International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems最新文献_第8页

Damping control in renewable-integrated power systems: A comparative analysis of PSS, POD-P, and POD-Q strategies 可再生能源集成电力系统中的阻尼控制：PSS、POD-P 和 POD-Q 策略的比较分析

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110308

Marta Bernal-Sancho , María Paz Comech , Noemí Galán-Hernández

The shift from traditional fossil fuel-based power systems to renewable energy sources heightens the importance of frequency regulation. The lack of inertia in this new generation increases the risk of low-frequency oscillatory events, a significant concern in power systems stability. To mitigate these stability problems, it is crucial to study the effectiveness of damping controllers. This paper delves into the analysis of three damping controllers: the power system stabilizers (PSS) installed in synchronous generators, and two Power Oscillation Damping (POD) controllers, one with active power modulation (POD-P) and the other with reactive power modulation (POD-Q), typically installed in environments with high renewable penetration.

The main objective is to critically evaluate the comparative advantages of PSS, POD-P, and POD-Q controllers in local and inter-area oscillations by exploring their flexibility and performance under various initial conditions and oscillatory scenarios. The proper choice of damping controllers will ensure the stability of the grid in future scenarios of high renewable production, thus allowing the definition of future technology needs. This research is of utmost importance as it aims to dampen different oscillations by employing uniform control parameters in the PSS, POD-P, and POD-Q controllers. Five scenarios are defined on a system based on the IEEE 39 Bus New England System model and simulated by DIgSILENT PowerFactory. The results are analyzed methodically per scenario, facilitating a comparative evaluation of the controllers and reaching promising conclusions.

从传统的化石燃料电力系统向可再生能源的转变提高了频率调节的重要性。这种新一代能源缺乏惯性，增加了发生低频振荡事件的风险，这是电力系统稳定性的一个重要问题。为了缓解这些稳定性问题，研究阻尼控制器的有效性至关重要。本文深入分析了三种阻尼控制器：安装在同步发电机中的电力系统稳定器 (PSS)，以及两种电力振荡阻尼 (POD) 控制器，一种是有功功率调制 (POD-P)，另一种是无功功率调制 (POD-Q)，通常安装在可再生能源渗透率较高的环境中。主要目的是通过探索 PSS、POD-P 和 POD-Q 控制器在各种初始条件和振荡情况下的灵活性和性能，批判性地评估它们在本地和区域间振荡中的比较优势。阻尼控制器的正确选择将确保电网在未来可再生能源大量生产情况下的稳定性，从而确定未来的技术需求。这项研究旨在通过在 PSS、POD-P 和 POD-Q 控制器中采用统一的控制参数来抑制不同的振荡，因此具有极其重要的意义。在基于 IEEE 39 总线新英格兰系统模型的系统上定义了五种情况，并通过 DIgSILENT PowerFactory 进行了模拟。对每个方案的结果进行了有条不紊的分析，以便对控制器进行比较评估，并得出有前景的结论。

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引用次数: 0

Control interaction analysis of hybrid system with grid-following and grid-forming inverters based on admittance decomposition 基于导纳分解的电网跟随和电网形成逆变器混合系统的控制交互分析

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110267

Yang Wang , Liang Ruan , Mengling Yang , Xianyong Xiao , Song Chen , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

In high renewable penetrated power systems, both grid-forming (GFL) and grid-following (GFM) inverters play an important role in maintaining the system stability and economic operation. However, the two kinds of inverters exhibit distinct dynamic characteristics; thus, interconnecting them in a close electrical distance may cause the stability concern. In this paper, the small-signal stability of a hybrid system with GFM and GFL inverters is investigated. Based on the idea of admittance decomposition, this paper first decomposes the overall admittance of two inverters into several sub-admittances corresponding to different control loops and circuit components. Then an in-depth analysis is conducted to reveal the dynamic interaction between multiple time-scale control loops based on decomposed admittances. Moreover, the impact of the line impedance, the grid strength, and the power flow on the system stability is analyzed and a security region is further developed. The accuracy and effectiveness of the analysis are validated through eigenvalue analysis, simulations and hardware in the loop based experiments.

