International Journal of Impact Engineering最新文献

Extreme near-field reflected blast loads of cylindrical charges 极端近场反射爆炸载荷的圆柱形装药

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105673

Ruilong Ma , Xinjie Wang , Fenglei Huang

Accurate prediction of near-field reflected blast loads is critical for structural safety assessment and protective design. However, the spatiotemporal characterization of extreme near-field blast loads remains insufficient. This study established a numerical model to investigate blast reflections from cylindrical charges, accounting for the coupled effects of detonation products and shock waves. The results reveal that the reflected blast wave follows a self-similar evolution, with the interface of detonation products transitioning from a smooth state to a complex morphology of random microjets as the expansion radius increases. With increasing scaled distance, the high-pressure region of cylindrical charges diminishes significantly due to radial rarefaction waves. At larger aspect ratios, the dynamic pressure of detonation products in the regular reflection region exceeds that of spherical charges, while the opposite trend occurs in the Mach reflection region. Furthermore, the reflected peak loads of cylindrical charges decay nonlinearly and monotonically with scaled distance, whereas the peak overpressure attenuates non-monotonically with incident angle due to Mach reflection effects. For higher aspect ratios, the overpressure amplitude in the regular reflection region increases continuously, with peak overpressure contours converging axially. Additionally, as the load amplitude decreases, the contribution area ratios of reflected peak loads between cylindrical and spherical charges gradually diminish. This study presents a quantitative investigation of extreme near-field blast load characteristics from cylindrical charges, contributing insights for predictive model development.

近场反射爆炸荷载的准确预测对结构安全评估和防护设计至关重要。然而，对极端近场爆炸载荷的时空表征仍然不够充分。本文建立了考虑爆轰产物和激波耦合效应的圆柱装药爆炸反射数值模型。结果表明：随着膨胀半径的增大，反射爆轰波呈现自相似演化，爆轰产物界面由光滑状态过渡到复杂的随机微射流形态；随着尺度距离的增加，由于径向稀薄波的作用，圆柱形装药的高压区域明显减小。当展弦比较大时，规则反射区爆轰产物动压大于球形装药，而马赫反射区则相反。此外，由于马赫反射效应，圆柱装药的反射峰值载荷随距离的变化呈非线性单调衰减，而峰值超压随入射角的变化呈非单调衰减。高纵横比时，规则反射区超压幅值持续增大，超压峰值轮廓向轴向收敛。此外，随着载荷幅值的减小，圆柱形电荷和球形电荷之间反射峰值载荷的贡献面积比逐渐减小。该研究对圆柱装药的极端近场爆炸载荷特性进行了定量研究，为预测模型的开发提供了见解。

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引用次数: 0

Configuration–hybrid ratio coupling mechanisms for penetration resistant lightweight TPMS panels 抗侵彻轻型TPMS面板的配置-混合比率耦合机制

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105672

Tianyu Gao , Junhao Ding , Kai Liu , Tianxiao Niu , Xu Song , Zhonggang Wang

Advances in high-precision additive manufacturing enable the fabrication of architected lattice materials with microscale cellular architectures, establishing a viable route toward integrated porous panels for passive protection. Strengthening localized impact resistance through architected designs carries substantial implications for advanced engineering applications. In this study, hybrid triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) panels are presented, which integrate category diversity with heterogeneous spatial organization, thereby realizing a synergistic improvement of lightweight efficiency and enhanced impact tolerance. Bio-inspired strategic placement of high-absorption topologies near the proximal end broadened early stress diffusion, stabilized collapse pathways, and enhanced absorption efficiency. A configuration-hybrid ratio coupling mechanism is identified, demonstrating that hybrid TPMS panels with identical mass can outperform their homogeneous counterparts-most notably, a D-P hybrid configuration achieves up to 29.8% higher energy absorption. These findings are experimentally validated using panels comprising over 3000-unit cells fabricated by high-resolution laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and tested under hemispherical drop-weight impact to capture dynamic deformation responses. Finite element simulations reveal crushing, shear, and tensile fracture as dominant failure modes under localized impact. The continuous hybrid architecture offers improved penetration resistance and stable collapse behavior, providing valuable design guideline for advanced lightweight, impact-resistant metamaterials.

