Pub Date : 2026-01-03DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105635
Genlin Mo , Haitao Lu , Li Liu , Weiyu He
This study investigates the wounding potential of spherical fragments using numerical simulation with ballistic gelatin, a standard tissue simulant in wound ballistics. The large deformation of the gelatin was simulated utilizing the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation. Impacts of two spherical fragments were analyzed: one with a diameter of 3 mm at an initial velocity of 651 m/s, and the other with a diameter of 4.76 mm at 1150 m/s. The simulation results demonstrated that the 3 mm fragment was trapped within the gelatin block, whereas the 4.76 mm fragment penetrated through it. The evolution of the temporary cavity showed good agreement with experimental observations. The relationship between the fragment's velocity and the maximum pressure preceding it was elucidated. The model also revealed that high volumetric tensile stresses, which are capable of inducing severe tissue injury, can develop in the gelatin. Furthermore, the simulations highlight that atmospheric pressure is a critical factor that must be accounted for in accurate modeling of temporary cavity formation.
{"title":"Numerical simulation of temporary cavity dynamics in ballistic gelatin using the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian Method","authors":"Genlin Mo , Haitao Lu , Li Liu , Weiyu He","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105635","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105635","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the wounding potential of spherical fragments using numerical simulation with ballistic gelatin, a standard tissue simulant in wound ballistics. The large deformation of the gelatin was simulated utilizing the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation. Impacts of two spherical fragments were analyzed: one with a diameter of 3 mm at an initial velocity of 651 m/s, and the other with a diameter of 4.76 mm at 1150 m/s. The simulation results demonstrated that the 3 mm fragment was trapped within the gelatin block, whereas the 4.76 mm fragment penetrated through it. The evolution of the temporary cavity showed good agreement with experimental observations. The relationship between the fragment's velocity and the maximum pressure preceding it was elucidated. The model also revealed that high volumetric tensile stresses, which are capable of inducing severe tissue injury, can develop in the gelatin. Furthermore, the simulations highlight that atmospheric pressure is a critical factor that must be accounted for in accurate modeling of temporary cavity formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105635"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-03DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105634
Tianyu Ren , Xiaoliang Deng , Fei Han , Qian Wang
This paper presents a mechanical-thermal-chemical coupled multiphysics non-ordinary state-based peridynamics (NOSBPD) computational framework for investigating the non-shock ignition behavior of polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs). To combine the rate-dependent Johnson-Cook plastic constitutive model and the Arrhenius chemical reaction heat release model with nonlocal peridynamic enables the rigorous modeling of non-shock ignition behaviors of PBX charge, overcoming the challenges faced by the existing simulation techniques. Within such framework, a series of complicated processes such as dynamic deformation and fracture, crack nucleation and propagation, friction between crack surfaces, plastic dissipation, heat conduction, and crystal chemical reaction can be simulated in a simultaneous manner. The proposed approach is validated through classic examples including Kalthoff-Winkler (KW) impact and Taylor-bar impact tests. The predictive capability of the proposed approach is further demonstrated by modeling of the Steven test of PBX. The simulation results exhibit good agreement with both previous experimental and numerical results with respect to temperature evolution, pressure history, as well as critical impact velocity for ignition. In addition, the influences of impact velocities, explosive thicknesses, and projectile shapes on the ignition response of the PBX were analyzed, providing a deep and thoughtful understanding of ignition behaviors of PBX. The proposed multiphysics computational framework advances the development of non-shock ignition models and also can be utilized to guide the design of PBXs charges.