在可再生能源渗透率较高的电力系统中，并网型（GFL）和并网跟随型（GFM）逆变器在维持系统稳定性和经济运行方面发挥着重要作用。然而，这两种逆变器具有不同的动态特性，因此在电气距离较近的情况下将它们互连可能会引起稳定性问题。本文研究了带有 GFM 和 GFL 逆变器的混合系统的小信号稳定性。基于导纳分解的思想，本文首先将两个逆变器的总导纳分解为多个子导纳，分别对应于不同的控制回路和电路元件。然后，根据分解后的导纳进行深入分析，揭示多个时间尺度控制环路之间的动态相互作用。此外，还分析了线路阻抗、电网强度和功率流对系统稳定性的影响，并进一步开发了一个安全区域。通过特征值分析、模拟和基于硬件的环路实验，验证了分析的准确性和有效性。

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引用次数: 0

Efficient electromagnetic transient simulation for DFIG-based wind farms using fine-grained network partitioning 使用细粒度网络分区对基于 DFIG 的风电场进行高效电磁暂态仿真

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110297

Jiale Yu, Haoran Zhao, Yibao Jiang, Bing Li, Linghan Meng, Futao Yang

Electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation plays a critical role in understanding the dynamic behavior and fast transients involved in wind farms (WFs). However, as WFs continue to develop on a large scale, the increasing number of wind turbines and network nodes poses significant challenges for efficient EMT simulation of WFs. To address this issue, we propose a fine-grained network decoupling method for doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based WFs. This paper first establishes the decoupling algorithm for core electrical equipment of DFIG-based WFs. By employing device-level fine-grained decoupling, the dimensionality of the admittance matrix for WF is effectively reduced, significantly decreasing the computational load. Additionally, this paper establishes a scalable computational framework by integrating multi-threaded parallel computation into the simulation process, which enhances efficiency further. The proposed method is compared with detailed models in Matlab/Simulink to verify efficiency and accuracy. Simulation results demonstrate that this method significantly improves simulation efficiency, achieving a two-order-of-magnitude speedup with 50 wind turbines, and it maintains high simulation accuracy, with a maximum relative error of 1.68%.

电磁瞬态（EMT）仿真在了解风电场（WFs）的动态行为和快速瞬态方面发挥着至关重要的作用。然而，随着风电场的不断大规模发展，风力涡轮机和网络节点数量的不断增加给风电场的高效 EMT 仿真带来了巨大挑战。为解决这一问题，我们提出了一种基于双馈感应发电机（DFIG）的风力发电机细粒度网络解耦方法。本文首先建立了基于 DFIG 的风力发电机核心电气设备的解耦算法。通过采用设备级细粒度解耦，有效降低了 WF 的导纳矩阵维度，从而显著减少了计算负荷。此外，本文通过将多线程并行计算集成到仿真过程中，建立了一个可扩展的计算框架，从而进一步提高了效率。本文提出的方法与 Matlab/Simulink 中的详细模型进行了比较，以验证其效率和准确性。仿真结果表明，该方法显著提高了仿真效率，在使用 50 个风力涡轮机的情况下，仿真速度提高了两个数量级，并且保持了较高的仿真精度，最大相对误差为 1.68%。

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引用次数: 0

Holomorphic embedding method based Three-Phase power flow algorithm considering the sensitivity of the initial value 考虑初始值敏感性的基于全态嵌入法的三相功率流算法