高精度增材制造的进步使微尺度蜂窝结构的结构晶格材料得以制造，为被动防护的集成多孔板建立了一条可行的途径。通过建筑设计加强局部抗冲击能力对先进的工程应用具有重大意义。本研究提出了混合三周期最小表面（TPMS）面板，该面板将类别多样性与异质空间组织相结合，从而实现了轻量化效率的协同提高和抗冲击能力的增强。仿生的高吸收拓扑结构在近端附近的策略性放置拓宽了早期应力扩散，稳定了坍塌路径，提高了吸收效率。发现了一种构型-杂化比耦合机制，表明具有相同质量的杂化TPMS面板的性能优于同类产品，最值得注意的是，D-P杂化配置的能量吸收率高达29.8%。这些发现通过高分辨率激光粉末床熔融（LPBF）制造的超过3000个单元的面板进行了实验验证，并在半球形落重冲击下进行了测试，以捕捉动态变形响应。有限元模拟表明，在局部冲击下，破碎、剪切和拉伸断裂是主要的破坏模式。连续的混合结构提供了更好的抗穿透性和稳定的坍塌行为，为先进的轻质、抗冲击超材料提供了有价值的设计指南。

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引用次数: 0

Dynamic yield strength of Ta under shock-ramp compression measured by a machine-learning enhanced self-consistent Lagrangian analysis method 用机器学习增强自洽拉格朗日分析方法测量冲击斜坡压缩下Ta的动态屈服强度

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105668

Yiheng Zhou , Dun Wu , Yuanchao Gan , Xuemei Li , Xiaolong Nan , Guoqiang Luo , Yuying Yu , Jianbo Hu

The dynamic yield strength of materials under extreme loading conditions is critical for applications in inertial confinement fusion, space debris protection, and high-strain-rate deformation processes. This study systematically investigates the dynamic yield behavior of tantalum (Ta) under shock-ramp compression using graded density impactors (GDIs), covering pressures from 36 GPa to 120 GPa and strain rates from 2.09 × 10⁵ /s to 1.28 × 10⁶ /s. A machine learning-enhanced transfer function (MLTF) method was developed to eliminate window-induced artifacts in experimental measurements, enabling accurate recovery of in-situ velocity profiles. By establishing a mapping between the input stress profile and the interface velocity profile, the MLTF method overcomes the long-standing difficulty of achieving consistency between experimental and simulated curves inherent in conventional TF approaches. Strength data were extracted via a self-consistent Lagrangian analysis, yielding values from 1.02 GPa to 2.64 GPa. These results were used to calibrate a dislocation-based strength (DBS) model, which incorporates the effects of pressure, temperature, strain rate, and dislocation mechanisms. Comparative analysis with multi-loading-path data reveals significant path-dependent strength differences: ramp compression exhibits higher strength than shock-ramp and shock compression, primarily due to temperature softening effects. The MLTF method demonstrates robustness for complex loading paths, providing a foundation for advanced constitutive modeling under extreme conditions. This work advances the understanding of path-dependent material response and offers a scalable framework for strength characterization under diverse thermodynamic paths.

材料在极端载荷条件下的动态屈服强度对于惯性约束聚变、空间碎片防护和高应变速率变形过程的应用至关重要。本研究采用梯度密度冲击器（gdi）系统研究了钽（Ta）在冲击斜坡压缩下的动态屈服行为，压力范围从36 GPa到120 GPa，应变速率从2.09 × 105 /s到1.28 × 106 /s。开发了一种机器学习增强传递函数（MLTF）方法来消除实验测量中的窗口诱发伪影，从而能够准确地恢复原位速度剖面。通过建立输入应力剖面和界面速度剖面之间的映射关系，MLTF方法克服了传统TF方法在实验曲线和模拟曲线之间实现一致性的长期困难。强度数据通过自一致拉格朗日分析提取，所得值为1.02 - 2.64 GPa。这些结果用于校准基于位错的强度（DBS）模型，该模型包含压力、温度、应变速率和位错机制的影响。与多加载路径数据的对比分析揭示了显著的路径相关强度差异：坡道压缩比冲击坡道压缩和冲击压缩表现出更高的强度，主要是由于温度软化效应。该方法对复杂加载路径具有鲁棒性，为极端条件下的高级本构建模奠定了基础。这项工作促进了对路径依赖材料响应的理解，并为不同热力学路径下的强度表征提供了一个可扩展的框架。

