Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111643
Zhou Li , Zihao Wang , Yujian Ye , Xiao-ping Zhang
This paper conducts a detailed simulation analysis on the feasibility, effectiveness and necessity of Embedded HVDC participating in power flow optimization regulation through PSCAD/EMTDC, and establishes an optimization model framework considering the coordinated dispatching of AC and DC power flows and the global optimization calculation of transmission corridors. Then optimization objective functions corresponding to different operating conditions are proposed to release the potential transfer capability of the transmission corridors. Moreover, the effectiveness of this optimization strategy is verified by simulations on an IEEE 39-bus system and a practical large-scale power grid.
{"title":"Power Flow Optimization Strategy for Regional Grid Transmission Corridors with Embedded HVDC","authors":"Zhou Li , Zihao Wang , Yujian Ye , Xiao-ping Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111643","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111643","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper conducts a detailed simulation analysis on the feasibility, effectiveness and necessity of Embedded HVDC participating in power flow optimization regulation through PSCAD/EMTDC, and establishes an optimization model framework considering the coordinated dispatching of AC and DC power flows and the global optimization calculation of transmission corridors. Then optimization objective functions corresponding to different operating conditions are proposed to release the potential transfer capability of the transmission corridors. Moreover, the effectiveness of this optimization strategy is verified by simulations on an IEEE 39-bus system and a practical large-scale power grid.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 111643"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111674
Jiahe Li, Jian Chen, Wen Zhang, Tingting Zhang, Xirui Sun
Multi-energy microgrid has emerged as a crucial carrier for renewable energy utilization, supplying multi-energy to chemical industry load which can offer flexibility via adjustable production scheduling. However, it can be difficult for the intra-day scheduling of multi-energy microgrid owing to privacy concerns of chemical industry load and intra-day renewable energy uncertainties. To address this, an intra-day scheduling framework for multi-energy microgrid incorporating flexible region of chemical industry load based on Bayesian nonparametric is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a flexible region is constructed to characterize adjustable range of multi-energy inputs to the chemical industry load considering its production constraints. A calculation method based on vertex enumeration and Quickhull algorithm is proposed to formulate the flexible region. On this basis, essential flexibility-related information of chemical industry load can be directly utilized for scheduling of multi-energy microgrid, which can preserve its privacy. Secondly, an online-offline fitting method is proposed to construct a Gaussian mixture model to characterize the renewable energy uncertainties, with historical data captured via Dirichlet process mixture model (DPMM) and online data incorporated to update the model via incremental Gaussian learning. Finally, to solve the intra-day two-sided chance-constrained scheduling problem for the multi-energy microgrid, a second-order cone programming (SOCP) formulation is employed to ensure feasibility of the chance constraints. Case studies illustrate that the exploitation of chemical industry load flexibility and updating of Gaussian mixture model can effectively reduce operation costs. Besides, the proposed two-sided chance-constrained method has the advantage of low operational violation probability.
{"title":"Intra-day scheduling framework for multi-energy microgrid incorporating flexible region of chemical industry load based on Bayesian nonparametric","authors":"Jiahe Li, Jian Chen, Wen Zhang, Tingting Zhang, Xirui Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111674","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111674","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multi-energy microgrid has emerged as a crucial carrier for renewable energy utilization, supplying multi-energy to chemical industry load which can offer flexibility via adjustable production scheduling. However, it can be difficult for the intra-day scheduling of multi-energy microgrid owing to privacy concerns of chemical industry load and intra-day renewable energy uncertainties. To address this, an intra-day scheduling framework for multi-energy microgrid incorporating flexible region of chemical industry load based on Bayesian nonparametric is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a flexible region is constructed to characterize adjustable range of multi-energy inputs to the chemical industry load considering its production constraints. A calculation method based on vertex enumeration and Quickhull algorithm is proposed to formulate the flexible region. On this basis, essential flexibility-related information of chemical industry load can be directly utilized for scheduling of multi-energy microgrid, which can preserve its privacy. Secondly, an online-offline fitting method is proposed to construct a Gaussian mixture model to characterize the renewable energy uncertainties, with historical data captured via Dirichlet process mixture model (DPMM) and online data incorporated to update the model via incremental Gaussian learning. Finally, to solve the intra-day two-sided chance-constrained scheduling problem for the multi-energy microgrid, a