首页 > 最新文献

International Journal of Impact Engineering最新文献

英文 中文
Impact of freeze recovery method on high-speed fracture in metal cylindrical shells 冻结恢复法对金属圆柱壳高速断裂的影响
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105109

The freeze recovery method (FRM) is a crucial approach for investigating the high-speed fracture process of metal cylindrical shells under explosive loading. However, the precise impacts of the recovery process on the deformation and fracture behavior of such shells remain unclear, significantly constraining the widespread application of this method in high-speed fracture studies. This paper quantitatively evaluates the effects of the expansion contour, fracture mode, and damage state of intermediate shells at different stages of fracture development using a crack evolution simulation method and nondestructive crack detection technique. The recovered shell contour can effectively represent the free expansion contour of the shell at the equivalent moment, with an error of less than 4%. Impact induces tensile cracks on the outer wall of the shell, which leads to changes in the local fracture mode. A method of crack elimination and equivalence in the damage statistics of the recovered shell is proposed to address this effect. The recovered shell can characterize the damage evolution during free expansion at the equivalent moment after eliminating the influence of excess tensile cracks. Based on the principle of stress analysis and energy conservation, the formation mechanism of tensile cracks in the outer wall of the shell is explored, and the correlation between tensile cracks and recovery time is elucidated. The study shows that the impact of fracture damage caused by freezing recovery is gradually reduced over time. The improved freezing recovery method based on the hard recovery principle is successfully used to recover the multistage intermediate shell, meeting the demand for obtaining the transient physical model in the high-speed fracture field.

冷冻复原法(FRM)是研究爆炸载荷下金属圆柱壳体高速断裂过程的重要方法。然而,恢复过程对此类炮弹变形和断裂行为的确切影响仍不清楚,极大地限制了该方法在高速断裂研究中的广泛应用。本文利用裂纹演化模拟方法和无损裂纹检测技术,定量评估了中间壳体在不同断裂发展阶段的膨胀轮廓、断裂模式和损伤状态的影响。复原的壳体轮廓能有效代表壳体在等效时刻的自由膨胀轮廓,误差小于 4%。冲击在壳体外壁诱发拉伸裂纹,导致局部断裂模式发生变化。针对这种影响,提出了一种消除裂纹的方法和复原壳体损伤统计中的等效方法。在消除多余拉伸裂纹的影响后,复原壳体可在等效时刻表征自由膨胀过程中的损伤演变。根据应力分析和能量守恒原理,探讨了壳体外壁拉伸裂纹的形成机理,阐明了拉伸裂纹与恢复时间的相关性。研究表明,随着时间的推移,冷冻复原造成的断裂损伤影响逐渐减小。基于硬恢复原理的改进冷冻恢复方法成功用于多级中间壳体的恢复,满足了在高速断裂场中获取瞬态物理模型的需求。
{"title":"Impact of freeze recovery method on high-speed fracture in metal cylindrical shells","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The freeze recovery method (FRM) is a crucial approach for investigating the high-speed fracture process of metal cylindrical shells under explosive loading. However, the precise impacts of the recovery process on the deformation and fracture behavior of such shells remain unclear, significantly constraining the widespread application of this method in high-speed fracture studies. This paper quantitatively evaluates the effects of the expansion contour, fracture mode, and damage state of intermediate shells at different stages of fracture development using a crack evolution simulation method and nondestructive crack detection technique. The recovered shell contour can effectively represent the free expansion contour of the shell at the equivalent moment, with an error of less than 4%. Impact induces tensile cracks on the outer wall of the shell, which leads to changes in the local fracture mode. A method of crack elimination and equivalence in the damage statistics of the recovered shell is proposed to address this effect. The recovered shell can characterize the damage evolution during free expansion at the equivalent moment after eliminating the influence of excess tensile cracks. Based on the principle of stress analysis and energy conservation, the formation mechanism of tensile cracks in the outer wall of the shell is explored, and the correlation between tensile cracks and recovery time is elucidated. The study shows that the impact of fracture damage caused by freezing recovery is gradually reduced over time. The improved freezing recovery method based on the hard recovery principle is successfully used to recover the multistage intermediate shell, meeting the demand for obtaining the transient physical model in the high-speed fracture field.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0734743X24002343/pdfft?md5=c270b69a694b0f3e35ae921acf1ba588&pid=1-s2.0-S0734743X24002343-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142242364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Blast impact on the density-based tri-layered polyurethane foam 爆炸对基于密度的三层聚氨酯泡沫的影响
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105108

Cellular solids are interesting materials for blast energy absorption because of their high porosity, cell structure, and unique mechanical properties. Also, it will undergo graded compression over the same foam density. Hence, in this study, an experimental investigation of blast pressure impact on the trilayered sequences made of three different polyurethane (PU) foam densities of equal thickness, such as D1-29.201 kg/m3, D2-59.692 kg/m3, and D3-107.720 kg/m3 is carried out. The force transmitted (FT) on the reaction plate and incident force on the blast impact face are recorded. The maximum force amplification (Famp) of the 63.79% was observed in the S5 and the minimum of 6.19% in S4. Thus the reduction in Famp in S4 compared to S5 is 90.3%. Similarly, the energy absorbed (Eabs) by the trilayer is a maximum of 24.80 J in S2 and a minimum of 3.60 J in S3. The Eabs increased to 85.48% in S2 solely by altering the layer sequences in S3. Hence, the location of the density in the layer sequences plays a key role in effective blast mitigation on different response measures.