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引用次数: 0

A comparative study on the penetration resistance of HS-UHTCC, RPC, and UHTCC thick targets under long-rod projectile impact HS-UHTCC、RPC和UHTCC厚靶在长杆弹丸冲击下抗侵彻性能的对比研究

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105670

Ping Wu , Yunyao Deng , Honglin Xu

High-Strength Ultra-High Toughness Cementitious Composite (HS-UHTCC) combines the ultra-high compressive strength of Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) with the superior ductility of Ultra-High Toughness Cementitious Composite (UHTCC). It demonstrates significant advantages in mitigating the crater area on the impact face and decreasing the penetration depth of projectiles. In this study, three types of targets (300 × 300 × 400 mm) made of HS-UHTCC, UHTCC, and RPC were prepared. High-velocity penetration tests (300–1000 m/s) were conducted using alloy steel long-rod projectiles with a diameter of 10 mm. The test data on penetration depth, crater damage, crack propagation, and projectile response for the three materials were obtained, systematically revealing for the first time the balanced superiority of HS-UHTCC in terms of "penetration resistance" and "damage control". At a penetration velocity of approximately 420 m/s, the penetration depth of HS-UHTCC was reduced by about 25% compared to UHTCC, while its crater area was about 20% smaller than that of RPC. Based on the projectile wear observed during the tests, a friction coefficient was introduced into the classical Forrestal formula, to propose a modified Forrestal‑N model. This model effectively predicts the penetration depths of the three materials, and the modified formula also provides their respective critical perforation velocities. This study offers a crucial quantitative design basis for the protective applications of HS-UHTCC.

高强超高韧性水泥复合材料（HS-UHTCC）结合了活性粉末混凝土（RPC）的超高抗压强度和超高韧性水泥复合材料（UHTCC）的优越延性。在减小冲击面弹坑面积和减小弹丸侵彻深度方面具有显著的优势。本研究制备了HS-UHTCC、UHTCC和RPC三种类型的靶材（300 × 300 × 400 mm）。采用直径为10 mm的合金钢长杆弹丸进行了300-1000 m/s的高速侵彻试验。获得了三种材料的侵彻深度、弹坑损伤、裂纹扩展和弹丸响应试验数据，首次系统揭示了HS-UHTCC在“抗侵彻”和“损伤控制”方面的平衡优势。在侵彻速度约为420 m/s时，HS-UHTCC的侵彻深度比UHTCC减少了约25%，弹坑面积比RPC减少了约20%。基于试验中观察到的弹丸磨损，在经典的Forrestal公式中引入了摩擦系数，提出了修正的Forrestal - N模型。该模型有效地预测了三种材料的侵彻深度，修正后的公式还提供了各自的临界射孔速度。本研究为HS-UHTCC的防护应用提供了重要的定量设计依据。

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引用次数: 0

Theoretical prediction for energy absorption properties of 3D lattice structures under dynamic loading condition 动载条件下三维点阵结构吸能特性的理论预测