{"title":"Multiphysics non-ordinary state-based peridynamics for modeling non-shock ignition of PBX","authors":"Tianyu Ren , Xiaoliang Deng , Fei Han , Qian Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a mechanical-thermal-chemical coupled multiphysics non-ordinary state-based peridynamics (NOSBPD) computational framework for investigating the non-shock ignition behavior of polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs). To combine the rate-dependent Johnson-Cook plastic constitutive model and the Arrhenius chemical reaction heat release model with nonlocal peridynamic enables the rigorous modeling of non-shock ignition behaviors of PBX charge, overcoming the challenges faced by the existing simulation techniques. Within such framework, a series of complicated processes such as dynamic deformation and fracture, crack nucleation and propagation, friction between crack surfaces, plastic dissipation, heat conduction, and crystal chemical reaction can be simulated in a simultaneous manner. The proposed approach is validated through classic examples including Kalthoff-Winkler (KW) impact and Taylor-bar impact tests. The predictive capability of the proposed approach is further demonstrated by modeling of the Steven test of PBX. The simulation results exhibit good agreement with both previous experimental and numerical results with respect to temperature evolution, pressure history, as well as critical impact velocity for ignition. In addition, the influences of impact velocities, explosive thicknesses, and projectile shapes on the ignition response of the PBX were analyzed, providing a deep and thoughtful understanding of ignition behaviors of PBX. The proposed multiphysics computational framework advances the development of non-shock ignition models and also can be utilized to guide the design of PBXs charges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105634"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-03DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105630
Alexandria Rogers , Jacob A. Rogers , Camden Clark , Justin W. Wilkerson
This study introduces a novel experimental technique for probing how prestress affects penetration dynamics in soft matter. The superimposed-shear impact (SSI) test introduces torsional preloading to an annular gel sample using a Taylor-Couette cell (TCC) prior to projectile impact. To validate the approach, two triblock copolymer gels of differing stiffness were subjected to four levels of TCC inner cylinder rotation (). Steel spheres of two diameters were used as projectiles. High-speed imaging tracked the projectile’s depth-time trajectory from contact through cavity pinch-off and rebound. Results demonstrate that increasing consistently reduced the maximum depth of penetration (DoP), independent of gel formulation or projectile size. The stiffer PMMA19 gel exhibited consistently lower DoP values than the PMMA gel for a given projectile size and . The smaller projectile produced shallower penetration and shorter interaction times with the material. Pre-shear also influenced cavity symmetry and projectile rebound behavior: higher caused pinch-off to occur more abruptly and, in some cases, enabled projectile escape via enhanced elastic recoil. Lastly, the classical elastic Froude number () was reformulated into a nonlinear elastic Froude number () to account for strain stiffening effects that are ubiquitous in soft matter. Plotting normalized DoP against resulted in the data from all test conditions collapsing onto a single curve, aligning with established DoP- scaling trends. The SSI technique thus provides a framework for studying penetration mechanics in preloaded viscoelastic solids that can support understanding, modeling, and control of biological tissues, engineered soft materials, and impact-resistant protective systems.
{"title":"Effect of azimuthal prestress on kinetic penetration into soft matter","authors":"Alexandria Rogers , Jacob A. Rogers , Camden Clark , Justin W. Wilkerson","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105630","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105630","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a novel experimental technique for probing how prestress affects penetration dynamics in soft matter. The superimposed-shear impact (SSI) test introduces torsional preloading to an annular gel sample using a Taylor-Couette cell (TCC) prior to projectile impact. To validate the approach, two triblock copolymer gels of differing stiffness were subjected to four levels of TCC inner cylinder rotation (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>). Steel spheres of two diameters were used as projectiles. High-speed imaging tracked the projectile’s depth-time trajectory from contact through cavity pinch-off and rebound. Results demonstrate that increasing <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> consistently reduced the maximum depth of penetration (DoP), independent of gel formulation or projectile size. The stiffer PMMA<sub>19</sub> gel exhibited consistently lower DoP values than the PMMA<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>9</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> gel for a given projectile size and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>. The smaller projectile produced shallower penetration and shorter interaction times with the material. Pre-shear also influenced cavity symmetry and projectile rebound behavior: higher <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> caused pinch-off to occur more abruptly and, in some cases, enabled projectile escape <em>via</em> enhanced elastic recoil. Lastly, the classical elastic Froude number (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) was reformulated into a nonlinear elastic Froude number (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) to account for strain stiffening effects that are ubiquitous in soft matter. Plotting normalized DoP against <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> resulted in the data from all test conditions collapsing onto a single curve, aligning with established DoP-<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> scaling trends. The SSI technique thus provides a framework for studying penetration mechanics in preloaded viscoelastic solids that can support understanding, modeling, and control of biological tissues, engineered soft materials, and impact-resistant protective systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105630"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105633