蜂窝状固体因其高孔隙率、蜂窝结构和独特的机械特性,是一种有趣的爆炸能量吸收材料。此外,在相同的泡沫密度下,它还会受到分级压缩。因此,本研究对由三种不同密度的聚氨酯(PU)泡沫(如 D1-29.201 kg/m3、D2-59.692 kg/m3 和 D3-107.720 kg/m3)制成的等厚三层序列进行了爆炸压力冲击实验研究。记录反力板上传递的力 (FT) 和爆炸冲击面上的入射力。在 S5 中观察到的最大力放大(Famp)为 63.79%,而在 S4 中观察到的最小力放大(Famp)为 6.19%。因此,与 S5 相比,S4 的 Famp 减少了 90.3%。同样,三层膜吸收的能量(Eabs)在 S2 中最大为 24.80 J,在 S3 中最小为 3.60 J。仅通过改变 S3 中的层序,S2 中的 Eabs 就增加到了 85.48%。因此,在不同的响应措施中,层序中的密度位置对有效缓解爆炸起着关键作用。
{"title":"Blast impact on the density-based tri-layered polyurethane foam","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cellular solids are interesting materials for blast energy absorption because of their high porosity, cell structure, and unique mechanical properties. Also, it will undergo graded compression over the same foam density. Hence, in this study, an experimental investigation of blast pressure impact on the trilayered sequences made of three different polyurethane (PU) foam densities of equal thickness, such as D1-29.201 kg/m<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>, D2-59.692 kg/m<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>, and D3-107.720 kg/m<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> is carried out. The force transmitted <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> on the reaction plate and incident force on the blast impact face are recorded. The maximum force amplification <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> of the 63.79% was observed in the S5 and the minimum of 6.19% in S4. Thus the reduction in <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> in S4 compared to S5 is 90.3%. Similarly, the energy absorbed <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>E</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> by the trilayer is a maximum of 24.80 J in S2 and a minimum of 3.60 J in S3. The <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>E</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> increased to 85.48% in S2 solely by altering the layer sequences in S3. Hence, the location of the density in the layer sequences plays a key role in effective blast mitigation on different response measures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0734743X24002331/pdfft?md5=f7c26cbc6f47a0b49f954fe8cb10d7ff&pid=1-s2.0-S0734743X24002331-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142274566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The achievement of constant strain rates in electromagnetic Hopkinson bar test 在电磁霍普金森棒试验中实现恒定应变率
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105121
During the electromagnetic Hopkinson bar test, a sinusoidal shape of the stress wave could be generated and applied to the specimen. It is difficult to achieve a constant strain rate during the tests for the metal materials. This paper introduces a novel technique that can generate a bilinear shape of the stress wave based on the Fourier transform in which the multiple sinusoidal waves are superimposed. The mechanism of stress wave generation is analyzed theoretically and simulated numerically. On this basis, a new set of electromagnetic Hopkinson bar experimental equipment is set- up. The dynamic compression test of the material is carried out by the experimental device. The experimental results demonstrate that the specimens have a constant strain rate when subjected to bilinear stress wave impact. The regulation of stress wave shape can also be controlled by adjusting the electromagnetic emission parameters. Hence, the application scope of the ESHB technique in investigating dynamic properties can be expanded to various types of materials.
在电磁霍普金森棒试验中,可产生正弦波形的应力波并施加到试样上。对于金属材料来说,很难在试验过程中实现恒定的应变率。本文介绍了一种基于傅立叶变换的新技术,该技术可产生双线性应力波,其中多个正弦波叠加在一起。本文对应力波的产生机理进行了理论分析和数值模拟。在此基础上,建立了一套新的电磁霍普金森棒实验设备。实验设备对材料进行了动态压缩试验。实验结果表明,试样在受到双线性应力波冲击时具有恒定的应变速率。应力波形状的调节也可以通过调整电磁发射参数来控制。因此,ESHB 技术在研究动态特性方面的应用范围可以扩展到各类材料。
{"title":"The achievement of constant strain rates in electromagnetic Hopkinson bar test","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the electromagnetic Hopkinson bar test, a sinusoidal shape of the stress wave could be generated and applied to the specimen. It is difficult to achieve a constant strain rate during the tests for the metal materials. This paper introduces a novel technique that can generate a bilinear shape of the stress wave based on the Fourier transform in which the multiple sinusoidal waves are superimposed. The mechanism of stress wave generation is analyzed theoretically and simulated numerically. On this basis, a new set of electromagnetic Hopkinson bar experimental equipment is set- up. The dynamic compression test of the material is carried out by the experimental device. The experimental results demonstrate that the specimens have a constant strain rate when subjected to bilinear stress wave impact. The regulation of stress wave shape can also be controlled by adjusting the electromagnetic emission parameters. Hence, the application scope of the ESHB technique in investigating dynamic properties can be expanded to various types of materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142323596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Peridynamics modelling of projectile penetration into concrete targets 弹丸穿透混凝土目标的周流体力学建模
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105110

