally wrought counterpart. Very little difference was found in the ballistic limit velocity of the AM maraging steel compared to wrought both before and after heat treatment, despite significant differences in ductility found in tensile tests. In the majority of the ballistic impact tests, damage inflicted on the projectile core was more extensive for the AM targets than for the wrought. Numerical models were constructed in the IMPETUS Solver to simulate the ballistic impact response of the non-heat-treated material. Standard and commonly used material models were implemented, with only simple adjustments to account for the AM material characteristics. The experimentally and numerically determined ballistic limit velocity agreed to within 10%, and numerical results were found to be conservative.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105271"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-27DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105286
Zhenhua Liu , Xiangzhen Kong , Junyu Fan , Jian Hong , Fengguo Yan
Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is an outstanding material used in defense engineering that may be suffered from deliberate projectile penetration and charge explosion. Numerical simulation plays an increasingly significant role for analyzing corresponding failure mechanism with the aid of a well sound material model along with calibrated parameters. However, a systematic mechanical test on UHPC properties especial the flyer-plate-impact test used to calibrate parameters is very limited. To resolve this problem, static and dynamic mechanical property tests on UHPC specimens were firstly performed, which were then employed to calibrate the parameters for strength surface, equation of state, damage and strain-rate effect in the Kong-Fang model recently proposed. Based on the calibrated parameters, projectile penetration test and charge explosion test on UHPC targets were numerically simulated and compared with relevant test data. Numerical predictions and comparisons demonstrated the effectiveness of calibrated parameters. The present study can provide fundamental data to calibrate a material model used to numerically simulate failures and dynamic responses of UHPC structures suffered from impact and blast loadings.
{"title":"A systematic mechanical test on UHPC properties used to calibrate Kong-Fang model's parameters under projectile penetration and charge explosion","authors":"Zhenhua Liu , Xiangzhen Kong , Junyu Fan , Jian Hong , Fengguo Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105286","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105286","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is an outstanding material used in defense engineering that may be suffered from deliberate projectile penetration and charge explosion. Numerical simulation plays an increasingly significant role for analyzing corresponding failure mechanism with the aid of a well sound material model along with calibrated parameters. However, a systematic mechanical test on UHPC properties especial the flyer-plate-impact test used to calibrate parameters is very limited. To resolve this problem, static and dynamic mechanical property tests on UHPC specimens were firstly performed, which were then employed to calibrate the parameters for strength surface, equation of state, damage and strain-rate effect in the Kong-Fang model recently proposed. Based on the calibrated parameters, projectile penetration test and charge explosion test on UHPC targets were numerically simulated and compared with relevant test data. Numerical predictions and comparisons demonstrated the effectiveness of calibrated parameters. The present study can provide fundamental data to calibrate a material model used to numerically simulate failures and dynamic responses of UHPC structures suffered from impact and blast loadings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105286"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-25DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105291
Ruifeng Wang , Kangbo Yuan , Jianjun Wang , Lanting Liu , Longyang Chen , Sihan Zhao , Boli Li , Weiguo Guo
The lack of an insight on micro-mechanisms and constitutive models for the tension-compression asymmetry (TCA) in lightweight metal matrix composites is a major impediment to accurate structural assessment and full exploitation of their application potential, and has attracted growing interest in recent research. This paper aims to report our innovative work on the mechanism investigation and constitutive modeling of the rate-temperature dependence of TCA in TiB2/2024 Al composite. Experimental results indicate that the TCA extent in both yield stress and strain hardening increases notably with both strain rate and temperature. Microscopic characterizations demonstrate that TCA is primarily attributed to the variation of damage evolution under different deformation paths. Matrix damage always dominates in compression, while damage evolution under tensile loadings is more complex. As temperature increases, the dominant damage mode in tension transits from particle cracking to interface debonding. These tensile damages in high-strain-rate tests will initiate earlier and are distributed over a larger deformed area. Based on the new insights towards damage evolution mechanism, a damage-coupled viscoplastic constitutive model considering the stress state effect was established to quantify TCA over wide ranges of strain rate and temperature, which can be extended and applied to other metal matrix composites.