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105667

Ning Wang , Hanfeng Yin , Yifan Zhao , Guilin Wen , Jie Liu

Efficient energy absorption is a critical requirement in modern engineering applications. Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures, owing to their excellent energy-absorbing capabilities and lightweight characteristics, exhibit broad application prospects in aerospace, automotive engineering, and defense fields. Exploring the dynamic energy absorption characteristics and applying it to engineering protection field have become a current research hotspot. However, existing study addressing the dynamic energy absorption of TPMS structure mainly focuses on numerical simulation and experimental methods, and there are few theoretical methods for predicting the dynamic energy absorption performance. Therefore, building upon the folding element theory as well as the momentum theorem, theoretical model of four TPMS structures is established to predict the energy absorption under dynamic loading condition. The validity of the theoretical prediction is verified through numerical simulation as well as experimental methods. It is obtained from the results that theoretical prediction for the mean crushing stress under dynamic loading condition has high accuracy and effectively reveals the impact of structural parameters on dynamic energy absorption performance. This study provides a reliable theoretical model to predict the energy-absorbing behavior of four TPMS structures under dynamic loading condition, offering a valuable reference for the application in engineering.

高效的能量吸收是现代工程应用的关键要求。三周期最小表面结构以其优异的吸能性能和轻量化特性，在航空航天、汽车工程和国防等领域具有广阔的应用前景。探索动态吸能特性并将其应用于工程防护领域已成为当前的研究热点。然而，目前针对TPMS结构动态吸能的研究主要集中在数值模拟和实验方法上，缺乏预测其动态吸能性能的理论方法。因此，在折叠单元理论和动量定理的基础上，建立了四种TPMS结构在动载条件下的吸能预测的理论模型。通过数值模拟和实验方法验证了理论预测的有效性。结果表明，动加载条件下的平均破碎应力理论预测精度高，能有效揭示结构参数对动态吸能性能的影响。该研究为预测四种TPMS结构在动载条件下的吸能行为提供了可靠的理论模型，为工程应用提供了有价值的参考。

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引用次数: 0

Fracture and damage evolution of metal molybdenum based on a modified Johnson–Cook model under high-temperature conditions 基于改进Johnson-Cook模型的高温条件下金属钼断裂与损伤演化

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105663

Lijun Mao , Wei Zhao , Chang Liu , Zhaojun Pang , Zhonghua Du

Metallic pure molybdenum (Mo) is widely used in aerospace structural components and energy absorption applications due to its high elastic modulus and strength. This study investigates the mechanical behavior of metallic Mo under quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions, and proposes a modified Johnson-Cook (J-C) constitutive model that comprehensively considers strain-rate hardening and temperature-softening effects to predict damage evolution and fracture modes during tensile loading. Through basic mechanical tests and high-temperature tensile/compression experiments, the stress-strain responses of Mo under different conditions were obtained, from which the parameters of the J-C constitutive and failure models were fitted. Additionally, the original J-C model was modified to couple strain-rate and temperature effects. Scanning electron microscopy fracture analysis showed that Mo exhibited brittle cleavage fracture at room temperature, with the fracture surface gradually displaying more ductile characteristics as temperature increased. The number of dimples significantly increased, indicating a clear brittle-to-ductile transition. Based on the established modified constitutive model, a Fortran program was developed to implement the Abaqus software VUMAT user material subroutine. The numerical simulation results agreed well with the experimental data, validating the effectiveness and reliability of the modified J-C constitutive model and failure parameters in describing the mechanical behavior of metallic Mo.

金属纯钼（Mo）因其高弹性模量和强度而广泛应用于航空航天结构部件和吸能应用。研究了金属Mo在准静态和动态加载条件下的力学行为，提出了一种综合考虑应变速率硬化和温度软化效应的改进Johnson-Cook （J-C）本构模型，用于预测拉伸加载过程中的损伤演化和断裂模式。通过基础力学试验和高温拉伸/压缩试验，获得了Mo在不同条件下的应力应变响应，拟合了J-C本构模型和破坏模型参数。此外，对原有的J-C模型进行了修正，以耦合应变速率和温度的影响。扫描电镜断口分析表明，Mo在室温下表现为脆性解理断裂，随着温度的升高，断口表面逐渐表现出更强的韧性特征。韧窝数量显著增加，表明脆性向延性转变明显。在建立修正本构模型的基础上，开发了Fortran程序实现Abaqus软件VUMAT用户资料子程序。数值模拟结果与试验数据吻合较好，验证了修正J-C本构模型和失效参数描述金属Mo力学行为的有效性和可靠性。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental study on the response of additively-manufactured polymeric lattices to impact along different directions 加成聚合物晶格对不同方向冲击响应的实验研究