A non-ordinary state-based peridynamics (NOSB-PD) model is proposed to simulate the projectile penetration into concrete targets. In this model, the Kong-Fang concrete material model recently proposed is firstly implemented into the NOSB-PD framework to describe the complex dynamic behavior and failures in concrete material subjected to penetration loading, and then an improved point-to-volume discrete frictional contact model is proposed to simulate the physical interaction between projectile and target. After the mesh-free discretization and explicit time integration, the proposed NOSB-PD model is used to numerically predict two sets of projectile penetration experiments into low-strength and high-strength concrete targets. And numerical predictions are found to be in good agreements with corresponding test data including penetration depth, projectile deceleration, deformation of projectile and failures in concrete targets.

本文提出了一种基于非平凡状态的周动力学(NOSB-PD)模型,用于模拟射弹穿透混凝土目标的情况。在该模型中,首先将最近提出的孔方混凝土材料模型应用到 NOSB-PD 框架中,以描述混凝土材料在穿透荷载作用下的复杂动态行为和失效,然后提出改进的点到体积离散摩擦接触模型,以模拟弹丸与目标之间的物理相互作用。在进行无网格离散化和显式时间积分后,利用所提出的 NOSB-PD 模型对两组弹丸穿透低强度和高强度混凝土目标的实验进行了数值预测。结果表明,数值预测结果与相应的试验数据(包括穿透深度、弹丸减速、弹丸变形和混凝土靶的破坏情况)吻合良好。
{"title":"Peridynamics modelling of projectile penetration into concrete targets","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A non-ordinary state-based peridynamics (NOSB-PD) model is proposed to simulate the projectile penetration into concrete targets. In this model, the Kong-Fang concrete material model recently proposed is firstly implemented into the NOSB-PD framework to describe the complex dynamic behavior and failures in concrete material subjected to penetration loading, and then an improved point-to-volume discrete frictional contact model is proposed to simulate the physical interaction between projectile and target. After the mesh-free discretization and explicit time integration, the proposed NOSB-PD model is used to numerically predict two sets of projectile penetration experiments into low-strength and high-strength concrete targets. And numerical predictions are found to be in good agreements with corresponding test data including penetration depth, projectile deceleration, deformation of projectile and failures in concrete targets.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0734743X24002355/pdfft?md5=e1ca2bc0688a125002715bc3e786bd23&pid=1-s2.0-S0734743X24002355-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142230230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mechanical behaviors of metakaolin-based foamed geopolymer (MKFG) under dynamics loading 偏高岭土基发泡土工聚合物(MKFG)在动态加载下的力学行为
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105106

In this study, metakaolin-based foam geopolymer (MKFG) with densities of 400 kg/m3, 600 kg/m3, and 800 kg/m3 were prepared. The effect of weak links on the dynamic mechanical behavior, damage morphology, and energy absorption capacity (SEAp) of the MKFG was studied by X-CT analysis, Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) test, and fractal analysis. The results show that the connected porosity of MKFG rises with decreasing density. The sensitivity of the damage level to strain rate decreases with elevated connected porosity, which is because the stress concentrations caused by weak links. The amplifying effect of strain rate on the dynamic compressive strength of MKFG diminishes as the connected porosity increases. The sensitivity of SEAp to the damage level rises with a decrease in the connected porosity. Finally, the simulation results corroborate that the distribution of connected pores has a significant influence on the damage process of the MKFG.