Yiming Wang , Yesheng Zhong , Kaili Yin, Guoquan Luo, Xiaoliang Ma, Liping Shi, Xiaodong He
The thermal protection system is essential for hypersonic spacecraft safety during take-off, orbital operations, and re-entry. Ceramic fiber insulation tile (CFIT), as its key heat-resistant material, is a porous, brittle, 3D network material with complex mechanical behavior. It is typically coated with a high-emissivity coating during use and must withstand hypervelocity impact (HVI) from space debris on orbit. In this study, numerical simulation and experiment are used to study the mechanical response of CFIT under HVI. First, numerical simulation of CFIT’s HVI response was conducted using ABAQUS/Explicit, combined with the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method and incorporating a user-defined material model (VUMAT). The validity of the model was verified by comparing the fragment cloud distribution and the maximum penetration depth obtained from numerical simulation and experiment. Second, the effects of different projectile shapes (spherical and cubic) and sizes on the impact response of CFIT were investigated, with systematic analysis of CFIT’s velocity/mass loss, maximum penetration depth, and stress distribution. Furthermore, based on the established model, the material thickness required to effectively resist space debris HVI was determined. This was achieved by analyzing the velocity dissipation and energy absorption characteristics of spherical projectile under different impact velocities and thickness conditions. Finally, the impact failure mechanism of coated CFIT was studied and the optimal coating thickness was specified. Overall, this study can provide theoretical guidance for the thickness design of CFIT and its surface coating to resist HVI in spacecraft.
{"title":"Investigation of hypervelocity impact on ceramic fiber insulation tiles: an integrated approach of numerical simulation and experimental validation","authors":"Yiming Wang , Yesheng Zhong , Kaili Yin, Guoquan Luo, Xiaoliang Ma, Liping Shi, Xiaodong He","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105633","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105633","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermal protection system is essential for hypersonic spacecraft safety during take-off, orbital operations, and re-entry. Ceramic fiber insulation tile (CFIT), as its key heat-resistant material, is a porous, brittle, 3D network material with complex mechanical behavior. It is typically coated with a high-emissivity coating during use and must withstand hypervelocity impact (HVI) from space debris on orbit. In this study, numerical simulation and experiment are used to study the mechanical response of CFIT under HVI. First, numerical simulation of CFIT’s HVI response was conducted using ABAQUS/Explicit, combined with the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method and incorporating a user-defined material model (VUMAT). The validity of the model was verified by comparing the fragment cloud distribution and the maximum penetration depth obtained from numerical simulation and experiment. Second, the effects of different projectile shapes (spherical and cubic) and sizes on the impact response of CFIT were investigated, with systematic analysis of CFIT’s velocity/mass loss, maximum penetration depth, and stress distribution. Furthermore, based on the established model, the material thickness required to effectively resist space debris HVI was determined. This was achieved by analyzing the velocity dissipation and energy absorption characteristics of spherical projectile under different impact velocities and thickness conditions. Finally, the impact failure mechanism of coated CFIT was studied and the optimal coating thickness was specified. Overall, this study can provide theoretical guidance for the thickness design of CFIT and its surface coating to resist HVI in spacecraft.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105633"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-29DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105632
Ya-Chao Hu , Zhi-Jie Wu , Yu-Chao Yang , Feng Xi , Feng Liu , Ying-Hua Tan
Accurate prediction of the dynamic plastic deformation and ductile fracture behavior of mild steel is essential for progressive collapse analysis of building structures. In this study, the VBW plasticity model was extended to a rate-dependent form by incorporating the strain-rate effect, enabling the accurate representation of large plastic deformations under impact loading conditions. Furthermore, the LMVGM was reformulated into a rate-dependent form by introducing the coupled effect between strain rate and stress state into its fracture surface expression, thereby enhancing its capability to describe fracture evolution under dynamic loading conditions. On this basis, dynamic tensile tests were conducted on flat specimens with various notch configurations using a drop-weight impact system, covering a loading range from quasi-static to the intermediate strain-rate regime. Comparative analysis between numerical and experimental results demonstrated that the proposed models could accurately reproduce the load–displacement responses and fracture characteristics across different stress states and strain rates, confirming their reliability and applicability in predicting the dynamic plasticity and failure behavior of Q355 mild steel in the intermediate strain-rate regime.