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105658

Zhengping Sun , Yuanyuan Ding , Yuxuan Zheng , V.P.W. Shim

Diverse lattice architectures have been proposed with the aim of enhancing their mechanical response, particularly in relation to compression along their three principal geometrical axes. Most lattice cell topologies have been designed to display cubic symmetry, with the goal of achieving quasi-isotropic behaviour. Even if this is achieved in practice, it does not ensure similarly favourable responses for impact along other directions, and this aspect has received little attention or been reported. Nevertheless, it deserves examination, because in actual applications, lattices are likely to sustain loads or required to mitigate impact from any or multiple directions. Furthermore, cell components such as struts can display significant angle-dependent properties associated with additive manufacturing processes employed to fabricate them, and this exacerbates anisotropy in the lattice global response. Consequently, in addition to the vertical build direction, it is instructive to examine the compressive responses of lattices loaded along oblique directions, especially under impact, to elicit the degree of mechanical anisotropy under gross deformation. In this study, samples of Octet and Rhombic Dodecahedron lattices, as well as a hybrid descendant lattice (HS), are additively manufactured, and subjected to dynamic uniaxial compression along two oblique directions, i.e., the face diagonal and body diagonal directions with respect to the lattice cubes. Compared to the responses for compression along the geometrical principal axes defining the cube, significantly dissimilar stress-strain responses and crushing modes are observed, indicating sensitivity to impact direction, and this is associated with cell geometry. The influence of angle-dependent strut material properties in inducing anisotropy is highlighted, and the smaller degree of anisotropy observed with the novel HS lattice, demonstrates its advantage in yielding more consistent, direction-independent behaviour.

已经提出了不同的晶格结构，目的是增强它们的机械响应，特别是在沿着它们的三个主要几何轴的压缩方面。大多数晶格细胞拓扑结构被设计成显示立方对称，目标是实现准各向同性行为。即使在实践中做到了这一点，也不能确保对其他方向的影响作出同样有利的反应，而且这方面很少受到注意或报道。然而，它值得研究，因为在实际应用中，晶格可能承受载荷或需要减轻来自任何或多个方向的影响。此外，单元组件（如支柱）可以显示出与用于制造它们的增材制造工艺相关的显著角度依赖特性，这加剧了晶格全局响应的各向异性。因此，除了垂直建造方向外，研究沿倾斜方向加载的晶格的压缩响应，特别是在冲击下的压缩响应，以得出总变形下的力学各向异性程度，是有指导意义的。在本研究中，八面体和菱形十二面体晶格以及混合后代晶格（HS）的样品被增材制造，并在相对于晶格立方体的两个倾斜方向，即面对角线方向和体对角线方向上进行动态单轴压缩。与沿着定义立方体的几何主轴的压缩响应相比，观察到明显不同的应力-应变响应和破碎模式，表明对冲击方向的敏感性，这与单元的几何形状有关。强调了角度相关的支撑材料特性对诱导各向异性的影响，并且在新型HS晶格中观察到的各向异性程度较小，证明了其在产生更一致，方向无关行为方面的优势。

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引用次数: 0

Capturing early fragment dynamics in dense explosion clouds 捕捉密集爆炸云中的早期碎片动态

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105660

Arpit Joglekar , Vishal Jagadale , Devashish Chorey , Viwek Mahto , Paras Nath Verma , Kusumkant Dhote , Devendra Deshmukh