本研究制备了密度分别为 400 kg/m3、600 kg/m3 和 800 kg/m3 的偏高岭土基泡沫土工聚合物(MKFG)。通过 X-CT 分析、分裂霍普金森压力棒(SHPB)试验和分形分析,研究了薄弱环节对 MKFG 的动态力学行为、损伤形态和能量吸收能力(SEAp)的影响。结果表明,MKFG 的连通孔隙率随密度的降低而增加。损坏程度对应变速率的敏感性随着连通孔隙率的升高而降低,这是因为薄弱环节导致了应力集中。应变速率对 MKFG 动态抗压强度的放大效应随着连通孔隙率的增加而减弱。随着连通孔隙率的降低,SEAp 对损坏程度的敏感性也随之升高。最后,模拟结果证实,连通孔隙的分布对 MKFG 的损坏过程有重要影响。
{"title":"Mechanical behaviors of metakaolin-based foamed geopolymer (MKFG) under dynamics loading","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, metakaolin-based foam geopolymer (MKFG) with densities of 400 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, 600 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, and 800 kg/m<sup>3</sup> were prepared. The effect of weak links on the dynamic mechanical behavior, damage morphology, and energy absorption capacity (<em>SEA</em><sub>p</sub>) of the MKFG was studied by X-CT analysis, Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) test, and fractal analysis. The results show that the connected porosity of MKFG rises with decreasing density. The sensitivity of the damage level to strain rate decreases with elevated connected porosity, which is because the stress concentrations caused by weak links. The amplifying effect of strain rate on the dynamic compressive strength of MKFG diminishes as the connected porosity increases. The sensitivity of <em>SEA</em><sub>p</sub> to the damage level rises with a decrease in the connected porosity. Finally, the simulation results corroborate that the distribution of connected pores has a significant influence on the damage process of the MKFG.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0734743X24002318/pdfft?md5=5ff77ac137d8a4e5cc83805243bdf96e&pid=1-s2.0-S0734743X24002318-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142169178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Experimental investigation of dynamic response of full-scale RC beams under high-energy impact 全尺寸 RC 梁在高能量冲击下的动态响应实验研究
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105104

Most impact tests of reinforced concrete (RC) structures are small-energy and reduced-scale tests. Due to the size effects under strain rate, there are large differences in the dynamic responses between reduced-scale and full-scale tests, which makes it inappropriate to design full-scale structures under impact loading based on reduced-scale test results. This paper presents the first results to compare the effects of drop weight impact tests on reduced and full-scale reinforced concrete (RC) beams. The experimental results are used to identify limits of applicability of the similarity laws that have been developed based on low-energy impact tests on reduced-scale structures. Due to low stiffness of the reduced-scale specimens, their failure mode is typical of bending. In contrast, the full-scale specimens have much higher bending stiffness and therefore are more prone to shear failure. Since the ratio of impact force to reaction force decreases as the geometric dimensions of RC beams increase, it is likely that the reaction forces of full-scale RC beams inferred from theories based on the reduced-scale impact test will be lower than in real situation, which could lead to unsafe design. The existing effective length analysis method only considers the stage before the impact force reaches the peak value and cannot deal with the change in effective length of full-scale RC beams with nonlinear deformation. The current theory of energy for impact test that considers the total mass of the structure cannot accurately reflect the effect of full-scale tests in which the loss of energy of the structure is much higher than the absorbed energy. The energy analysis method for full-scale structures is more reasonable when considering the effective mass. The guidance of reduced-scale test is not applicable in full-scale test, and the large deviation of forces between the reduced-scale and full-scale structures by using the DLV systems. To rectify these problems, this paper proposes a similarity law for GVH systems.

大多数钢筋混凝土(RC)结构的冲击试验都是小能量和缩小尺度试验。由于应变率下的尺寸效应,缩小尺度试验和全尺度试验的动态响应存在很大差异,因此不宜根据缩小尺度试验结果设计冲击荷载下的全尺度结构。本文首次比较了坠重冲击试验对缩小尺度和全尺度钢筋混凝土 (RC) 梁的影响。实验结果用于确定基于缩小尺度结构的低能量冲击试验而开发的相似性法则的适用极限。由于缩尺试样刚度较低,其破坏模式是典型的弯曲。相比之下,全尺寸试样的弯曲刚度要高得多,因此更容易发生剪切破坏。由于冲击力与反作用力的比值会随着 RC 梁几何尺寸的增大而减小,因此根据缩尺冲击试验的理论推断出的全尺寸 RC 梁的反作用力很可能会低于实际情况,从而导致不安全的设计。现有的有效长度分析方法只考虑了冲击力达到峰值之前的阶段,无法处理全尺寸 RC 梁在非线性变形情况下的有效长度变化。目前考虑结构总质量的冲击试验能量理论无法准确反映结构能量损失远大于吸收能量的全尺寸试验效果。考虑有效质量的全尺寸结构能量分析方法更为合理。缩小尺度试验的指导在全尺度试验中并不适用,而且通过使用 DLV 系统,缩小尺度结构和全尺度结构的受力偏差较大。为了解决这些问题,本文提出了 GVH 系统的相似律。
{"title":"Experimental investigation of dynamic response of full-scale RC beams under high-energy impact","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Most impact tests of reinforced concrete (RC) structures are small-energy and reduced-scale tests. Due to the size effects under strain rate, there are large differences in the dynamic responses between reduced-scale and full-scale tests, which makes it inappropriate to design full-scale structures under impact loading based on reduced-scale test results. This paper presents the first results to compare the effects of drop weight impact tests on reduced and full-scale reinforced concrete (RC) beams. The experimental results are used to identify limits of applicability of the similarity laws that have been developed based on low-energy impact tests on reduced-scale structures. Due to low stiffness of the reduced-scale specimens, their failure mode is typical of bending. In contrast, the full-scale specimens have much higher bending stiffness and therefore are more prone to shear failure. Since the ratio of impact force to reaction force decreases as the geometric dimensions of RC beams increase, it is likely that the reaction forces of full-scale RC beams inferred from theories based on the reduced-scale impact test will be lower than in real situation, which could lead to unsafe design. The existing effective length analysis method only considers the stage before the impact force reaches the peak value and cannot deal with the change in effective length of full-scale RC beams with nonlinear deformation. The current theory of energy for impact test that considers the total mass of the structure cannot accurately reflect the effect of full-scale tests in which the loss of energy of the structure is much higher than the absorbed energy. The energy analysis method for full-scale structures is more reasonable when considering the effective mass. The guidance of reduced-scale test is not applicable in full-scale test, and the large deviation of forces between the reduced-scale and full-scale structures by using the DLV systems. To rectify these problems, this paper proposes a similarity law for GVH systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0734743X2400229X/pdfft?md5=f445a8492ac1eaaf4e5039a47eadd414&pid=1-s2.0-S0734743X2400229X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142233907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A modified bond-based peridynamic approach for rigid projectile perforation on concrete slabs 混凝土板上刚性射弹穿孔的改进型基于粘接的周动力方法
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105102