second-order cone programming (SOCP) formulation is employed to ensure feasibility of the chance constraints. Case studies illustrate that the exploitation of chemical industry load flexibility and updating of Gaussian mixture model can effectively reduce operation costs. Besides, the proposed two-sided chance-constrained method has the advantage of low operational violation probability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 111674"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High-frequency oscillations (HFOs) have emerged as a recurrent phenomenon in large-scale renewable energy integration via VSC-HVDC transmission projects. Based on HFOs at Kangbao Station of the Zhangbei VSC-HVDC Project in China, this paper identifies how time delays in the conventional closed-loop control system of Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) induce negative damping, thereby triggering HFOs. Then, a novel current control strategy combining predictive feedforward and deviation feedback is proposed to suppress HFOs. The strategy employs the nominal closed-loop transfer function of the conventional current inner loop as the current-tracking reference model to generate the desired valve-side current dynamic response. Meanwhile, a predictive feedforward controller generates the main modulation signal. The deviation between the desired and actual valve-side current is fed into a compensator to generate the compensation modulation signal, forming a feedback closed-loop that ensures rapid convergence of the actual response to the desired response. Furthermore, a phase-lead compensator is integrated into the output path of the current tracking model to provide supplementary damping in the high-frequency range. This proposed strategy can eliminate negative damping of the converter stations while preserving medium-to-low frequency performance, robustness, and disturbance rejection capability. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy can effectively suppress HFOs under various operating conditions and time-delay uncertainties, while ensuring the VSC-HVDC system operates stably under normal conditions and meets fault ride-through (FRT) requirements under fault conditions.
{"title":"High-Frequency oscillation mechanism and suppression strategy for renewable energy integration via VSC-HVDC systems","authors":"Wei Qin , Wuhui Chen , Xiaodong Wang , Jinxin Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-frequency oscillations (HFOs) have emerged as a recurrent phenomenon in large-scale renewable energy integration via VSC-HVDC transmission projects. Based on HFOs at Kangbao Station of the Zhangbei VSC-HVDC Project in China, this paper identifies how time delays in the conventional closed-loop control system of Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) induce negative damping, thereby triggering HFOs. Then, a novel current control strategy combining predictive feedforward and deviation feedback is proposed to suppress HFOs. The strategy employs the nominal closed-loop transfer function of the conventional current inner loop as the current-tracking reference model to generate the desired valve-side current dynamic response. Meanwhile, a predictive feedforward controller generates the main modulation signal. The deviation between the desired and actual valve-side current is fed into a compensator to generate the compensation modulation signal, forming a feedback closed-loop that ensures rapid convergence of the actual response to the desired response. Furthermore, a phase-lead compensator is integrated into the output path of the current tracking model to provide supplementary damping in the high-frequency range. This proposed strategy can eliminate negative damping of the converter stations while preserving medium-to-low frequency performance, robustness, and disturbance rejection capability. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy can effectively suppress HFOs under various operating conditions and time-delay uncertainties, while ensuring the VSC-HVDC system operates stably under normal conditions and meets fault ride-through (FRT) requirements under fault conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 111460"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111606
Sangwon Kim
A novel optimal power flow formulation for AC/multi-terminal voltage-source converter-based high-voltage direct-current systems is developed to calculate the wind power curtailment level considering frequency constraints. The objective function minimizes the total generation cost. Steady-state and dynamic behaviors of the power system, including wind generation and the frequency support of the multi-terminal high-voltage direct-current system, are included as additional constraints. The frequency support provided by a multi-terminal high-voltage direct-current system requires adjustments in the active power flow of voltage-source converters, which leads to DC grid voltage fluctuations. A DC voltage constraint is incorporated to prevent excessive DC voltage deviation. Multiple scenarios with different multi-terminal control methods are simulated. The optimal power flow problem can be solved using an evolutionary optimization process. First, the steady-state constraints are evaluated based on power flow analysis for each control vector. Time-domain simulations are conducted to check dynamic constraint violations. The lowest wind curtailment levels are obtained when all voltage-source converter stations participate in frequency support. However, the curtailment level increases once DC voltage constraints are imposed. The most significant curtailment level increase occurs when all converters contribute to frequency regulation.