{"title":"LMVGM and VBW plasticity model with the coupling effect between strain rate and stress state for mild steel","authors":"Ya-Chao Hu , Zhi-Jie Wu , Yu-Chao Yang , Feng Xi , Feng Liu , Ying-Hua Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate prediction of the dynamic plastic deformation and ductile fracture behavior of mild steel is essential for progressive collapse analysis of building structures. In this study, the VBW plasticity model was extended to a rate-dependent form by incorporating the strain-rate effect, enabling the accurate representation of large plastic deformations under impact loading conditions. Furthermore, the LMVGM was reformulated into a rate-dependent form by introducing the coupled effect between strain rate and stress state into its fracture surface expression, thereby enhancing its capability to describe fracture evolution under dynamic loading conditions. On this basis, dynamic tensile tests were conducted on flat specimens with various notch configurations using a drop-weight impact system, covering a loading range from quasi-static to the intermediate strain-rate regime. Comparative analysis between numerical and experimental results demonstrated that the proposed models could accurately reproduce the load–displacement responses and fracture characteristics across different stress states and strain rates, confirming their reliability and applicability in predicting the dynamic plasticity and failure behavior of Q355 mild steel in the intermediate strain-rate regime.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105632"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-29DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105631
Huanyu Li , Shengjie Sun , Xiao Kang , Liyou Lian , Yexian Wang , Hongyuan Li , Ying Li
Cross-medium vehicles, as a new class of platforms capable of high-speed operation in both air and water, face a critical challenge of excessive peak impact loads during oblique water entry. Conventional cushioning materials generally suffer from low energy absorption efficiency and insufficient structural stability under such extreme conditions, rendering them inadequate for engineering applications. To address this issue, this study proposes a load-mitigation strategy based on a Re-entrant Hexagonal (REH) lattice structure. Benefiting from its low weight, high strength, high specific energy absorption, and geometric design flexibility, the proposed lattice effectively attenuates water-entry impact loads. The oblique water-entry load characteristics were first captured using a dedicated cross-medium experimental platform, while the lattice parameters were optimized through a particle swarm optimization–support vector machine (PSO–SVM) algorithm. Subsequently, a finite element model employing an equivalent loading method was developed to elucidate the dynamic response mechanisms, leading to the design of an embedded lattice-based load-mitigation nose cap. Experimental validation demonstrated that the proposed structure achieved a 50.6% reduction in peak load through progressive plastic buckling, multi-hinge formation, and energy dissipation. Overall, this study clarifies the water-entry load-mitigation mechanism of REH lattices and provides theoretical and technical support for the impact protection design of cross-medium vehicles.