{"title":"Rate-temperature dependence of tension-compression asymmetry in metal matrix composites: Mechanism and damage-coupled constitutive modeling","authors":"Ruifeng Wang , Kangbo Yuan , Jianjun Wang , Lanting Liu , Longyang Chen , Sihan Zhao , Boli Li , Weiguo Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The lack of an insight on micro-mechanisms and constitutive models for the tension-compression asymmetry (TCA) in lightweight metal matrix composites is a major impediment to accurate structural assessment and full exploitation of their application potential, and has attracted growing interest in recent research. This paper aims to report our innovative work on the mechanism investigation and constitutive modeling of the rate-temperature dependence of TCA in TiB<sub>2</sub>/2024 Al composite. Experimental results indicate that the TCA extent in both yield stress and strain hardening increases notably with both strain rate and temperature. Microscopic characterizations demonstrate that TCA is primarily attributed to the variation of damage evolution under different deformation paths. Matrix damage always dominates in compression, while damage evolution under tensile loadings is more complex. As temperature increases, the dominant damage mode in tension transits from particle cracking to interface debonding. These tensile damages in high-strain-rate tests will initiate earlier and are distributed over a larger deformed area. Based on the new insights towards damage evolution mechanism, a damage-coupled viscoplastic constitutive model considering the stress state effect was established to quantify TCA over wide ranges of strain rate and temperature, which can be extended and applied to other metal matrix composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105291"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-24DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105289
Zhaoxin Yun , Wanqi Zhao , Liming Chen , Shaowei Zhu , Yan Zhang , Tao Liu , Xianbo Hou
Sandwich cylindrical structures, appreciated for their lightweight, high specific strength, excellent energy absorption, and crash resistance, are gaining popularity in aerospace, automotive, and marine industries. Initially, these structures were mainly made of metal or thermosetting composites. Using thermoplastic composites in fabrication highlights a significant step towards better performance. However, constructing thermoplastic sandwich cylindrical structures meets some challenges due to the difficulties in joining thermoplastic composites and the limited reshaping options before curing. In this research, we develop a method that includes a snap-fit technique and a self-reinforced technique to produce thermoplastic sandwich cylindrical structures with a hierarchical honeycomb core. The snap-fit technique uses 2D chips and constructs them into a 3D structure. Additionally, a self-reinforced technique that uses rods made from the same material as the composite matrix enhances the structural connectivity without adding any extra compounds, thus keeping the structures recyclable. The mechanical properties of these sandwich cylindrical structures were evaluated using quasi-static compression, low-speed impact, and compression after impact (CAI) tests. The results show that these structures have exceptional energy absorption ability, with an average specific energy absorption exceeding 4 J/g. Most notably, after impacts of 300, 600, and 900 J, the structure's energy absorption ability and crush force efficiency were pleasantly improved. This demonstrates the difference between thermoplastic and thermoset composites. Unlike brittle fractures, the thermoplastic composite structure undergoes plastic deformation upon impact, presenting a benefit in energy absorption, especially in situations involving secondary impacts.