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110271

Yi Zhang , Tian Lan , Chuandong Li , Weijie Cai , Zhiyu Lin , Jinrong Lin

The transmission network is generally considered as three-phase balanced, while the consideration of three-phase unbalance is mainly on distribution networks. However, with the increasingly interconnection of renewable energy, such as wind energy, onto transmission networks, non-adoption of commutation long transmission lines usually results in unbalanced line parameters. Therefore, developing reliable three-phase power flow algorithms for transmission and distribution (T&D) systems becomes more and more important for the reliable and safe operation of emerging power systems. Among the many three-phase power flow algorithms, Newton Raphson method (NRM) and its variants occupy a large share, due to their ability in dealing with multiple sources and looped sub-networks. However, they are sensitive to the initial value, and can hardly ensure convergence to a physically meaningful solution with improper initial values, especially for three-phase unbalanced system. To this end, a general three-phase power flow method for T&D systems is proposed based on the holomorphic embedding method (HEM), and the advantages of the proposed method compared with traditional NRM in solving the power flow problem to a physically meaningful solution are theoretically analyzed. Based on the IEEE 33 system, the modified IEEE 123 system, and a regional power grid in China, it is verified that the proposed method has the advantages of high computational efficiency, reliable converging ability, and independence to the initial value.

输电网络通常被认为是三相平衡的，而三相不平衡的考虑主要是在配电网络上。然而，随着风能等可再生能源与输电网络的日益互联，不采用换向的长输电线路通常会导致线路参数不平衡。因此，开发可靠的输配电（T&D）系统三相功率流算法对于新兴电力系统的可靠和安全运行变得越来越重要。在众多三相功率流算法中，牛顿-拉斐尔森法（NRM）及其变体因其处理多源和环形子网的能力而占有很大份额。然而，它们对初始值很敏感，很难确保在初始值不当的情况下收敛到有物理意义的解，特别是对于三相不平衡系统。为此，本文提出了一种基于全形嵌入法（HEM）的 T&D 系统通用三相功率流方法，并从理论上分析了该方法与传统 NRM 相比在将功率流问题求解为物理意义解方面的优势。基于 IEEE 33 系统、改进的 IEEE 123 系统和中国某区域电网，验证了所提方法具有计算效率高、收敛能力可靠、与初值无关等优点。

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引用次数: 0

A multi-objective partitioned design method for integrated energy system 综合能源系统的多目标分区设计方法

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110291

Hongxuan Luo , Chen Zhang , Eddy Y.S. Foo , Hoay Beng Gooi , Lu Sun , Tao Zeng , Tengpeng Chen

The complexity of a large-scale integrated energy system imposes huge computational burden. Besides, centralised state estimation is not suitable for fast and coordinated optimal management of multi-flow coupled systems and efficient energy utilisation. Furthermore, existing distributed state estimations are dealing with the established static system in the form of partitions. Considering the current method of modelling nonlinear fluids, the final impact on the performance of multiple assessments is non-convex for different partitioning approaches. This paper proposes a multi-objective distributed state estimation design approach for an integrated energy system based on non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II and unscented Kalman filter. The integrated energy system model contains the electric-gas-thermal system and various coupled units. By comparing and evaluating the estimation accuracy, calculation time and economic indicators of the system with different partitions of the system load, the optimal Pareto solution set are obtained from the multi-objective optimisation, which then guides the construction layout to satisfy different application requirements. In situations where the specific requirements are not clear, this paper gives the operator an objective method recommendation with the help of the entropy weight and Topsis synthesis assessment method. The validity of the method is verified by several case studies, and the method not only assists the estimation of the existing integrated energy system, but it also offers engineering significance in guiding the construction of the future integrated energy system.

大规模综合能源系统的复杂性带来了巨大的计算负担。此外，集中式状态估算并不适合多流耦合系统的快速协调优化管理和高效能源利用。此外，现有的分布式状态估计是以分区的形式处理既定的静态系统。考虑到当前的非线性流体建模方法，不同分区方法对多重评估性能的最终影响是非凸的。本文提出了一种基于非支配排序遗传算法-II 和无香味卡尔曼滤波器的综合能源系统多目标分布式状态估计设计方法。综合能源系统模型包含电-气-热系统和各种耦合单元。通过比较和评估不同系统负荷分区下的系统估算精度、计算时间和经济指标，多目标优化得出最优帕累托解集，进而指导施工布局以满足不同的应用要求。在具体要求不明确的情况下，本文借助熵权和 Topsis 综合评估方法，为操作人员提供了一种客观的方法建议。该方法不仅有助于对现有综合能源系统进行估算，而且对指导未来综合能源系统的建设具有重要的工程意义。

