Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111627
Cao Tan, Jiawei Ding, Yadong Song
To address the challenges of low positioning accuracy and poor disturbance rejection capabilities in permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) position servo control systems, this paper proposes an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) strategy based on cascade observers. The mathematical model of the PMSM is first established. Design a nonlinear function combining polynomial and trigonometric function to improve the nonlinear function, so that the function has continuity and smoothness at piece wise points, and the saturation function is introduced to improve the instability of the system in high error states. Designing cascaded state observers to estimate external perturbations, ESO1 makes an initial observation of the perturbation, and ESO2 observes the perturbation observed by ESO1 as a known part of the remaining perturbation, double estimation is achieved to reduce the observation error. The results prove the effect of the improved nonlinear function and the cascade state observer. At the same time, it is proved by comparison that the proposed control strategy has better control accuracy, response speed and robustness than PI control, ADRC control, MADRC control and NADRC control.
{"title":"Improved active disturbance rejection position control for PMSM based on cascade observers","authors":"Cao Tan, Jiawei Ding, Yadong Song","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the challenges of low positioning accuracy and poor disturbance rejection capabilities in permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) position servo control systems, this paper proposes an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) strategy based on cascade observers. The mathematical model of the PMSM is first established. Design a nonlinear function combining polynomial and trigonometric function to improve the nonlinear function, so that the function has continuity and smoothness at piece wise points, and the saturation function is introduced to improve the instability of the system in high error states. Designing cascaded state observers to estimate external perturbations, ESO1 makes an initial observation of the perturbation, and ESO2 observes the perturbation observed by ESO1 as a known part of the remaining perturbation, double estimation is achieved to reduce the observation error. The results prove the effect of the improved nonlinear function and the cascade state observer. At the same time, it is proved by comparison that the proposed control strategy has better control accuracy, response speed and robustness than PI control, ADRC control, MADRC control and NADRC control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 111627"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Voltage magnitude limit violations (under/over-voltage), phase unbalance and occasional conductor overloads are among the most frequent and operationally critical problems in European low-voltage (LV) distribution networks, and their incidence is rising with electrification, power-electronic loads and distributed generation. This paper proposes a DSO-oriented, operationally grounded mitigation framework that coordinates four field-ready devices: autotransformers, on-load tap changers, zigzag filters and a local power-balancing device to restore voltage compliance and reduce unbalance without relying on customer participation, advanced communications or complex power-electronic converters. To keep the assessment tractable over large historical datasets, representative stressed operating conditions are pre-selected from one year of measurements using transformer-level proxy indicators (aggregated loading and phase power disparity), removing the need for extensive power-flow simulations to a few critical cases. The methodology is validated on a standardized European LV benchmark network using real customer demand profiles and evaluated at customer connection points through voltage–magnitude and unbalance KPIs. Results show complete elimination of under-voltage occurrences, more than 95% reduction of over-voltage events, and over 98% reduction in average unbalance factor, demonstrating that coordinated deployment of established, utility-accepted devices can provide an effective and rapidly deployable operational bridge while long-term reinforcements are planned and executed.