{"title":"Thermoplastic sandwich cylindrical structure with hierarchical honeycomb core: Dynamic/static compression and compression-after-impact behavior","authors":"Zhaoxin Yun , Wanqi Zhao , Liming Chen , Shaowei Zhu , Yan Zhang , Tao Liu , Xianbo Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sandwich cylindrical structures, appreciated for their lightweight, high specific strength, excellent energy absorption, and crash resistance, are gaining popularity in aerospace, automotive, and marine industries. Initially, these structures were mainly made of metal or thermosetting composites. Using thermoplastic composites in fabrication highlights a significant step towards better performance. However, constructing thermoplastic sandwich cylindrical structures meets some challenges due to the difficulties in joining thermoplastic composites and the limited reshaping options before curing. In this research, we develop a method that includes a snap-fit technique and a self-reinforced technique to produce thermoplastic sandwich cylindrical structures with a hierarchical honeycomb core. The snap-fit technique uses 2D chips and constructs them into a 3D structure. Additionally, a self-reinforced technique that uses rods made from the same material as the composite matrix enhances the structural connectivity without adding any extra compounds, thus keeping the structures recyclable. The mechanical properties of these sandwich cylindrical structures were evaluated using quasi-static compression, low-speed impact, and compression after impact (CAI) tests. The results show that these structures have exceptional energy absorption ability, with an average specific energy absorption exceeding 4 J/g. Most notably, after impacts of 300, 600, and 900 J, the structure's energy absorption ability and crush force efficiency were pleasantly improved. This demonstrates the difference between thermoplastic and thermoset composites. Unlike brittle fractures, the thermoplastic composite structure undergoes plastic deformation upon impact, presenting a benefit in energy absorption, especially in situations involving secondary impacts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105289"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-24DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105269
Bowen Sun , Shankun Liu , Wenping Han , Fei Han , Ling Zhang , Yunhou Sun , Yong Mei
This paper presents a novel bond-based peridynamic model for failure analysis of concrete structures subjected to impact. The model characterizes the tensile response of concrete using the prototype microelastic brittle model, while the Holmquist–Johnson–Cook (HJC) constitutive model is reformulated within the framework of bond-based peridynamics to describe the compressive response. The reformulated model is rate- and pressure-dependent and accounts for strain softening due to plastic damage. A yield criterion for peridynamic bonds is introduced, and the return-mapping algorithm is employed to determine bond-force. A semi-spring contact model is utilized for contact calculation. The validity of the proposed model is verified by comparing simulation results with experimental stress–strain data. Additionally, both low- and high-speed impact tests on concrete structures are simulated. The crack morphology observed in the simulations aligns with experimental observations, indicating that the proposed model can effectively analyze the failure of concrete structures under impact.
{"title":"Peridynamics-based reformulation of HJC constitutive model for concrete failure analysis under impact","authors":"Bowen Sun , Shankun Liu , Wenping Han , Fei Han , Ling Zhang , Yunhou Sun , Yong Mei","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105269","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a novel bond-based peridynamic model for failure analysis of concrete structures subjected to impact. The model characterizes the tensile response of concrete using the prototype microelastic brittle model, while the Holmquist–Johnson–Cook (HJC) constitutive model is reformulated within the framework of bond-based peridynamics to describe the compressive response. The reformulated model is rate- and pressure-dependent and accounts for strain softening due to plastic damage. A yield criterion for peridynamic bonds is introduced, and the return-mapping algorithm is employed to determine bond-force. A semi-spring contact model is utilized for contact calculation. The validity of the proposed model is verified by comparing simulation results with experimental stress–strain data. Additionally, both low- and high-speed impact tests on concrete structures are simulated. The crack morphology observed in the simulations aligns with experimental observations, indicating that the proposed model can effectively analyze the failure of concrete structures under impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105269"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143529327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-22DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105284
Yulin Guo , Yue Wu , Zhiqiang Fan , Songwen Yi , Zhuwen Lv , Tiangen Wang
The poor impact resistance of aluminum foam restricts its wide application in advanced engineering structures while reinforcing phases and coatings are effective methods to improve its impact resistance. The ballistic impact resistance can be optimized by adjusting the mixing ratio of composite layers and coatings, but this requires a systematic exploration of the reinforcement mechanism and failure mechanism. In this paper, the ballistic impact behavior of aluminum foam/polyurea composites against cylindrical fragments is systematically investigated. Hybrid specimens with different coating positions and mixing ratios were designed, tested, and compared. The results show a strong correlation between coating thickness and ballistic impact performance. When the coating thickness increases but does not exceed the critical value, the energy absorption capacity of the composite is enhanced. On the contrary, the opposite result occurs when the coating thickness exceeds the critical value. This phenomenon is related to the support effect of the coating, which can significantly affect the enhancement of the reinforcing phase. Further analysis shows that the support effect and the enhancement together dominate the different impact damage modes.