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引用次数: 0

A novel fault ride through strategy for grid-connected virtual synchronous Generators: Power angle stability enhancement and current limiting 并网虚拟同步发电机的新型故障穿越策略：功率角稳定性增强和电流限制

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems

Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110293

Siqi Liu , Pengfei Hu , Yanxue Yu , Zheng Chen , Daozhuo Jiang , Wenbin Lin

As more and more renewable energy generations (REGs) are connected to the power grid through grid-following converters, the lack of inertia has become a challenge to grid-frequency stability. Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) is a prospected solution for this issue. However, VSGs still have several unresolved issues in practical application. Especially, in a three-phase symmetrical fault scenario, the inrush current may damage the converter and the VSG would lose synchronization with the grid. To address these issues, this paper presents a novel fault ride through (FRT) strategy. First, the transient behaviours of VSGs, including transient current characteristics and power angle characteristics are analysed, which reveals that the increase of the power angle would aggravate the inrush current. Thus, an angular frequency dynamic compensation (AFDC) strategy is proposed to eliminate the instability of power angle. Then, this paper presents a current-limiting strategy combining virtual impedance (VI) and reference voltage adjustment to limit the fault current to a safe level. Finally, the time-domain simulations and experimental tests are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed FRT strategy.

随着越来越多的可再生能源发电（REG）通过电网跟随变流器接入电网，惯性的缺乏已成为电网频率稳定性的一个挑战。虚拟同步发电机（VSG）有望解决这一问题。然而，虚拟同步发电机在实际应用中仍有一些问题尚未解决。特别是在三相对称故障情况下，冲击电流可能会损坏变流器，VSG 也会失去与电网的同步性。为解决这些问题，本文提出了一种新型故障穿越（FRT）策略。首先，分析了 VSG 的瞬态行为，包括瞬态电流特性和功率角特性。因此，本文提出了一种角频率动态补偿（AFDC）策略，以消除功率角的不稳定性。然后，本文提出了一种结合虚拟阻抗（VI）和参考电压调整的限流策略，以将故障电流限制在安全水平。最后，本文进行了时域仿真和实验测试，以验证所提故障穿越策略的有效性。

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引用次数: 0

MMC-HVDC grids transmission line protection method: Based on permutation entropy algorithm MMC-HVDC 电网输电线路保护方法：基于置换熵算法

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems

Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110296

Xiangyang Liu, Zhong Tang, Haoyang Cui, Chenyu Wang

Modular multilevel converter high-voltage direct current is increasingly used for electric energy transmission and is a method for addressing energy distribution. However, when a DC short circuit fault occurs in the transmission line, the fault current rapidly increases, posing a threat to the normal operation of the MMC-HVDC grid. Therefore, it is necessary to quickly identify faults in the transmission line to protect the safe operation of the grid. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel protection method for MMC-HVDC grids based on the permutation entropy algorithm. The permutation entropy algorithm exhibits good performance in analyzing the degree of disorder in signal data. In this paper, wavelet transform is used to decompose the sampled signal, extract detail coefficients at different frequencies, and then calculate permutation entropy values to identify faults based on their characteristics. Finally, a simulation model of an MMC-HVDC grid is built using PSCAD/EMTDC to verify the accuracy of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method performs well under different fault distances, fault resistances, and noise interference.

