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Research on Non-isothermal Jet Air Supply Method for Human Thermal Comfort Regulation in Commercial Vehicle Based on Localized Air Conditioning System 基于局部空调系统的商用车内人体热舒适度调节的非等温喷射送风方法研究
IF 1.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-24 DOI: 10.1007/s12239-024-00111-w
Qiushi Wan, Youwei Zhang, Sheng Wu

Uneven heating of the human body in the cabin is one of the main reasons for poor thermal comfort. In this study, five small thermoelectric cooling devices were used to build the automobile localized air conditioning system to improve body temperature uniformity by the method of multi-point air supply. The cooling capacity of each thermoelectric cooling device can be changed independently so the localized air conditioning could work with a non-isothermal jet air supply method to optimize each thermoelectric cooling device outlet temperature based on thermal simulation analysis results aimed at better body heat flux balance and lower power consumption. The air temperature and skin temperature test were done to verify the simulation as well. The maximum deviation of the predicted stable air temperature was 0.82 ℃. The maximum deviation of the predicted skin temperature was 1.83 ℃. The subjective evaluation experiment of human thermal comfort was carried out, and the average overall thermal comfort vote of the volunteers was changed from 1.02 to − 0.44 after the localized air condition turning on, which showed that the temperature adjustment had a good effect on improving the heat balance and the thermal comfort of the human body.

车厢内人体受热不均是造成热舒适性差的主要原因之一。本研究利用五个小型热电冷却装置构建了汽车局部空调系统,通过多点送风的方法改善人体温度的均匀性。每个热电制冷装置的制冷量可独立改变,因此局部空调可采用非等温喷射送风方式,根据热仿真分析结果优化每个热电制冷装置的出口温度,以达到更好的人体热通量平衡和降低功耗的目的。为验证模拟结果,还进行了空气温度和皮肤温度测试。预测的稳定空气温度的最大偏差为 0.82 ℃。预测皮肤温度的最大偏差为 1.83 ℃。进行了人体热舒适度主观评价实验,局部空调开启后,志愿者的平均总体热舒适度得票从 1.02 变为-0.44,表明温度调节对改善人体热平衡和热舒适度有良好的效果。
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引用次数: 0
Research on Path Tracking Control Based on Optimal Look-Ahead Points 基于最优前瞻点的路径跟踪控制研究
IF 1.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-24 DOI: 10.1007/s12239-024-00117-4
Yong Guan, Ning Li, Pengzhan Chen, Yongchao Zhang

Pure pursuit tracking algorithms are a popular control method in the field of autonomous navigation, where the selection of a look-ahead point plays a crucial role in tracking performance. However, the computation of the look-ahead point involves issues that are challenging to describe precisely using mathematics. To enhance the tracking precision of vehicles on curved trajectories, we propose an improved optimal look-ahead point path tracking algorithm. This algorithm primarily seeks the optimal look-ahead point by considering both longitudinal look-ahead distance and lateral position offset. To begin, we employ the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm to train vehicles to determine the optimal longitudinal look-ahead distance under various constant curvature and velocity conditions. Subsequently, by utilizing the optimal longitudinal look-ahead distance and the front-wheel steering angle, we construct a lateral deviation search region. Finally, we use an evaluation function to search for the optimal look-ahead point within this region. Simulation tests demonstrate that the proposed algorithm significantly improves tracking accuracy under varying curvature trajectory conditions.

纯追随跟踪算法是自主导航领域的一种常用控制方法,其中前视点的选择对跟踪性能起着至关重要的作用。然而,前视点的计算涉及到一些难以用数学精确描述的问题。为了提高车辆在曲线轨迹上的跟踪精度,我们提出了一种改进的最优前视点路径跟踪算法。该算法主要通过同时考虑纵向前视距离和横向位置偏移来寻求最佳前视点。首先,我们采用深度确定性策略梯度(DDPG)算法来训练车辆,以确定各种恒定曲率和速度条件下的最佳纵向前瞻距离。随后,利用最佳纵向前瞻距离和前轮转向角,我们构建了一个横向偏离搜索区域。最后,我们使用评估函数在该区域内搜索最佳前视点。模拟测试表明,在不同曲率轨迹条件下,所提出的算法能显著提高跟踪精度。
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引用次数: 0
Effective Mechanical Properties of an Innovative Module-Free Li-Ion Battery Pack Integrated with Honeycomb Cells and Optimum Design for Enhanced Crash Energy Absorption 集成蜂窝电池的创新型无模块锂离子电池组的有效机械特性以及增强碰撞能量吸收的优化设计
IF 1.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-24 DOI: 10.1007/s12239-024-00118-3
Hyojung Kim, Cheol Kim