{"title":"Impact load reduction in water-entry vehicles enabled by Re-entrant Hexagonal lattice structures","authors":"Huanyu Li , Shengjie Sun , Xiao Kang , Liyou Lian , Yexian Wang , Hongyuan Li , Ying Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105631","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105631","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cross-medium vehicles, as a new class of platforms capable of high-speed operation in both air and water, face a critical challenge of excessive peak impact loads during oblique water entry. Conventional cushioning materials generally suffer from low energy absorption efficiency and insufficient structural stability under such extreme conditions, rendering them inadequate for engineering applications. To address this issue, this study proposes a load-mitigation strategy based on a Re-entrant Hexagonal (REH) lattice structure. Benefiting from its low weight, high strength, high specific energy absorption, and geometric design flexibility, the proposed lattice effectively attenuates water-entry impact loads. The oblique water-entry load characteristics were first captured using a dedicated cross-medium experimental platform, while the lattice parameters were optimized through a particle swarm optimization–support vector machine (PSO–SVM) algorithm. Subsequently, a finite element model employing an equivalent loading method was developed to elucidate the dynamic response mechanisms, leading to the design of an embedded lattice-based load-mitigation nose cap. Experimental validation demonstrated that the proposed structure achieved a 50.6% reduction in peak load through progressive plastic buckling, multi-hinge formation, and energy dissipation. Overall, this study clarifies the water-entry load-mitigation mechanism of REH lattices and provides theoretical and technical support for the impact protection design of cross-medium vehicles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 105631"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While existing methods offer guidance for designing concrete structures against impact loads, however, under varying impact energy levels, the damage state of structures poses significant challenges for quantification and assessment, especially when no clearly visible cracks or spalling are present on the structural surface. This study proposes and validates a novel self-sensing steel-FRP composite bar (SFCB)-RC beam that integrates impact resistance with damage monitoring. Through combined drop-weight impact tests, post-impact residual static tests, and high-fidelity finite element simulations, we demonstrate that SFCB reinforcement significantly enhances structural recoverability and damage control compared to conventional steel rebar, attributable to its stable post-yield stiffness. The self-sensing capability of SFCBs successfully correlates distributed residual strain patterns with structural resilience, enabling effective post-impact assessment. A comprehensive parametric analysis identifies a post-yield stiffness ratio of 0.07 as a critical threshold for optimizing resilience. Furthermore, a quantitative predictive model is established, explicitly linking the restitution coefficient to the equivalent reinforcement ratio and post-yield stiffness ratio, thus providing a vital tool for the performance-based design of impact-resilient structures. Finally, a performance-based design framework is established to guide the development of impact-resilient SFCB-RC beams with built-in health monitoring functions.
{"title":"In-situ damage assessment of impacted concrete structures using self-sensing reinforcements","authors":"Zhongfeng Zhu , Zenghui Ye , Yingwu Zhou , Feng Xing","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While existing methods offer guidance for designing concrete structures against impact loads, however, under varying impact energy levels, the damage state of structures poses significant challenges for quantification and assessment, especially when no clearly visible cracks or spalling are present on the structural surface. This study proposes and validates a novel self-sensing steel-FRP composite bar (SFCB)-RC beam that integrates impact resistance with damage monitoring. Through combined drop-weight impact tests, post-impact residual static tests, and high-fidelity finite element simulations, we demonstrate that SFCB reinforcement significantly enhances structural recoverability and damage control compared to conventional steel rebar, attributable to its stable post-yield stiffness. The self-sensing capability of SFCBs successfully correlates distributed residual strain patterns with structural resilience, enabling effective post-impact assessment. A comprehensive parametric analysis identifies a post-yield stiffness ratio of 0.07 as a critical threshold for optimizing resilience. Furthermore, a quantitative predictive model is established, explicitly linking the restitution coefficient to the equivalent reinforcement ratio and post-yield stiffness ratio, thus providing a vital tool for the performance-based design of impact-resilient structures. Finally, a performance-based design framework is established to guide the development of impact-resilient SFCB-RC beams with built-in health monitoring functions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 105622"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-23DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105621
Liping Xiao , Yaxin Zhu , Haifeng Zhao , Ke Wang
Silica aerogel is an ideal medium for capturing hypervelocity cosmic dusts scattered throughout the solar system. The impact velocity, direction, and initial size of captured particles can be derived from the penetration tracks, which are essential for determining their parent sources and history. The formation mechanism of penetration tracks has not been fully understood, hindering modeling the correlation between track morphologies and projectile parameters accurately. In this work, a laser-driven microparticle launch system is constructed. The ballistic impact experiments are carried out on low density silica aerogel (80 kg·m-3) with spherical projectiles at 100∼900 m·s-1. Via in-situ observation, the energy dissipation and track formation mechanism are discussed. Based on the clarified mechanism, an analytical model considering target strength as well as hydrodynamic force is proposed. To further understand the experimental observations and conduct parametric studies, numerical simulations are performed with the JH-2 constitutive model and Kelvin cell. Experimental validation confirms the high reliability of both the simulation and theoretical model. The theoretical model achieves an accuracy of up to 90% across a wide range of impact velocities (from 0.1 to 6 km·s-1). The effects of projectile parameters on induced tracks are investigated with the verified models. The findings demonstrate that projectile parameters can be inferred from the track morphologies generated in orbit by interplanetary dust particles. Both theoretical and simulation models presented in this study offers a robust analytical framework for analyzing and determining the origins of cosmic dusts.