Peridynamic (PD) has a unique advantage in describing the crack growth and fragmentation of brittle materials. Concerning the dynamic behaviors and failure patterns of concrete slabs under projectile perforations, a modified bond-based PD approach maintaining both the easy implementation and computational stability characteristics was firstly developed from the following three aspects, (i) a rate-dependent PD constitutive model was proposed for describing the dynamic behaviors of concrete; (ii) a progressive damage criterion considering the tension-compression anisotropy, softening behavior, and strain rate effect of concrete was incorporated to more accurately reproduce the damage and failure of concrete; (iii) an improved micro-modulus function related to bond length was introduced to reveal the internal length effect of bond force. Then, numerical simulations of projectile perforation on concrete slabs by utilizing the developed modified bond-based PD approach, as well as the corresponding sensitivity analyses of discretization parameters including horizon size and particle spacing were performed. Based on the recommended horizon size and particle spacing, the predicted residual velocity of projectile and failure patterns of concrete slabs exhibited an excellent agreement with the test data. Furthermore, by comparisons of the traditional bond-based PD and classical finite element methods, the superiority of developed approach in describing the perforation damage of concrete targets against projectile impact was demonstrated. Finally, the modified bond-based PD approach was employed to blind simulate the projectile normal and oblique perforating multi-layered spaced concrete target plates. It was found that the modified PD model reasonably predicted the terminal ballistic trajectory, deflection angle, and residual velocity of projectile, as well as the failure patterns of target plates. The present work provides a new way to predict the terminal ballistic effect of projectile and dynamic behaviors of concrete slabs.

周动态(PD)在描述脆性材料的裂缝生长和破碎方面具有独特的优势。针对混凝土板在弹丸穿孔下的动态行为和破坏模式,首先从以下三个方面开发了一种基于粘结的改进型 PD 方法,该方法既保持了易于实施的特点,又保持了计算的稳定性:(i) 提出了一种依赖速率的 PD 构成模型,用于描述混凝土的动态行为;(iii) 引入与粘结长度相关的改进微模量函数,以揭示粘结力的内部长度效应。然后,利用所开发的基于粘结力的改进型 PD 方法对混凝土板上的弹丸穿孔进行了数值模拟,并对包括水平线尺寸和颗粒间距在内的离散化参数进行了相应的敏感性分析。根据推荐的水平线尺寸和颗粒间距,预测的弹丸残余速度和混凝土板的破坏模式与试验数据非常吻合。此外,通过比较传统的基于粘结的预测破坏方法和经典的有限元方法,证明了所开发的方法在描述混凝土目标在弹丸冲击下的穿孔破坏方面的优越性。最后,采用改进的基于粘结的 PD 方法对射弹法向和斜向穿透多层间隔混凝土靶板进行了盲模拟。结果发现,改进后的 PD 模型合理地预测了弹丸的末端弹道、偏转角和残余速度,以及靶板的破坏模式。本研究为预测弹丸的末端弹道效应和混凝土板的动态行为提供了一种新方法。
{"title":"A modified bond-based peridynamic approach for rigid projectile perforation on concrete slabs","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Peridynamic (PD) has a unique advantage in describing the crack growth and fragmentation of brittle materials. Concerning the dynamic behaviors and failure patterns of concrete slabs under projectile perforations, a modified bond-based PD approach maintaining both the easy implementation and computational stability characteristics was firstly developed from the following three aspects, (i) a rate-dependent PD constitutive model was proposed for describing the dynamic behaviors of concrete; (ii) a progressive damage criterion considering the tension-compression anisotropy, softening behavior, and strain rate effect of concrete was incorporated to more accurately reproduce the damage and failure of concrete; (iii) an improved micro-modulus function related to bond length was introduced to reveal the internal length effect of bond force. Then, numerical simulations of projectile perforation on concrete slabs by utilizing the developed modified bond-based PD approach, as well as the corresponding sensitivity analyses of discretization parameters including horizon size and particle spacing were performed. Based on the recommended horizon size and particle spacing, the predicted residual velocity of projectile and failure patterns of concrete slabs exhibited an excellent agreement with the test data. Furthermore, by comparisons of the traditional bond-based PD and classical finite element methods, the superiority of developed approach in describing the perforation damage of concrete targets against projectile impact was demonstrated. Finally, the modified bond-based PD approach was employed to blind simulate the projectile normal and oblique perforating multi-layered spaced concrete target plates. It was found that the modified PD model reasonably predicted the terminal ballistic trajectory, deflection angle, and residual velocity of projectile, as well as the failure patterns of target plates. The present work provides a new way to predict the terminal ballistic effect of projectile and dynamic behaviors of concrete slabs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0734743X24002276/pdfft?md5=cf3f80845e0cf29b0eb9bffa88eb6679&pid=1-s2.0-S0734743X24002276-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142163486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
From quasi-static to dynamic: Experimental study of mechanical and fracture behaviour of epoxy resin 从准静态到动态:环氧树脂机械和断裂行为的实验研究
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105101