{"title":"Modeling and allocation of modern infrastructure deployment in LV European-type distribution systems for solving power quality issues","authors":"Tarikua Taye , Bassam Mohamed , Xavier Domínguez , Mesfin Fanuel , Jesús Gutiérrez , Pablo Arboleya","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Voltage magnitude limit violations (under/over-voltage), phase unbalance and occasional conductor overloads are among the most frequent and operationally critical problems in European low-voltage (LV) distribution networks, and their incidence is rising with electrification, power-electronic loads and distributed generation. This paper proposes a DSO-oriented, operationally grounded mitigation framework that coordinates four field-ready devices: autotransformers, on-load tap changers, zigzag filters and a local power-balancing device to restore voltage compliance and reduce unbalance without relying on customer participation, advanced communications or complex power-electronic converters. To keep the assessment tractable over large historical datasets, representative stressed operating conditions are pre-selected from one year of measurements using transformer-level proxy indicators (aggregated loading and phase power disparity), removing the need for extensive power-flow simulations to a few critical cases. The methodology is validated on a standardized European LV benchmark network using real customer demand profiles and evaluated at customer connection points through voltage–magnitude and unbalance KPIs. Results show complete elimination of under-voltage occurrences, more than 95% reduction of over-voltage events, and over 98% reduction in average unbalance factor, demonstrating that coordinated deployment of established, utility-accepted devices can provide an effective and rapidly deployable operational bridge while long-term reinforcements are planned and executed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 111632"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Accurate photovoltaic (PV) power forecasting is essential for ensuring reliable grid integration, particularly in regions with limited ground-based meteorological data. This study develops a hybrid multi-stage model chain designed for clear-sky PV power forecasting in Karaj, Iran, characterized by a cold semi-arid (BSk) climate. A 90 W polycrystalline module with a 27° tilt was evaluated using MERRA-2 atmospheric inputs and high-resolution on-site measurements for validation. Six global horizontal irradiance (GHI) models, five plane-of-array irradiance (POAI) models, and five module-temperature models were assessed. The Solcast, Perez, and PVsyst models demonstrated the highest accuracy within their respective stages. The combined model chain initially achieved an RMSE of 15.09 % and MBD of 5.12 %. After applying linear correlation adjustments, accuracy improved to an RMSE of 12.38 % and MBD of − 4.87 %. Comparative analysis showed that the optimized chain significantly outperformed the PVGIS-ERA5 and PVGIS-SARAH3 datasets, which exhibited RMSE values exceeding 85 % for the test location. The results highlight the importance of step-by-step validation and model selection under site-specific atmospheric conditions. The proposed framework offers a practical baseline for PV power prediction in semi-arid climates and may be extended in future work through machine-learning integration and multi-climate evaluation.
{"title":"Improving photovoltaic power forecasting accuracy: a comparative study of hybrid models and PVGIS","authors":"Masoud Mardani , Siamak Hosseinzadeh , Francesco Mancini , Davide Astiaso Garcia","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111534","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111534","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate photovoltaic (PV) power forecasting is essential for ensuring reliable grid integration, particularly in regions with limited ground-based meteorological data. This study develops a hybrid multi-stage model chain designed for clear-sky PV power forecasting in Karaj, Iran, characterized by a cold semi-arid (BSk) climate. A 90 W polycrystalline module with a 27° tilt was evaluated using MERRA-2 atmospheric inputs and high-resolution on-site measurements for validation. Six global horizontal irradiance (GHI) models, five plane-of-array irradiance (POAI) models, and five module-temperature models were assessed. The Solcast, Perez, and PVsyst models demonstrated the highest accuracy within their respective stages. The combined model chain initially achieved an RMSE of 15.09 % and MBD of 5.12 %. After applying linear correlation adjustments, accuracy improved to an RMSE of 12.38 % and MBD of − 4.87 %. Comparative analysis showed that the optimized chain significantly outperformed the PVGIS-ERA5 and PVGIS-SARAH3 datasets, which exhibited RMSE values exceeding 85 % for the test location. The results highlight the importance of step-by-step validation and model selection under site-specific atmospheric conditions. The proposed framework offers a practical baseline for PV power prediction in semi-arid climates and may be extended in future work through machine-learning integration and multi-climate evaluation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 111534"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111581
C.-W. Huang , S.-H. Hsu , T.-C. Chou , P.-H. Lee
Global warming and accelerated climate change highlight the urgent need for low-carbon transportation, with electric vehicles (EVs) emerging as a cornerstone of net-zero emission strategies. The electric machine emulator (EME) has demonstrated effectiveness in mitigating range anxiety and supports bidirectional energy interaction. However, challenges persist in connecting the capability of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) with EME energy-conversion efficiency, often resulting in system voltage fluctuations under unbalanced grid connection conditions. Conventional control strategies fall short in explicitly revealing the decarbonized pathway.