{"title":"A novel OPF analysis for optimizing wind power curtailment in AC/multi-terminal VSC-HVDC systems under frequency constraints","authors":"Sangwon Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel optimal power flow formulation for AC/multi-terminal voltage-source converter-based high-voltage direct-current systems is developed to calculate the wind power curtailment level considering frequency constraints. The objective function minimizes the total generation cost. Steady-state and dynamic behaviors of the power system, including wind generation and the frequency support of the multi-terminal high-voltage direct-current system, are included as additional constraints. The frequency support provided by a multi-terminal high-voltage direct-current system requires adjustments in the active power flow of voltage-source converters, which leads to DC grid voltage fluctuations. A DC voltage constraint is incorporated to prevent excessive DC voltage deviation. Multiple scenarios with different multi-terminal control methods are simulated. The optimal power flow problem can be solved using an evolutionary optimization process. First, the steady-state constraints are evaluated based on power flow analysis for each control vector. Time-domain simulations are conducted to check dynamic constraint violations. The lowest wind curtailment levels are obtained when all voltage-source converter stations participate in frequency support. However, the curtailment level increases once DC voltage constraints are imposed. The most significant curtailment level increase occurs when all converters contribute to frequency regulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 111606"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111639
J.W. Wang , Jiehui Zheng , Yan Chen , Qinghua Wu
The large-scale integration of renewable energy sources and adjustable loads has significantly increased the complexity and dynamic uncertainty of power systems, making accurate equivalent modelling of active distribution networks particularly challenging under disturbance conditions. Reliable equivalent models are essential for stability analysis, emergency control, and operational optimisation in modern power systems. To address the modelling requirements across multiple time scales and diverse operating scenarios, this paper proposes a multi-time-scale coupled equivalent modelling framework for active distribution networks under disturbance. For long-term modelling, a multi-attribute equivalent modelling approach is developed by integrating deep reinforcement learning with evidential reasoning, where composite models consisting of equivalent ZIP loads connected in parallel with equivalent induction motors are adopted as constituent structure. Furthermore, a multi-attribute reward mechanism is further designed to guide parameter identification while preserving model interpretability under uncertainty. For short-term modelling, a clustering-based load aggregation strategy is employed to construct high-precision equivalent models for adjustable loads. Meanwhile, a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory network is introduced to capture fast-varying dynamic behaviours. Case studies conducted demonstrate that MDDQN outperforms conventional DDQN and DQN, while Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory outperforms conventional Long Short-Term Memory. The results indicate that the proposed approach provides an effective and reliable modelling solution, offering model-based support for the analysis and operation of active distribution networks under disturbance conditions.
{"title":"Machine learning-based multi-time-scale coupled equivalent modelling of active distribution networks under disturbances","authors":"J.W. Wang , Jiehui Zheng , Yan Chen , Qinghua Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111639","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111639","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The large-scale integration of renewable energy sources and adjustable loads has significantly increased the complexity and dynamic uncertainty of power systems, making accurate equivalent modelling of active distribution networks particularly challenging under disturbance conditions. Reliable equivalent models are essential for stability analysis, emergency control, and operational optimisation in modern power systems. To address the modelling requirements across multiple time scales and diverse operating scenarios, this paper proposes a multi-time-scale coupled equivalent modelling framework for active distribution networks under disturbance. For long-term modelling, a multi-attribute equivalent modelling approach is developed by integrating deep reinforcement learning with evidential reasoning, where composite models consisting of equivalent ZIP loads connected in parallel with equivalent induction motors are adopted as constituent structure. Furthermore, a multi-attribute reward mechanism is further designed to guide parameter identification while preserving model interpretability under uncertainty. For short-term modelling, a clustering-based load aggregation strategy is employed to construct high-precision equivalent models for adjustable loads. Meanwhile, a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory network is introduced to capture fast-varying dynamic behaviours. Case studies conducted demonstrate that MDDQN outperforms conventional DDQN and DQN, while Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory outperforms conventional Long Short-Term Memory. The results indicate that the proposed approach provides an effective and reliable modelling solution, offering model-based support for the analysis and operation of active distribution networks under disturbance conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 111639"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111630
Yixiao Wang , Zhi Wu , Heng Liu , Wenfei Yi , Zhigang Ye , Mingzhong Zheng
With the in-depth implementation of the “dual-carbon” strategy, large-scale integration of distributed energy has made regional autonomy a key approach to promote local renewable energy consumption. However, existing partitioning methods primarily focus on node coupling characteristics and source-load coordination requirements, which fail to adequately account for the critical role of regional inertia support capability in maintaining frequency stability, resulting in potential frequency instability risks under disturbances. To address this gap, a dynamic partitioning strategy for distribution networks that incorporates minimum inertia demand is proposed. First, a comprehensive partitioning index system is constructed, encompassing minimum inertia demand, active power continuous adjustment capability, modularity and node number constraints, which effectively addresses the limitations of traditional methods in maintaining frequency stability. Furthermore, an improved genetic algorithm based on a pre-screening mechanism is proposed, which significantly enhances convergence speed. Finally, simulation results based on an improved IEEE-123 node model demonstrate that the proposed strategy significantly enhances regional frequency stability and the improved genetic algorithm based on the pre-screening mechanism effectively reduces computational time and iteration counts. These findings verify that integrating minimum inertia demand into the proposed partitioning strategy effectively overcomes the frequency stability shortcomings inherent in conventional partitioning methods, providing reliable technical support for the safe and efficient operation of distribution networks with high renewable penetration.