To create advanced lithium-ion battery packs (BP) that are both lightweight and durable in crashes, an innovative honeycomb BP design has been developed. This design involves inserting cylindrical lithium-ion battery cells into a honeycomb cell core, eliminating the need for traditional modules. To reduce the weight of BP, collision analyses using the finite element method (FEM) are conducted with various thickness-to-length ratios for the honeycomb cell structures. A new mathematical formula is developed to calculate the energy absorption rate per unit volume and compared with the FEM results. Based on the formula, the optimal thickness-to-length ratio is determined. Furthermore, a new method to capture effective mechanical properties for the integrated battery cells with honeycomb cells is developed using the optimal thickness ratios and a modified rule of mixture. To enhance the collision safety of the honeycomb BP, its dimensions have been optimized by performing transient FE analyses while colliding with a rigid pillar on its one edge. A weight reduction of approximately 23.7% has been achieved.

为了制造出既轻便又耐用的先进锂离子电池组(BP),我们开发了一种创新的蜂窝 BP 设计。这种设计是将圆柱形锂离子电池芯插入蜂窝状电池核心,从而消除了对传统模块的需求。为了减轻 BP 的重量,使用有限元法(FEM)对蜂窝电池结构进行了不同厚度长度比的碰撞分析。为计算单位体积的能量吸收率,开发了一种新的数学公式,并与有限元法的结果进行了比较。根据该公式,确定了最佳厚度长度比。此外,利用最佳厚度比和修改后的混合规则,还开发出一种新方法,用于捕捉带有蜂窝电池的集成电池单元的有效机械特性。为了提高蜂窝 BP 的碰撞安全性,在其一侧边缘与刚性支柱发生碰撞时,通过执行瞬态 FE 分析对其尺寸进行了优化。其重量减轻了约 23.7%。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of Various Compression Ratios on a Direct Injection Spark Ignition Hydrogen-Fueled Engine in a Single-Cylinder Engine 不同压缩比对单缸直喷式火花点火氢燃料发动机的影响
IF 1.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-24 DOI: 10.1007/s12239-024-00096-6
Seungjae Kim, Jeongwoo Lee, Seungil Lee, Seunghyun Lee, Kiyeon Kim, Kyoungdoug Min

The effects of compression ratio and injection timing on a direct injection spark ignition hydrogen engine under various excessive air ratios were analyzed using a 0.4-L single-cylinder engine in this study. The engine speed was set to 1500 rpm, and the excessive air ratio was changed by controlling the amount of injected hydrogen under wide-open throttle conditions. The compression ratio was changed from 10, 12, and 14 and the injection timing was varied from BTDC 200, 160, 120°CA. The results revealed that for a compression ratio 14 at a rich limit, late injection timing reduced knocking incidence by taking advantage of stratified mixtures combustion and increased indicated thermal efficiency by reducing combustion loss while producing lower NOx emissions. For compression ratio 14 at an excessive air ratio of 2.2, late injection timing increased indicated thermal efficiency by reducing both combustion and heat losses, achieving the higher indicated thermal efficiency of 42.3%. Although NOx emissions increased with the injection timing retardation, NOx emissions decreased to under 1 g/kWh under excessive air ratios above 2.5 conditions at all injection timings.

本研究使用一台 0.4 升单缸发动机分析了不同过量空气比下压缩比和喷射正时对直喷式火花点火氢气发动机的影响。发动机转速设定为 1500 rpm,通过控制大油门条件下的氢气喷射量来改变过量空气比。压缩比在 10、12 和 14 之间变化,喷射正时在 BTDC 200、160 和 120°CA 之间变化。结果表明,对于压缩比为 14 的富裕极限,延迟喷射时间可利用分层混合物燃烧降低爆震发生率,并通过减少燃烧损失提高指示热效率,同时降低氮氧化物排放。对于压缩比为 14、空气比为 2.2 的过高压缩比,通过减少燃烧和热损失,延迟喷油时间提高了指示热效率,实现了 42.3% 的较高指示热效率。虽然氮氧化物排放量随着喷油时间的延迟而增加,但在空气过量比高于 2.5 的条件下,所有喷油时间的氮氧化物排放量都降至 1 克/千瓦时以下。
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引用次数: 0
Steering Stability Control Strategy Applied to Distributed Electric Drive Vehicles: Energy Optimization Considering Multi-objective Demands 应用于分布式电驱动车辆的转向稳定性控制策略:考虑多目标需求的能量优化
IF 1.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-22 DOI: 10.1007/s12239-024-00119-2
Yang Zhao, Xiangwei Wang