This study proposes a data-driven framework leveraging the proposed AI-driven sensorless controller to mitigate the carbon footprint of EV energy networks. Specifically, a hybrid GRU-LSTM structure with hyperparameters is fine-tuned for identifying the most critical electric machine emulator (EME) operational patterns for failure diagnosis within AI-driven sensorless control applications. The proposed mechanism is benchmarked against state-of-the-art deep learning models, including a convolutional neural network (CNN), recurrent neural network (RNN), gate-recurrent unit (GRU), and long short-term memory (LSTM), to evaluate accuracy, robustness, and efficiency. Additionally, the trade-off between output power and carbon intensity (CI) provides operational insights for sustainable operation. Simulated and hardware-in-the-loop validation confirm superior emission-path tracking (MAPE < 3%), enhanced stability under variable grid conditions, and significant improvements in energy utilization and carbon reduction.
{"title":"Data-driven estimation for electric machine emulator operation in AI-driven sensorless control of electric vehicle energy networks","authors":"C.-W. Huang , S.-H. Hsu , T.-C. Chou , P.-H. Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111581","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111581","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global warming and accelerated climate change highlight the urgent need for low-carbon transportation, with electric vehicles (EVs) emerging as a cornerstone of net-zero emission strategies. The electric machine emulator (EME) has demonstrated effectiveness in mitigating range anxiety and supports bidirectional energy interaction. However, challenges persist in connecting the capability of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) with EME energy-conversion efficiency, often resulting in system voltage fluctuations under unbalanced grid connection conditions. Conventional control strategies fall short in explicitly revealing the decarbonized pathway.</div><div>This study proposes a data-driven framework leveraging the proposed AI-driven sensorless controller to mitigate the carbon footprint of EV energy networks. Specifically, a hybrid GRU-LSTM structure with hyperparameters is fine-tuned for identifying the most critical electric machine emulator (EME) operational patterns for failure diagnosis within AI-driven sensorless control applications. The proposed mechanism is benchmarked against state-of-the-art deep learning models, including a convolutional neural network (CNN), recurrent neural network (RNN), gate-recurrent unit (GRU), and long short-term memory (LSTM), to evaluate accuracy, robustness, and efficiency. Additionally, the trade-off between output power and carbon intensity (CI) provides operational insights for sustainable operation. Simulated and hardware-in-the-loop validation confirm superior emission-path tracking (MAPE < 3%), enhanced stability under variable grid conditions, and significant improvements in energy utilization and carbon reduction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 111581"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111582
Hooman Basirat , Mohammad Mohammadi , Dariush Keihan Asl
Due to the inherent randomness in certain resources and load demands, load flow analysis must be performed using efficient and robust probabilistic methods to accurately capture power system uncertainties. This paper proposes a novel non-iterative and non-parametric framework, called the second-order exponential asymptotic expansion (SOEAE) method, to solve the probabilistic load flow problem. Unlike classical methods such as first-order second moment, saddlepoint approximation method, or point estimation methods, the proposed technique maintains a consistent computational cost regardless of the number of random variables. Hence, only a single iteration is sufficient to obtain the Taylor series expansion of the output variables as functions of the input random variables. Also, this method can approximate the density functions of unknown variables, regardless of the input variables’ distribution type. In addition to lower computational cost and higher accuracy, the proposed method preserves key advantages of traditional methods and derives cumulative distribution functions without integration. The suggested method is examined on IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 118-bus test systems, and results with reasonable accuracy are achieved. The results are compared with those obtained using Monte Carlo simulation and saddlepoint approximation methods.