{"title":"Characterizing and modeling penetration tracks in silica aerogel for cosmic dust capture via laser-induced microparticle impact test","authors":"Liping Xiao , Yaxin Zhu , Haifeng Zhao , Ke Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Silica aerogel is an ideal medium for capturing hypervelocity cosmic dusts scattered throughout the solar system. The impact velocity, direction, and initial size of captured particles can be derived from the penetration tracks, which are essential for determining their parent sources and history. The formation mechanism of penetration tracks has not been fully understood, hindering modeling the correlation between track morphologies and projectile parameters accurately. In this work, a laser-driven microparticle launch system is constructed. The ballistic impact experiments are carried out on low density silica aerogel (80 kg·m<sup>-3</sup>) with spherical projectiles at 100∼900 m·s<sup>-1</sup>. Via in-situ observation, the energy dissipation and track formation mechanism are discussed. Based on the clarified mechanism, an analytical model considering target strength as well as hydrodynamic force is proposed. To further understand the experimental observations and conduct parametric studies, numerical simulations are performed with the JH-2 constitutive model and Kelvin cell. Experimental validation confirms the high reliability of both the simulation and theoretical model. The theoretical model achieves an accuracy of up to 90% across a wide range of impact velocities (from 0.1 to 6 km·s<sup>-1</sup>). The effects of projectile parameters on induced tracks are investigated with the verified models. The findings demonstrate that projectile parameters can be inferred from the track morphologies generated in orbit by interplanetary dust particles. Both theoretical and simulation models presented in this study offers a robust analytical framework for analyzing and determining the origins of cosmic dusts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 105621"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105619
Zhong-Kui Cai , Scott T. Smith , T. Tafsirojjaman , Bing Zhang , Daiyu Wang , Duo Liu , Wei Yuan , Da Li
Precast reinforced concrete (RC) bridge columns have been widely adopted in modern bridge construction, yet their impact behaviour remains insufficiently investigated. Studies addressing the reduction of post-impact residual displacement in precast bridge columns are particularly scarce. In previous work by the first author[1], a precast hybrid reinforced concrete (HRC) bridge column incorporating both normal-strength and high-strength steel reinforcement was proposed, with its superior self-centering performance under lateral cyclic loading experimentally demonstrated. The present study further investigates the impact behaviour and post-impact residual displacement of HRC precast bridge columns. A similitude-based design framework was developed for the lateral impact test programme, effectively bridging experimental and prototype conditions. One RC and two HRC precast bridge columns were tested, with the proportion of high-strength reinforcement as the key variable. Each specimen was subjected to three impacts of increasing velocity. Test results demonstrated that, compared to the precast RC specimen, the hybrid reinforcement in HRC specimens effectively prevented opening of the precast column-base joint and mitigated impact damage. The hybrid reinforcement reduced peak displacement by up to 22% and post-impact residual displacement by up to 50%. The mechanisms underlying this reduction in residual displacement were also clarified. Furthermore, a comprehensive numerical model was developed and validated against experimental results. Parametric analyses were subsequently conducted to investigate the impact behaviour of precast HRC columns under varying conditions. The numerical study examined the effects of impact height and tensile strength of high-strength reinforcement on the impact response and post-impact residual displacement.