Epoxy polymers are extensively used in various engineering applications such as aerospace, defence, sports, automotive etc. This article focuses on the in-depth mechanical characterisation of EPOFINE®-1564, a Bisphenol-A-based liquid epoxy resin under various loading conditions. To predict the tensile and compressive behaviour of the representative epoxy resin, quasi-static experiments were performed in the range of 10−4 to 10−2 s−1 on Universal testing machine (UTM) while the dynamic experiments were conducted using Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) for high strain rates (1136–2833 s−1). In this study, 3D Digital Image Correlation (DIC) was also used to evaluate the specimen's full-field displacement profile over a wide range of strain rates. Analysis of various mechanical properties such as elastic modulus, yield strength, and ultimate strength, revealed that the epoxy polymer is strain rate dependent within the considered strain rate range. For understanding the fracture behaviour, three-point bend (TPB) experiments were also carried out for both quasi-static (1–10 mm/min) as well as dynamic (10–15 m s-1) regimes. Dynamic fracture experiments were performed using the modified Hopkinson Pressure Bar (MHPB). The fracture toughness was determined through load vs crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD). Fracture toughness was found to increase with the displacement rate due to the significant plastic deformation under quasi-static range. Conversely, it was found to decrease under dynamic loading because of absence of plastic deformation resulting in brittle fracture. The fracture surface of the specimen was examined through a high magnification digital microscope.

环氧聚合物广泛应用于航空航天、国防、体育、汽车等各种工程领域。本文重点介绍 EPOFINE®-1564(一种基于双酚 A 的液态环氧树脂)在各种负载条件下的深入机械特性。为了预测具有代表性的环氧树脂的拉伸和压缩行为,在万能试验机(UTM)上进行了 10-4 到 10-2 s-1 范围内的准静态实验,而在高应变率(1136-2833 s-1)条件下,使用分体式霍普金森压力棒(SHPB)进行了动态实验。本研究还使用三维数字图像相关(DIC)来评估试样在各种应变速率下的全场位移曲线。对弹性模量、屈服强度和极限强度等各种机械性能的分析表明,环氧聚合物在所考虑的应变速率范围内与应变速率有关。为了解断裂行为,还进行了准静态(1-10 毫米/分钟)和动态(10-15 米/秒-1)三点弯曲(TPB)实验。使用改良霍普金森压力棒(MHPB)进行了动态断裂实验。断裂韧性是通过载荷与裂口张开位移(CMOD)来确定的。由于在准静态范围内存在显著的塑性变形,断裂韧性随位移速率的增加而增加。相反,在动态载荷下,由于没有塑性变形而导致脆性断裂,因此断裂韧性降低。通过高倍数码显微镜对试样的断裂表面进行了检测。
{"title":"From quasi-static to dynamic: Experimental study of mechanical and fracture behaviour of epoxy resin","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Epoxy polymers are extensively used in various engineering applications such as aerospace, defence, sports, automotive etc. This article focuses on the in-depth mechanical characterisation of EPOFINE®-1564, a Bisphenol-A-based liquid epoxy resin under various loading conditions. To predict the tensile and compressive behaviour of the representative epoxy resin, quasi-static experiments were performed in the range of 10<sup>−4</sup> to 10<sup>−2</sup> <em>s</em><sup>−1</sup> on Universal testing machine (UTM) while the dynamic experiments were conducted using Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) for high strain rates (1136–2833 <em>s</em><sup>−1</sup>). In this study, 3D Digital Image Correlation (DIC) was also used to evaluate the specimen's full-field displacement profile over a wide range of strain rates. Analysis of various mechanical properties such as elastic modulus, yield strength, and ultimate strength, revealed that the epoxy polymer is strain rate dependent within the considered strain rate range. For understanding the fracture behaviour, three-point bend (TPB) experiments were also carried out for both quasi-static (1–10 mm/min) as well as dynamic (10–15 m s<sup>-1</sup>) regimes. Dynamic fracture experiments were performed using the modified Hopkinson Pressure Bar (MHPB). The fracture toughness was determined through load vs crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD). Fracture toughness was found to increase with the displacement rate due to the significant plastic deformation under quasi-static range. Conversely, it was found to decrease under dynamic loading because of absence of plastic deformation resulting in brittle fracture. The fracture surface of the specimen was examined through a high magnification digital microscope.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0734743X24002264/pdfft?md5=497b7852a5129a42db245f9167a90aea&pid=1-s2.0-S0734743X24002264-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142169179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The energy absorption characteristics and structural optimization of titanium/UHMWPE fiber metal laminates under high-speed impact 高速冲击下钛/超高分子量聚乙烯纤维金属层压板的能量吸收特性与结构优化
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105097