{"title":"Second order exponential asymptotic expansion for probabilistic load flow analysis","authors":"Hooman Basirat , Mohammad Mohammadi , Dariush Keihan Asl","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the inherent randomness in certain resources and load demands, load flow analysis must be performed using efficient and robust probabilistic methods to accurately capture power system uncertainties. This paper proposes a novel non-iterative and non-parametric framework, called the second-order exponential asymptotic expansion (SOEAE) method, to solve the probabilistic load flow problem. Unlike classical methods such as first-order second moment, saddlepoint approximation method, or point estimation methods, the proposed technique maintains a consistent computational cost regardless of the number of random variables. Hence, only a single iteration is sufficient to obtain the Taylor series expansion of the output variables as functions of the input random variables. Also, this method can approximate the density functions of unknown variables, regardless of the input variables’ distribution type. In addition to lower computational cost and higher accuracy, the proposed method preserves key advantages of traditional methods and derives cumulative distribution functions without integration. The suggested method is examined on IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 118-bus test systems, and results with reasonable accuracy are achieved. The results are compared with those obtained using Monte Carlo simulation and saddlepoint approximation methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 111582"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111631
Yanhui Xu, Yundan Cheng, Le Zheng
Subsynchronous oscillations induced by inverter-based resources pose a significant threat to power system stability due to their wide propagation. This paper reveals a new propagation phenomenon of subsynchronous oscillations induced by inverter-based resources, characterized by multi-frequency coupling and a non-monotonic relationship between amplitude and oscillation frequency, revealing critical risks at non-resonant frequencies. To investigate this issue, the coupling mechanism and propagation characteristics of the multi-frequency coupled oscillations are analyzed. The study reveals that the multi-frequency coupling originates from the interaction between oscillation components and the synchronization control of inverter-based resources. This interaction introduces frequency coupling and generates the multiple frequency components in the instantaneous power. Furthermore, the non-monotonic characteristics is attributed to the frequency-dependent coupling impedances resulting from asymmetric interharmonic components generated by the frequency coupling. Building on this mechanism, a propagation coefficient based on instantaneous power amplitude is proposed to quantify propagation risk. Simulation results validate the proposed method, demonstrating its improved accuracy compared to existing analyses.
{"title":"Multi-frequency coupled mechanism and propagation characteristics of subsynchronous oscillations induced by IBRs in power systems","authors":"Yanhui Xu, Yundan Cheng, Le Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111631","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111631","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Subsynchronous oscillations induced by inverter-based resources pose a significant threat to power system stability due to their wide propagation. This paper reveals a new propagation phenomenon of subsynchronous oscillations induced by inverter-based resources, characterized by multi-frequency coupling and a non-monotonic relationship between amplitude and oscillation frequency, revealing critical risks at non-resonant frequencies. To investigate this issue, the coupling mechanism and propagation characteristics of the multi-frequency coupled oscillations are analyzed. The study reveals that the multi-frequency coupling originates from the interaction between oscillation components and the synchronization control of inverter-based resources. This interaction introduces frequency coupling and generates the multiple frequency components in the instantaneous power. Furthermore, the non-monotonic characteristics is attributed to the frequency-dependent coupling impedances resulting from asymmetric interharmonic components generated by the frequency coupling. Building on this mechanism, a propagation coefficient based on instantaneous power amplitude is proposed to quantify propagation risk. Simulation results validate the proposed method, demonstrating its improved accuracy compared to existing analyses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 111631"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The voltage control loop of a virtual synchronous generator (VSG) is typically governed by a conventional reactive power-voltage droop control, which may exhibit instability when encountering disturbances or operating under weak grid conditions. This paper proposes a new control approach to reduce voltage fluctuations and improve voltage stability in converter-dominated weak grids. The proposed controller extends the conventional droop control by introducing layered control loops named cascade droop control (CDC), enabling enhanced voltage support and grid stability even in weak grid case studies. The proposed methodology aims to enhance the grid-connected converter stability while maintaining simplicity in implementation.
The proposed approach is assessed through analyses conducted in both the time and frequency domains. The stability analyses and simulation outcomes confirm the effectiveness of the new CDC technique in addressing weak grid conditions.