{"title":"Impact behaviour and residual displacement mitigation of precast hybrid reinforced concrete (HRC) bridge columns","authors":"Zhong-Kui Cai , Scott T. Smith , T. Tafsirojjaman , Bing Zhang , Daiyu Wang , Duo Liu , Wei Yuan , Da Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Precast reinforced concrete (RC) bridge columns have been widely adopted in modern bridge construction, yet their impact behaviour remains insufficiently investigated. Studies addressing the reduction of post-impact residual displacement in precast bridge columns are particularly scarce. In previous work by the first author[1], a precast hybrid reinforced concrete (HRC) bridge column incorporating both normal-strength and high-strength steel reinforcement was proposed, with its superior self-centering performance under lateral cyclic loading experimentally demonstrated. The present study further investigates the impact behaviour and post-impact residual displacement of HRC precast bridge columns. A similitude-based design framework was developed for the lateral impact test programme, effectively bridging experimental and prototype conditions. One RC and two HRC precast bridge columns were tested, with the proportion of high-strength reinforcement as the key variable. Each specimen was subjected to three impacts of increasing velocity. Test results demonstrated that, compared to the precast RC specimen, the hybrid reinforcement in HRC specimens effectively prevented opening of the precast column-base joint and mitigated impact damage. The hybrid reinforcement reduced peak displacement by up to 22% and post-impact residual displacement by up to 50%. The mechanisms underlying this reduction in residual displacement were also clarified. Furthermore, a comprehensive numerical model was developed and validated against experimental results. Parametric analyses were subsequently conducted to investigate the impact behaviour of precast HRC columns under varying conditions. The numerical study examined the effects of impact height and tensile strength of high-strength reinforcement on the impact response and post-impact residual displacement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 105619"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105620
Christian C. Roth , Foulques LeGrelle , Thomas Tancogne-Dejean , Vincent Grolleau , Dirk Mohr
Strain gages are widely used to acquire the signals in dynamic experiments with Hopkinson bars. Here, we explore the potential of displacement history measurements with line camera based digital image correlation (DIC) to substitute the role of strain gages and directly obtain particle velocity. After outlining the fundamental equations for deriving stress-strain curves, the technique is applied and validated through split-Hopkinson bar compression and tension tests, as well as direct impact experiments. In direct impact tests, the line camera enables simultaneous measurement of input and output forces, facilitating the verification of quasi-static equilibrium. Moreover, in cases where quasi-static equilibrium is clearly satisfied, a single line camera measurement on the striker bar is sufficient to determine the entire stress-strain curve. Compared to laser interferometry and photon Doppler velocimetry, the line camera DIC system demonstrates superior capability in measuring large displacements of Hopkinson bars. It also offers a reliable non-contact measurement alternative to strain gages, which are prone to delamination under high-impact conditions.
{"title":"Replacing strain gages by line camera DIC in Hopkinson bar experiments","authors":"Christian C. Roth , Foulques LeGrelle , Thomas Tancogne-Dejean , Vincent Grolleau , Dirk Mohr","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105620","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105620","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Strain gages are widely used to acquire the signals in dynamic experiments with Hopkinson bars. Here, we explore the potential of displacement history measurements with line camera based digital image correlation (DIC) to substitute the role of strain gages and directly obtain particle velocity. After outlining the fundamental equations for deriving stress-strain curves, the technique is applied and validated through split-Hopkinson bar compression and tension tests, as well as direct impact experiments. In direct impact tests, the line camera enables simultaneous measurement of input and output forces, facilitating the verification of quasi-static equilibrium. Moreover, in cases where quasi-static equilibrium is clearly satisfied, a single line camera measurement on the striker bar is sufficient to determine the entire stress-strain curve. Compared to laser interferometry and photon Doppler velocimetry, the line camera DIC system demonstrates superior capability in measuring large displacements of Hopkinson bars. It also offers a reliable non-contact measurement alternative to strain gages, which are prone to delamination under high-impact conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105620"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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