{"title":"A dynamic partitioning strategy for autonomous regions in distribution networks considering minimum inertia demand","authors":"Yixiao Wang , Zhi Wu , Heng Liu , Wenfei Yi , Zhigang Ye , Mingzhong Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111630","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111630","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the in-depth implementation of the “dual-carbon” strategy, large-scale integration of distributed energy has made regional autonomy a key approach to promote local renewable energy consumption. However, existing partitioning methods primarily focus on node coupling characteristics and source-load coordination requirements, which fail to adequately account for the critical role of regional inertia support capability in maintaining frequency stability, resulting in potential frequency instability risks under disturbances. To address this gap, a dynamic partitioning strategy for distribution networks that incorporates minimum inertia demand is proposed. First, a comprehensive partitioning index system is constructed, encompassing minimum inertia demand, active power continuous adjustment capability, modularity and node number constraints, which effectively addresses the limitations of traditional methods in maintaining frequency stability. Furthermore, an improved genetic algorithm based on a pre-screening mechanism is proposed, which significantly enhances convergence speed. Finally, simulation results based on an improved IEEE-123 node model demonstrate that the proposed strategy significantly enhances regional frequency stability and the improved genetic algorithm based on the pre-screening mechanism effectively reduces computational time and iteration counts. These findings verify that integrating minimum inertia demand into the proposed partitioning strategy effectively overcomes the frequency stability shortcomings inherent in conventional partitioning methods, providing reliable technical support for the safe and efficient operation of distribution networks with high renewable penetration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 111630"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The DC fault is a serious challenge to voltage-source-converter-based HVDC (VSC-HVDC) systems, and the fault current limiter (FCL) is one of the key measures to solve the DC fault and reduce the capacity of the DC circuit breaker. This paper proposes a voltage-clamped bidirectional fault current limiter (VCB-FCL) based on a three-winding coupled inductor. During normal operation, the reverse magnetic coupling of the windings gives the VCB-FCL a low inductance, resulting in minimal impact on system dynamic performance. After the fault occurs, the IGBTs control the windings with the same magnetic flux direction to conduct the fault current, rapidly increasing the equivalent inductance, and the metal oxide varistor (MOV) in VCB-FCL is conducted. It can effectively limit the current through the voltage clamping effect of the MOV. Based on the analysis of the working principle and parameter design of VCB-FCL, simulation and experiment are carried out, and its good performance is verified. Compared with DC reactors, the amplitude of fault current decreases by 54.8 %, the interruption time is reduced by 1.2 ms, and the energy dissipation of the MOV is reduced by 57.0 %. Compared with other FCLs, the proposed VCB-FCL exhibits better performance in bidirectional current limiting, system dynamic response, interruption time, MOV energy dissipation, and cost. The simulation and experimental results show that VCB-FCL is not only feasible in principle but also has outstanding advantages in performance compared to other current limiting methods.