{"title":"Voltage stability improvement of weak grids using a new cascade droop control of grid-connected converter","authors":"Hayder Hassan Abbas, Qobad Shafiee, Hassan Bevrani","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The voltage control loop of a virtual synchronous generator (VSG) is typically governed by a conventional reactive power-voltage droop control, which may exhibit instability when encountering disturbances or operating under weak grid conditions. This paper proposes a new control approach to reduce voltage fluctuations and improve voltage stability in converter-dominated weak grids. The proposed controller extends the conventional droop control by introducing layered control loops named cascade droop control (CDC), enabling enhanced voltage support and grid stability even in weak grid case studies. The proposed methodology aims to enhance the grid-connected converter stability while maintaining simplicity in implementation.</div><div>The proposed approach is assessed through analyses conducted in both the time and frequency domains. The stability analyses and simulation outcomes confirm the effectiveness of the new CDC technique in addressing weak grid conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 111594"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111628
Ming Li , Yangjun Xiao , Hua Geng , Rui Zhang , Junjie Li , Xing Zhang
Under weak grid conditions, the increase in grid impedance and the reduction in short-circuit ratio (SCR) can induce coupled oscillations between the phase-locked loop (PLL) and the grid impedance. These interactions substantially degrade the grid-connected inverter damping characteristics and may even lead to negative-damping, resulting in phase jitter, oscillatory divergence, or loss of synchronization. Existing suppression methods, typically based on linear techniques such as bandwidth reduction or adaptive parameter compensation, face inherent limitations including strong dependence on accurate system models and implementation complexity, thereby failing to fundamentally restore system damping. To overcome these challenges, we propose an enhanced PLL structure incorporating a negative feedback branch, functionally equivalent to introducing an additional dissipation channel parallel to the phase rate-of-change term. This modification directly increases the damping ratio of the speed term, ensuring unidirectional dissipation of the system energy function and theoretically eliminating the negative-damping effect under weak grid conditions. The proposed method features intuitive parameter tuning, simple engineering realization, and low sensitivity to grid model uncertainties, thereby achieving superior stability and robustness. Simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed control strategy.
{"title":"Analysis and suppression of phase-locked loop induced negative-damping under weak grid conditions","authors":"Ming Li , Yangjun Xiao , Hua Geng , Rui Zhang , Junjie Li , Xing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under weak grid conditions, the increase in grid impedance and the reduction in short-circuit ratio (SCR) can induce coupled oscillations between the phase-locked loop (PLL) and the grid impedance. These interactions substantially degrade the grid-connected inverter damping characteristics and may even lead to negative-damping, resulting in phase jitter, oscillatory divergence, or loss of synchronization. Existing suppression methods, typically based on linear techniques such as bandwidth reduction or adaptive parameter compensation, face inherent limitations including strong dependence on accurate system models and implementation complexity, thereby failing to fundamentally restore system damping. To overcome these challenges, we propose an enhanced PLL structure incorporating a negative feedback branch, functionally equivalent to introducing an additional dissipation channel parallel to the phase rate-of-change term. This modification directly increases the damping ratio of the speed term, ensuring unidirectional dissipation of the system energy function and theoretically eliminating the negative-damping effect under weak grid conditions. The proposed method features intuitive parameter tuning, simple engineering realization, and low sensitivity to grid model uncertainties, thereby achieving superior stability and robustness. Simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed control strategy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 111628"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111597
Lingyun Gu , Fuping Wang
Tahe use of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, and Human-Machine Interface industrial PCs (HMI IPCs) is still limited by the interface latency, inconsistent terminology, and limited operator support. To address these shortcomings in intelligent power distribution monitoring, this research paper presents and justifies a new Integrated Edge-Aware PLC-SCADA-HMI Optimization Model (IEPSHOM) to overcome them. It is novel because it combines a rule-first, decision-tree-refinement step with an adaptive Human-Machine Interface (HMI) to minimize detection latency and enhance the quality of operator responses. The 4-feeder low-voltage substation testbed consisted of Siemens S7-1200 PLCs and adaptive HMI dashboards to compare IEPSHOM with a traditional PLC-SCADA architecture. The outcomes indicate that the accuracy of fault detection in IEPSHOM improved by 11.6 percent, the false-positive rate decreased by 5.5 percent, the average latency decreased by 321 ms to 174 ms, and the operator alert resolution time decreased. There was a 2.4–3.1-point increase in the usability rating, indicating the usefulness of adaptive interfaces in improving decision precision under challenging situations. These results show that the effectiveness of real-time monitoring and operators in digital substations can be enhanced with the help of IEPSHOM.