Accurate measurement of initial fragment velocities is critical for characterizing dispersion and shocked fragment interactions inside the explosion cloud. Conventional techniques yield only time-averaged data, missing early-stage dynamics inside harsh explosive environments. This study employs Digital Inline Holography (DIH) with sub-µs exposure to track early-stage dynamics of preformed fragments in single- and three-fragment configurations using two electric detonators, Det-1 and Det-2, with different explosive masses. Despite its higher explosive mass, Det-1 produced lower fragment velocities than Det-2 due to higher energy absorption through deformation and fracture. In the three-fragment inline setup, the outermost fragment consistently attained the highest velocity, driven by shock transmission. The fragments showed significant deceleration due to increased density inside the cloud in both detonator configurations. Energy absorbed in fragment deformation was analyzed using SEM and XRD. Results showed that fragments from Det-1 absorbed more energy, resulting in lower initial velocities. A velocity decay model, incorporating effective density and drag, supported experimental trends. Overall, this study provides continuous time-resolved fragment velocity characterization in harsh explosive environments, offering critical insights into shock–fragment interactions, energy partitioning, and preformed fragmentation behaviour.

精确测量初始破片速度对于描述爆炸云中分散和激波破片相互作用至关重要。传统的技术只能得到时间平均的数据，而忽略了恶劣爆炸环境中的早期动态。本研究采用亚µs曝光的数字内嵌全息（DIH）技术，使用不同炸药质量的两种电雷管（Det-1和Det-2），跟踪单片和三片预制破片的早期动力学。尽管爆炸质量更高，但由于变形和断裂吸收的能量更高，Det-1产生的破片速度低于Det-2。在三破片直列装置中，最外层破片在冲击传动的驱动下始终保持最高速度。由于两种雷管结构中云内密度的增加，碎片显示出显著的减速。利用扫描电镜和x射线衍射分析了碎片变形过程中吸收的能量。结果表明，来自Det-1的碎片吸收了更多的能量，导致较低的初始速度。结合有效密度和阻力的速度衰减模型支持了实验趋势。总体而言，该研究提供了恶劣爆炸环境中连续时间分辨破片速度特征，为冲击-破片相互作用、能量分配和预成形破片行为提供了关键见解。

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引用次数: 0

Comparative study on sand erosion damage and residual strength of GFRP, BFRP, and CFRP composites GFRP、BFRP、CFRP复合材料的沙蚀损伤及残余强度对比研究

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105659

Wenhao Ren, Siha A

Wind and sand erosion is a key environmental factor affecting the service life of fiber-reinforced composite materials, but the mechanical degradation mechanisms of different types of composite structures under multi-parameter erosion remain unclear. This study utilized a jet erosion test platform to systematically evaluate the performance evolution of three typical structures—GFRP, BFRP, and CFRP—under varying erosion angles (15°–90°), velocities (16–31 m/s), and durations (10–50 min). The results show that all three undergo damage processes such as resin delamination, fiber exposure, and interlaminar debonding, with 60° being the most prone angle for failure. CFRP exhibits the highest strength retention rate (82%), but the most significant modulus decrease (14.9%); GFRP experiences over a 30% strength reduction under prolonged erosion, while BFRP exhibits strain separation and early instability. Stress-strain and multi-point strain analyses indicate that CFRP maintains deformation consistency after erosion; GFRP exhibits more ductile behavior accompanied by progressive strain bifurcation; while BFRP demonstrates moderate mechanical response with limited strain compatibility. The semi-empirical predictive model constructed further achieved good fitting on all three materials (R² > 0.84), validating its cross-material applicability. The research results provide a theoretical basis for corrosion-resistant design, surface protection, and life prediction of composite structures under complex operating conditions.