模块化多电平转换器高压直流电越来越多地用于电能传输，也是解决能源分配的一种方法。然而，当输电线路发生直流短路故障时，故障电流会迅速增大，对 MMC-HVDC 电网的正常运行构成威胁。因此，有必要快速识别输电线路中的故障，以保护电网的安全运行。针对这一问题，本文提出了一种基于置换熵算法的新型 MMC-HVDC 电网保护方法。置换熵算法在分析信号数据的无序程度方面表现出良好的性能。本文利用小波变换对采样信号进行分解，提取不同频率的细节系数，然后计算排列熵值，根据其特征识别故障。最后，使用 PSCAD/EMTDC 建立了一个 MMC-HVDC 电网的仿真模型，以验证所提方法的准确性。结果表明，在不同的故障距离、故障电阻和噪声干扰下，所提出的方法都有良好的表现。

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引用次数: 0

Stability and modal analysis of a DFIG-based wind energy conversion system under stator voltage vector control 定子电压矢量控制下基于 DFIG 的风能转换系统的稳定性和模态分析

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110286

Qiangqiang Li, Wei Chen, Zhanhong Wei, Zhenyu Kang, Yan Tang

In a double-fed induction generator-based wind energy conversion system (DFIG-based WECS) with a stator flux orientation, a nonlinear wind power generation system based on stator voltage vector control, is established and analyzed in this paper for modal and stability analysis in response to the effect of the observation error of the magnetic chain of a doubly-fed induction motor. First, a dynamic model of a DFIG-based WECS was created, and its oscillation modes and participation factors were examined in order to account for both rotor-side and grid-side control. Second, a mathematical model for a WECS that considers only the rotor-side converter was built and evaluated. This included a theoretical analysis of the grid-side converter’s control loop, which was not involved in oscillations through participation variables. Concurrently, time-domain simulation analysis and tiny signal analysis techniques were used to validate the fundamental characteristics of the WECS and a possible route for inverter control settings to create wide-band oscillations. Finally, two dynamic mathematical models and the stability of the DFIG-based WECS under a stator voltage were verified on the hardware in the loop(HIL) simulation platform. Both simulations and experiments confirm that the established DFIG-based WECS has good grid-connection performance, that the dynamic process of the GSC (grid-side converter, GSC)does not participate in the oscillatory mode. This work provides a theoretical basis for the conversion and application of wind energy.

在定子磁通取向的双馈感应发电机风能转换系统（DFIG-based WECS）中，本文建立了基于定子电压矢量控制的非线性风力发电系统，并针对双馈感应电机磁链观测误差的影响进行了模态和稳定性分析。首先，建立了基于双馈异步电机的 WECS 的动态模型，并研究了其振荡模式和参与因子，以考虑转子侧和电网侧控制。其次，建立并评估了仅考虑转子侧变流器的 WECS 数学模型。其中包括对电网侧变流器控制环路的理论分析，该控制环路不涉及通过参与变量产生的振荡。同时，使用时域仿真分析和微小信号分析技术验证了 WECS 的基本特性，以及逆变器控制设置产生宽带振荡的可能途径。最后，在硬件在环（HIL）仿真平台上验证了两个动态数学模型和基于双馈变流器的 WECS 在定子电压下的稳定性。仿真和实验均证实，所建立的基于 DFIG 的 WECS 具有良好的并网性能，GSC（电网侧变流器，GSC）的动态过程不参与振荡模式。这项工作为风能的转换和应用提供了理论依据。

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引用次数: 0

Adaptive filter based sub-synchronous oscillation damping strategy for doubly-fed induction generators 基于自适应滤波器的双馈感应发电机亚同步振荡抑制策略

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110280

Xiaolong Liu , Lujie Yu , Jiebei Zhu , Hongjie Jia , Chi Yung Chung , Vladimir Terzija , Jean Mahseredjian

To address the technical challenge that the conventional sub-synchronous oscillation (SSO) damping strategy for doubly-fed induction generator can only suppress SSO in a specific frequency band for series compensated network, this paper proposes an Adaptive Filter Based SSO Damping (AF-SSOD) strategy for Doubly-fed Induction Generators. The AF-SSOD controller consists of a filter-based SSO Damper (SSOD) suppressing module to extract and whittle down the amplitude of the dominant SSO frequency bands, a frequency identification module to obtain real-time dominant SSO frequency by Kaiser window enhanced Fast Fourier transformation (FFT) as well as a frequency locking module to update the central frequency of SSOD, achieving the high adaptability of SSO suppression under various operating conditions. The key parameters of AF-SSOD are analyzed and optimized via small signal analysis (SSA). Finally, simulation verification and comparisons are carried out, showing that AF-SSOD can effectively suppress SSO in different frequencies with satisfactory robustness and superior performance over existing SSO suppressing strategies.