可编程逻辑控制器（plc）、监控和数据采集（SCADA）系统和人机接口工业pc （HMI ipc）的使用仍然受到接口延迟、不一致的术语和有限的操作员支持的限制。为了解决智能配电监控中的这些不足，本文提出并论证了一种新的边缘感知PLC-SCADA-HMI集成优化模型（IEPSHOM）。它的新颖之处在于，它结合了规则优先、决策树细化步骤和自适应人机界面（HMI），以最大限度地减少检测延迟，提高操作员响应的质量。4线低压变电站测试平台由西门子S7-1200 plc和自适应HMI仪表板组成，将IEPSHOM与传统的PLC-SCADA架构进行比较。结果表明，IEPSHOM的故障检测准确率提高了11.6%，假阳性率降低了5.5%，平均延迟时间减少了321 ms ~ 174 ms，操作人员警报解决时间缩短了。可用性评分增加了2.4 - 3.1分，表明自适应界面在具有挑战性的情况下提高决策精度的有用性。这些结果表明，利用IEPSHOM可以提高数字化变电站实时监控和操作人员的有效性。
{"title":"Integration and optimisation analysis of PLC and SCADA-HMI–IPC systems in intelligent power distribution monitoring","authors":"Lingyun Gu , Fuping Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tahe use of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, and Human-Machine Interface industrial PCs (HMI IPCs) is still limited by the interface latency, inconsistent terminology, and limited operator support. To address these shortcomings in intelligent power distribution monitoring, this research paper presents and justifies a new Integrated Edge-Aware PLC-SCADA-HMI Optimization Model (IEPSHOM) to overcome them. It is novel because it combines a rule-first, decision-tree-refinement step with an adaptive Human-Machine Interface (HMI) to minimize detection latency and enhance the quality of operator responses. The 4-feeder low-voltage substation testbed consisted of Siemens S7-1200 PLCs and adaptive HMI dashboards to compare IEPSHOM with a traditional PLC-SCADA architecture. The outcomes indicate that the accuracy of fault detection in IEPSHOM improved by 11.6 percent, the false-positive rate decreased by 5.5 percent, the average latency decreased by 321 ms to 174 ms, and the operator alert resolution time decreased. There was a 2.4–3.1-point increase in the usability rating, indicating the usefulness of adaptive interfaces in improving decision precision under challenging situations. These results show that the effectiveness of real-time monitoring and operators in digital substations can be enhanced with the help of IEPSHOM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 111597"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The proliferation of Direct Current (DC) resources presents significant challenges for their connection to the grid, but also appealing opportunities for new connection options, such as Medium Voltage DC (MVDC) networks. Railway MVDC (R-MVDC) networks are among potential candidates for new DC resource connections. As such, DC resources, e.g., solar plus battery hybrid power plants (HPPs), that are geographically located near an R-MVDC network may either connect to the latter or to the closest Alternating Current (AC) network. This paper presents a mixed integer linear programming formulation for the optimal operational planning of an HPP connected to an R-MVDC network that encompasses the R-MVDC network constraints. Furthermore, it provides a comprehensive techno-economic analysis that compares the two connection options (AC and R-MVDC), employing the outcomes of the optimized HPP operation and a granular breakdown of the various cost components (converters, lines, losses). An application to the French R-MVDC network provides a first assessment for the potential of new HPP connections to the R-MVDC network, considering several HPP sizes and voltage levels.
{"title":"Optimal operational planning of hybrid power plants in railway MVDC networks and comparison with standard AC connections","authors":"Laurent Cornaggia , Robin Girard , Olivier Despouys , Hélène Clémot , Panagiotis Andrianesis","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111633","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111633","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The proliferation of Direct Current (DC) resources presents significant challenges for their connection to the grid, but also appealing opportunities for new connection options, such as Medium Voltage DC (MVDC) networks. Railway MVDC (R-MVDC) networks are among potential candidates for new DC resource connections. As such, DC resources, e.g., solar plus battery hybrid power plants (HPPs), that are geographically located near an R-MVDC network may either connect to the latter or to the closest Alternating Current (AC) network. This paper presents a mixed integer linear programming formulation for the optimal operational planning of an HPP connected to an R-MVDC network that encompasses the R-MVDC network constraints. Furthermore, it provides a comprehensive techno-economic analysis that compares the two connection options (AC and R-MVDC), employing the outcomes of the optimized HPP operation and a granular breakdown of the various cost components (converters, lines, losses). An application to the French R-MVDC network provides a first assessment for the potential of new HPP connections to the R-MVDC network, considering several HPP sizes and voltage levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 111633"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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