{"title":"Effect of coating thickness on ballistic impact behavior of aluminum foam/polyurea reinforced composites","authors":"Yulin Guo , Yue Wu , Zhiqiang Fan , Songwen Yi , Zhuwen Lv , Tiangen Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The poor impact resistance of aluminum foam restricts its wide application in advanced engineering structures while reinforcing phases and coatings are effective methods to improve its impact resistance. The ballistic impact resistance can be optimized by adjusting the mixing ratio of composite layers and coatings, but this requires a systematic exploration of the reinforcement mechanism and failure mechanism. In this paper, the ballistic impact behavior of aluminum foam/polyurea composites against cylindrical fragments is systematically investigated. Hybrid specimens with different coating positions and mixing ratios were designed, tested, and compared. The results show a strong correlation between coating thickness and ballistic impact performance. When the coating thickness increases but does not exceed the critical value, the energy absorption capacity of the composite is enhanced. On the contrary, the opposite result occurs when the coating thickness exceeds the critical value. This phenomenon is related to the support effect of the coating, which can significantly affect the enhancement of the reinforcing phase. Further analysis shows that the support effect and the enhancement together dominate the different impact damage modes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105284"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143480449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-22DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105288
Sheng Zhang , Zhen-Qing Wang , Shu-Tao Li , Tian-Chun Ai , Ye-Qing Chen
Fragment velocity is a critical parameter for assessing the damage potential of cased charges, and its accurate prediction has been a focal point in the field of engineering protection. To develop a more widely applicable and accurate fragment velocity calculation formula, this study integrates experimental and numerical simulation results to construct an artificial neural network (ANN) predictive model for the spatial distribution parameters of fragment velocity. Based on this, a calculation formula that considers spatial distribution parameters and fragment velocity distribution is derived. The results indicate that fragment velocity is positively correlated with the charge mass ratio, end cap thickness ratio, and aspect ratio, with the mass ratio having the most significant impact. The spatial distribution parameter is negatively correlated only with the end cap thickness ratio. The developed fragment velocity formula yields an average error of 6.2 % for the charge with end caps and 4.4 % without end caps, reducing the average error by 3.9 % and 1.1 %, respectively, compared to the formula established by Liao et al. Overall, the neural network model developed in this study effectively predicts spatial distribution parameters of fragment velocity, and the resulting fragment velocity formula offers broad applicability and enhanced accuracy.
{"title":"Development of a machine learning-driven formula for calculating fragment velocity","authors":"Sheng Zhang , Zhen-Qing Wang , Shu-Tao Li , Tian-Chun Ai , Ye-Qing Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fragment velocity is a critical parameter for assessing the damage potential of cased charges, and its accurate prediction has been a focal point in the field of engineering protection. To develop a more widely applicable and accurate fragment velocity calculation formula, this study integrates experimental and numerical simulation results to construct an artificial neural network (ANN) predictive model for the spatial distribution parameters of fragment velocity. Based on this, a calculation formula that considers spatial distribution parameters and fragment velocity distribution is derived. The results indicate that fragment velocity is positively correlated with the charge mass ratio, end cap thickness ratio, and aspect ratio, with the mass ratio having the most significant impact. The spatial distribution parameter is negatively correlated only with the end cap thickness ratio. The developed fragment velocity formula yields an average error of 6.2 % for the charge with end caps and 4.4 % without end caps, reducing the average error by 3.9 % and 1.1 %, respectively, compared to the formula established by Liao et al. Overall, the neural network model developed in this study effectively predicts spatial distribution parameters of fragment velocity, and the resulting fragment velocity formula offers broad applicability and enhanced accuracy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105288"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143520264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号