传统的双馈感应发电机亚同步振荡（SSO）阻尼策略只能抑制串联补偿电网特定频段的 SSO，为了解决这一技术难题，本文提出了一种适用于双馈感应发电机的基于滤波器的自适应 SSO 阻尼（AF-SSOD）策略。AF-SSOD 控制器由基于滤波器的 SSO 阻尼器（SSOD）抑制模块、频率识别模块和频率锁定模块组成，前者用于提取和削减 SSO 主导频段的振幅，后者通过凯泽窗增强快速傅里叶变换（FFT）获得实时的 SSO 主导频率，并更新 SSOD 的中心频率，从而实现在各种运行条件下 SSO 抑制的高适应性。通过小信号分析（SSA）对 AF-SSOD 的关键参数进行了分析和优化。最后，进行了仿真验证和比较，结果表明 AF-SSOD 能有效抑制不同频率的 SSO，鲁棒性令人满意，性能优于现有的 SSO 抑制策略。

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引用次数: 0

A cyber-physical restoration method of distribution system considering the impact of restoration sequence for cyber system 考虑到恢复顺序对网络系统影响的配电系统网络物理恢复方法

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110281

Yufan Lu, Nian Liu

Efficient restoration strategies of distributed cyber-physical system (CPS) are critical for enhancing its resilience under extreme disasters. Moreover, with the wide use of intelligent electronic equipment, there is an increasing coupling between CPS during the restoration process. Therefore, a double-layer optimization problem has been applied to represent the restoration of CPS. A vehicle routing problem with time-window (VRPTW) is proposed to formulate the cyber restoration process in the upper layer, where the time-window constraints are used for general restriction of restoration priority. Physical failures are restored through the application of network reconfiguration, distributed energy resources (DERs), and mobile emergency resources (MERs) for different areas in the lower layer. Furthermore, the time-window modification (TWM) method is proposed to coordinate the restoration between two layers. By adjusting the restoration time-windows flexibly in a flexible manner based on the scale of physical failure, the cyber-physical cooperation is effectively realised, and the restoration costs for both systems reduce efficiently within limited computational time. Case studies with modified IEEE 33-node and 118-node systems are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The reduction of calculation time by applying the TWM method is demonstrated by comparison. Moreover, the restoration costs are reduced by 16.3 % and 20.4 % for small-scale and large-scale failures respectively by applying the proposed method.

分布式网络物理系统（CPS）的高效恢复策略对于提高其在极端灾害下的恢复能力至关重要。此外，随着智能电子设备的广泛应用，在恢复过程中，CPS 之间的耦合度越来越高。因此，双层优化问题被用来表示 CPS 的恢复。在上层提出了带时间窗口的车辆路由问题（VRPTW）来表述网络修复过程，其中时间窗口约束用于对修复优先级的一般限制。在下层，通过应用网络重新配置、分布式能源资源（DER）和针对不同区域的移动应急资源（MER）来恢复物理故障。此外，还提出了时间窗口修改（TWM）方法来协调两层之间的修复工作。通过根据物理故障的规模灵活调整恢复时间窗口，有效实现了网络物理合作，并在有限的计算时间内有效降低了两个系统的恢复成本。通过对修改后的 IEEE 33 节点和 118 节点系统进行案例研究，验证了所提方法的有效性。通过比较，证明了应用 TWM 方法可缩短计算时间。此外，通过应用所提出的方法，小规模和大规模故障的修复成本分别降低了 16.3% 和 20.4%。保留所有权利。

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引用次数: 0