风沙侵蚀是影响纤维增强复合材料使用寿命的关键环境因素，但不同类型复合材料结构在多参数侵蚀作用下的力学退化机制尚不清楚。本研究利用射流侵蚀试验平台，系统评估了gfrp、BFRP和cfrp三种典型结构在不同侵蚀角度（15°-90°）、速度（16-31 m/s）和持续时间（10-50 min）下的性能演变。结果表明，三种材料均经历了树脂分层、纤维暴露和层间脱粘等损伤过程，其中60°角是最容易失效的角度。CFRP的强度保持率最高（82%），但模量降低幅度最大（14.9%）；GFRP在长时间侵蚀下强度降低30%以上，而BFRP表现出应变分离和早期不稳定。应力应变和多点应变分析表明，CFRP在侵蚀后保持变形一致性；GFRP表现出更强的延性，并伴有渐进的应变分岔；而BFRP表现出适度的力学响应，应变相容性有限。所构建的半经验预测模型对三种材料均取得了较好的拟合效果（R²> 0.84），验证了其跨材料适用性。研究结果为复合材料结构在复杂工况下的耐腐蚀设计、表面防护和寿命预测提供了理论依据。

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引用次数: 0

Penetration behavior and energy-partition mechanisms of a 12.7 mm armor-piercing incendiary projectile into semi-infinite steel targets 12.7 mm穿甲弹对半无限钢靶的侵彻行为及能量分配机理

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105662

Yiding Wu, Wencheng Lu, Xinyu Sun, Shuangqi Li, Bingzhuo Hu, Guangfa Gao

To address the fact that existing studies on rigid-projectile penetration are largely concentrated on aluminum alloys and low-strength steels, while providing insufficient descriptions of the penetration process and target-side energy partitioning for medium-to-high-strength armor steels under semi-infinite conditions, this work investigates the normal-impact penetration of a 12.7 mm armor-piercing incendiary (API) projectile core into semi-infinite low-strength 45 steel and high-strength 603 steel targets. Ballistic experiments, theoretical modeling, and explicit numerical simulations are combined to systematically study the evolution of penetration resistance acting on the projectile core and the associated energy-dissipation mechanisms. The experimental results show that the crater profile closely conforms to the projectile-core morphology, providing direct experimental evidence that the core can still maintain a rigid-penetration regime in the high-strength 603 steel. At the nose-surface level, the present model explicitly decomposes the contact pressure into a quasi-static strength-controlled term and a dynamic inertial term governed by the interfacial normal velocity, thereby yielding equivalent resistance and penetration-depth expressions for ogive-nosed projectiles without introducing additional empirical parameters. Compared with numerical simulations and other models, the proposed framework can reproduce the characteristic three-stage evolution of the resistance history. Furthermore, an energy bookkeeping and conservation-closure procedure is established around four channels, namely normal/tangential and quasi-static/dynamic contributions. Finally, a non-dimensional penetration-depth prediction for semi-infinite steel is derived, together with its applicability bounds over the caliber-radius-head (CRH), friction coefficient, and velocity ranges, providing a reusable physics-based tool for rapid assessment and model calibration of rigid-projectile penetration into high-strength steel armor.

针对现有刚性弹丸侵彻研究主要集中在铝合金和低强度钢上，而对半无限条件下中高强度装甲钢的侵彻过程和靶侧能量分配描述不足的问题，本文研究了12.7 mm穿甲弹芯对半无限低强度45钢和高强度603钢目标的法向侵彻。将弹道实验、理论建模和显式数值模拟相结合，系统地研究了作用在弹芯上的侵彻阻力演化及其能量耗散机制。实验结果表明，弹坑轮廓与弹心形态基本一致，为高强度603钢的弹心仍能保持刚侵彻状态提供了直接的实验证据。在弹鼻-表面水平，该模型明确地将接触压力分解为准静态强度控制项和由界面法向速度控制的动态惯性项，从而在不引入额外经验参数的情况下，给出了给定弹鼻的等效阻力和侵彻深度表达式。与数值模拟和其他模型相比，所提出的框架可以再现电阻历史的特征三阶段演变。此外，围绕四个通道建立了能量记录和守恒关闭程序，即法向/切向和准静态/动态贡献。最后，推导了半无限钢的无量纲侵彻深度预测及其在口径-半径-头（CRH）、摩擦系数和速度范围上的适用范围，为刚性弹丸侵彻高强度钢装甲的快速评估和模型校准提供了可重复使用的基于物理的工具。

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引用次数: 0