{"title":"A voltage-clamped bidirectional fault current limiter based on a three-winding coupled inductor for DC power grids","authors":"Ziao Yuan, Siyuan Liu, Jinchao Chen, Zhiyuan Liu, Yingsan Geng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111550","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111550","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The DC fault is a serious challenge to voltage-source-converter-based HVDC (VSC-HVDC) systems, and the fault current limiter (FCL) is one of the key measures to solve the DC fault and reduce the capacity of the DC circuit breaker. This paper proposes a voltage-clamped bidirectional fault current limiter (VCB-FCL) based on a three-winding coupled inductor. During normal operation, the reverse magnetic coupling of the windings gives the VCB-FCL a low inductance, resulting in minimal impact on system dynamic performance. After the fault occurs, the IGBTs control the windings with the same magnetic flux direction to conduct the fault current, rapidly increasing the equivalent inductance, and the metal oxide varistor (MOV) in VCB-FCL is conducted. It can effectively limit the current through the voltage clamping effect of the MOV. Based on the analysis of the working principle and parameter design of VCB-FCL, simulation and experiment are carried out, and its good performance is verified. Compared with DC reactors, the amplitude of fault current decreases by 54.8 %, the interruption time is reduced by 1.2 ms, and the energy dissipation of the MOV is reduced by 57.0 %. Compared with other FCLs, the proposed VCB-FCL exhibits better performance in bidirectional current limiting, system dynamic response, interruption time, MOV energy dissipation, and cost. The simulation and experimental results show that VCB-FCL is not only feasible in principle but also has outstanding advantages in performance compared to other current limiting methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 111550"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111563
Amirhossein Modabberifar , Habib Rajabi Mashhadi
In recent decades, the restructuring of the electricity industry has been implemented in many countries around the world. This has led to the emergence of multiple markets for buying and selling electricity and ancillary services, giving rise to new institutions to manage these processes. One of these entities is electricity retailer, responsible for supplying electric energy to residential, commercial, and small industrial consumers through bilateral contracts and electricity forward markets. Naturally, retailers face uncertainties in purchasing electricity from various markets, particularly in short-term markets, which they need to consider. In addition, the load forecasting of consumers is also subject to uncertainty. Robust optimization (RO) is an efficient approach that deals with the uncertainty in such conditions. This paper examines the optimal strategy for electricity retailers considering uncertainty in day-ahead market prices and load of consumers using robust optimization. Robust optimization serves as a powerful and analytical tool to manage retailer’s decision-making problem concerning purchases from different contracts. Additionally, this study addresses demand response program implementation and modeling, focusing on the electricity purchase issue for retailers. The results demonstrate an increase in retailers’ profits of $14.8, $294.5, and $391.7, respectively, as well as a reduction in peak-hour loads of 7.1%, 8.43%, and 9.57%, which are shifted to off-peak hours, thereby flattening the load curve. Moreover, it explores short-term cooperation among retailers via cooperative games to supply consumers with lower costs. This short-term cooperation has increased retailers’ profit. After solving the problem considering load uncertainties, applying demand response programs, and incorporating cooperation among retailers, the profit increment for retailers 1 to 3 has been calculated as $271.6, $500.8, and $447.2, respectively, with the profit allocation determined through Shapley value assessment.