Fiber-metal laminates (FMLs), known for their lightweight and high strength, are widely used in structural protection in the fields of shipbuilding, military, and aerospace. Experiments were conducted using 12.7 mm hard spherical projectiles at speeds ranging from 915.7 – 1290 6 m per second to study the high-speed impact on FMLs composed of titanium and Ultra-high Molecular Weight Polyethylene(UHMWPE). The primary failure modes of the fibers were tensile failure and compressive shear failure. With increasing impact velocity, the proportion of tensile failures in the fibers gradually decreased, transitioning to shear plug failure as the main failure mode, while the titanium alloy primarily experienced erosive perforation and petal-shaped tearing. At a speed of 1290 6 m/s, the titanium alloy began to exhibit significant adiabatic shear tearing in four directions. Further, a three-dimensional numerical model was established, which, through theoretical analysis and experimental validation, proved to be highly reliable. Using this theoretical model, a deeper analysis of the dynamic response and penetration mechanism of the structure was conducted, explaining the energy distribution mechanism and dynamic response mechanisms of various parts. Based on this model, improvements and optimizations were made to the laminar structure of the UHMWPE/titanium alloy FML. Placing metal at the back maximized energy absorption but led to more pronounced bulging.

纤维金属层压板(FML)以轻质高强著称,被广泛应用于造船、军事和航空航天领域的结构保护。实验使用 12.7 毫米硬质球形弹丸,以每秒 915.7 - 1290 6 米的速度,研究了由钛和超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)组成的纤维金属层压板受到的高速冲击。纤维的主要破坏模式是拉伸破坏和压缩剪切破坏。随着冲击速度的增加,纤维中拉伸破坏的比例逐渐减少,过渡到剪切塞破坏为主要破坏模式,而钛合金主要经历侵蚀穿孔和花瓣状撕裂。在速度为 1290 6 m/s 时,钛合金开始在四个方向上出现明显的绝热剪切撕裂。此外,还建立了一个三维数值模型,通过理论分析和实验验证,证明该模型非常可靠。利用该理论模型,对结构的动态响应和穿透机理进行了深入分析,解释了各部分的能量分布机理和动态响应机理。在此基础上,对超高分子量聚乙烯/钛合金 FML 的层状结构进行了改进和优化。在背面放置金属可最大限度地吸收能量,但会导致更明显的隆起。
{"title":"The energy absorption characteristics and structural optimization of titanium/UHMWPE fiber metal laminates under high-speed impact","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105097","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105097","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fiber-metal laminates (FMLs), known for their lightweight and high strength, are widely used in structural protection in the fields of shipbuilding, military, and aerospace. Experiments were conducted using 12.7 mm hard spherical projectiles at speeds ranging from 915.7 – 1290 6 m per second to study the high-speed impact on FMLs composed of titanium and Ultra-high Molecular Weight Polyethylene(UHMWPE). The primary failure modes of the fibers were tensile failure and compressive shear failure. With increasing impact velocity, the proportion of tensile failures in the fibers gradually decreased, transitioning to shear plug failure as the main failure mode, while the titanium alloy primarily experienced erosive perforation and petal-shaped tearing. At a speed of 1290 6 m/s, the titanium alloy began to exhibit significant adiabatic shear tearing in four directions. Further, a three-dimensional numerical model was established, which, through theoretical analysis and experimental validation, proved to be highly reliable. Using this theoretical model, a deeper analysis of the dynamic response and penetration mechanism of the structure was conducted, explaining the energy distribution mechanism and dynamic response mechanisms of various parts. Based on this model, improvements and optimizations were made to the laminar structure of the UHMWPE/titanium alloy FML. Placing metal at the back maximized energy absorption but led to more pronounced bulging.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0734743X24002227/pdfft?md5=dcee9f488fa3b019937a182f6cb25486&pid=1-s2.0-S0734743X24002227-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142163575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mechanism analysis for scaling effect on the impact behaviors of RC beam: From material properties to component response 钢筋混凝土梁冲击行为的比例效应机理分析:从材料特性到部件响应
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105105

Scaling effects on the resistance response of RC components have been found under impact, penetration, and blast. To investigate the mechanism and origins of the scaling effect on the impact response of RC beams, numerical models of geometrically similar beams were established on the ABAQUS platform by considering the strain rate effect. The influence of material properties such as elasticity, plasticity, and strain rate effect on the similarity of beam impact response was accessed and analyzed. Then, the scaling effects of impact characteristics such as time history, damage, effective mass, and span length of RC beams were discussed and compared from the local and global stages. The numerical findings revealed that material properties influence the scaling effect on the impact response and strain rate distribution. The inhomogeneity of strain rate distribution and the difference in dynamic strength caused by the non-uniform scaling for the strain rate effects (DIFs) contribute to the scaling effect. In addition, the two-stage analysis results indicated that the scaling effects exhibited in the local and global responses of RC beams are not entirely consistent. As the scale factor increases, for the large-sized beams, the normalized deformation profile shrinks, the equivalent mass factor decreases, the effective span length changes slower, and the moving velocity of the plastic hinge slows down. Several impact performance characteristics, such as strain rate distribution within the beam and the damage and deformation curve of the beam, will reflect localization as the scale factor increases. It is expected that the preliminary mechanism analysis of this study could provide a reference for analyzing the impact response of prototype beams.

在冲击、穿透和爆炸作用下,RC 构件的阻力响应具有缩放效应。为了研究缩放效应对 RC 梁冲击响应的影响机理和起源,通过考虑应变率效应,在 ABAQUS 平台上建立了几何相似梁的数值模型。获取并分析了弹性、塑性和应变率效应等材料特性对梁冲击响应相似性的影响。然后,从局部和全局两个阶段讨论和比较了 RC 梁的时间历程、损伤、有效质量和跨度等冲击特性的缩放效应。数值结果表明,材料特性会影响冲击响应和应变率分布的缩放效应。应变率分布的不均匀性和应变率效应(DIFs)的不均匀缩放造成的动态强度差异是缩放效应的原因。此外,两阶段分析结果表明,RC 梁的局部响应和整体响应所表现出的缩放效应并不完全一致。随着比例因子的增加,对于大尺寸梁来说,归一化变形轮廓缩小,等效质量因子降低,有效跨度变化较慢,塑性铰的移动速度减慢。随着尺度系数的增大,梁内的应变率分布、梁的损伤和变形曲线等一些冲击性能特征将反映出局部性。本研究的初步机理分析有望为分析原型梁的冲击响应提供参考。
{"title":"Mechanism analysis for scaling effect on the impact behaviors of RC beam: From material properties to component response","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2024.105105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Scaling effects on the resistance response of RC components have been found under impact, penetration, and blast. To investigate the mechanism and origins of the scaling effect on the impact response of RC beams, numerical models of geometrically similar beams were established on the ABAQUS platform by considering the strain rate effect. The influence of material properties such as elasticity, plasticity, and strain rate effect on the similarity of beam impact response was accessed and analyzed. Then, the scaling effects of impact characteristics such as time history, damage, effective mass, and span length of RC beams were discussed and compared from the local and global stages. The numerical findings revealed that material properties influence the scaling effect on the impact response and strain rate distribution. The inhomogeneity of strain rate distribution and the difference in dynamic strength caused by the non-uniform scaling for the strain rate effects (DIFs) contribute to the scaling effect. In addition, the two-stage analysis results indicated that the scaling effects exhibited in the local and global responses of RC beams are not entirely consistent. As the scale factor increases, for the large-sized beams, the normalized deformation profile shrinks, the equivalent mass factor decreases, the effective span length changes slower, and the moving velocity of the plastic hinge slows down. Several impact performance characteristics, such as strain rate distribution within the beam and the damage and deformation curve of the beam, will reflect localization as the scale factor increases. It is expected that the preliminary mechanism analysis of this study could provide a reference for analyzing the impact response of prototype beams.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0734743X24002306/pdfft?md5=554bc152db85e88822de7727a7f2f1b3&pid=1-s2.0-S0734743X24002306-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142163483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
International Journal of Impact Engineering
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1