{"title":"A modified Benders decomposition-robust optimization approach for retailers using game theory considering demand response program","authors":"Amirhossein Modabberifar , Habib Rajabi Mashhadi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent decades, the restructuring of the electricity industry has been implemented in many countries around the world. This has led to the emergence of multiple markets for buying and selling electricity and ancillary services, giving rise to new institutions to manage these processes. One of these entities is electricity retailer, responsible for supplying electric energy to residential, commercial, and small industrial consumers through bilateral contracts and electricity forward markets. Naturally, retailers face uncertainties in purchasing electricity from various markets, particularly in short-term markets, which they need to consider. In addition, the load forecasting of consumers is also subject to uncertainty. Robust optimization (RO) is an efficient approach that deals with the uncertainty in such conditions. This paper examines the optimal strategy for electricity retailers considering uncertainty in day-ahead market prices and load of consumers using robust optimization. Robust optimization serves as a powerful and analytical tool to manage retailer’s decision-making problem concerning purchases from different contracts. Additionally, this study addresses demand response program implementation and modeling, focusing on the electricity purchase issue for retailers. The results demonstrate an increase in retailers’ profits of $14.8, $294.5, and $391.7, respectively, as well as a reduction in peak-hour loads of 7.1%, 8.43%, and 9.57%, which are shifted to off-peak hours, thereby flattening the load curve. Moreover, it explores short-term cooperation among retailers via cooperative games to supply consumers with lower costs. This short-term cooperation has increased retailers’ profit. After solving the problem considering load uncertainties, applying demand response programs, and incorporating cooperation among retailers, the profit increment for retailers 1 to 3 has been calculated as $271.6, $500.8, and $447.2, respectively, with the profit allocation determined through Shapley value assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 111563"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111623
Moke Feng , Jianzhong Xu , Wenxia Sima , Ming Yang , Hang Jing , Keying Pan
Dead-time control is essential for modular multilevel converters (MMCs), but it negatively impacts MMC performance. To support the development of control strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of dead-time, electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations are crucial for analyzing MMCs’ dead-time behavior and developing strategies to mitigate these effects. However, simulating the impact of dead-time in high-level MMCs remains a challenge. The complex modular cascaded circuit significantly slows simulation speed, while the freewheeling conduction of submodule diodes during dead-time disrupts the integrity of submodules in each bridge-arm. This makes it difficult to represent the circuit as a unified Thevenin equivalent for simplification. To address the issue, the dead-time effect is modeled using a diode-H-bridge in this paper. Submodules are categorized into those affected by the dead-time effect and those not. This paper also proposes the capacitor state mapping approach, referred to as “twin mapping method”, to restore the submodules’ behavior during and outside the dead-time, eliminating the isolation of submodules and enabling the application of the Thevenin equivalent theorem. Finally, a Thevenin equivalent model (EM) is developed and compared with a detailed model (DM) and state-space model (SSM). PSCAD/EMTDC simulations demonstrate that the proposed EM effectively captures dead-time spikes and notches while significantly accelerating simulation speed.
{"title":"Dead-time effect modeling for hybrid modular multilevel converter using twin mapping","authors":"Moke Feng , Jianzhong Xu , Wenxia Sima , Ming Yang , Hang Jing , Keying Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111623","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111623","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dead-time control is essential for modular multilevel converters (MMCs), but it negatively impacts MMC performance. To support the development of control strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of dead-time, electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations are crucial for analyzing MMCs’ dead-time behavior and developing strategies to mitigate these effects. However, simulating the impact of dead-time in high-level MMCs remains a challenge. The complex modular cascaded circuit significantly slows simulation speed, while the freewheeling conduction of submodule diodes during dead-time disrupts the integrity of submodules in each bridge-arm. This makes it difficult to represent the circuit as a unified Thevenin equivalent for simplification. To address the issue, the dead-time effect is modeled using a diode-H-bridge in this paper. Submodules are categorized into those affected by the dead-time effect and those not. This paper also proposes the capacitor state mapping approach, referred to as “twin mapping method”, to restore the submodules’ behavior during and outside the dead-time, eliminating the isolation of submodules and enabling the application of the Thevenin equivalent theorem. Finally, a Thevenin equivalent model (EM) is developed and compared with a detailed model (DM) and state-space model (SSM). PSCAD/EMTDC simulations demonstrate that the proposed EM effectively captures dead-time spikes and notches while significantly accelerating simulation speed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 111623"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.111648
Yanxun Guo , Yifei Wang , Junjie Feng , Yaoqiang Wang , Xiaomei Yao , Haifeng Li
Local measurement-based protections of DC transmission line without boundary reactors are important for the safe operation of high-voltage DC grids, however, existing protections have dead zones or cannot tolerate high-resistance faults. To address these issues, this paper proposes a local measurement-based coordination protection scheme, which is based on the traveling waves generated by the fault and DC circuit breakers. First, the analytic expressions of the fault current traveling waves are derived, which reveal the relation between the fault position and the decay time of the protection current slope. Then, the traveling wave processes generated by the DC circuit breakers are detailed to present the voltage slope difference during internal and external faults. The proposed protection uses the decay time-based criterion to protect most area of the DC line and uses voltage slope-based criteria to protect the whole DC line. The proposed protection scheme can protect the full DC line using local measurements, and it is independent of the line boundary reactors and can tolerate high-resistance faults. These characteristics are validated using various simulations in PSCAD/EMTDC.
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