This article presents a cooperative controller that is specifically designed to enhance the stability of a distributed-drive vehicle during steering. The controller focuses on improving lateral stability during steering and achieving optimal torque allocation to meet numerous objectives. The article proposes a novel approach to improve the performance of the sliding mode controller for transverse stability control during steering. This is achieved by designing a fractional-order non-singular fast terminal sliding mode surface function, a fractional-order double-power exponential convergence law, and introducing a weighted integration term. Furthermore, the vehicle’s torque was fine-tuned by employing an ant colony optimization (ACO) technique within the acceptable range defined by the lateral and longitudinal control requirements. To prevent the ACO algorithm from being stuck in local optima, a pseudo-random rule was implemented based on the original state transfer probability. This rule helps accelerate the convergence of the algorithm. Additionally, an elite approach and a dynamic change strategy for pheromone concentration were devised. Ultimately, the performance of the co-controller that was built is evaluated by simulation experiments conducted under both accelerated and decelerated driving situations. The test findings indicate that the technique effectively improves the lateral stability, tracking control, and energy economy of electric cars, with promising potential for practical use.

本文介绍了一种合作控制器,专门用于增强分布式驱动车辆在转向过程中的稳定性。该控制器侧重于提高转向过程中的横向稳定性,并实现最佳扭矩分配,以满足众多目标。文章提出了一种新方法来提高滑动模式控制器在转向过程中的横向稳定性控制性能。这是通过设计分数阶非矢量快速终端滑动模态曲面函数、分数阶双功率指数收敛规律以及引入加权积分项来实现的。此外,通过采用蚁群优化(ACO)技术,在横向和纵向控制要求确定的可接受范围内对车辆扭矩进行了微调。为防止蚁群优化算法陷入局部最优状态,根据原始状态转移概率实施了一个伪随机规则。该规则有助于加速算法的收敛。此外,还设计了一种精英方法和信息素浓度动态变化策略。最后,通过在加速和减速驾驶情况下进行的模拟实验,对所建立的协同控制器的性能进行了评估。测试结果表明,该技术有效改善了电动汽车的横向稳定性、跟踪控制和能源经济性,具有很大的实用潜力。
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引用次数: 0
SOC Estimation of Power Lithium Battery Based on RGC and Multi-innovation UKF Joint Algorithm 基于 RGC 和多创新 UKF 联合算法的动力锂电池 SOC 估算
IF 1.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-21 DOI: 10.1007/s12239-024-00116-5
Zhengjun Huang, Yu Chen, Hangxu Yang

A second-order RC equivalent circuit model was established to accurately estimate the state of charge (SOC) of power lithium battery. The model parameters were identified online using the recursive gradient correction (RGC) algorithm, enhancing the real-time performance of parameter identification. Building on the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) algorithm, a multi-innovation unscented Kalman filter (MIUKF) algorithm was proposed by incorporating the multi-innovation identification theory. This approach overcomes the impact of ignoring historical errors in traditional Kalman filter algorithms on estimation accuracy, thereby accelerating the algorithm’s convergence to the true value and improving its accuracy and stability. The algorithm was validated under various operating conditions. The results indicate that, compared to the UKF algorithm, the MIUKF algorithm exhibits superior performance in estimation accuracy and anti-interference capability, enabling precise SOC estimation for lithium batteries in vehicles.

建立了一个二阶 RC 等效电路模型,用于准确估计动力锂电池的充电状态(SOC)。利用递归梯度校正(RGC)算法在线识别模型参数,提高了参数识别的实时性。在无香精卡尔曼滤波器(UKF)算法的基础上,结合多创新识别理论,提出了多创新无香精卡尔曼滤波器(MIUKF)算法。这种方法克服了传统卡尔曼滤波算法中忽略历史误差对估计精度的影响,从而加快了算法向真值收敛的速度,提高了算法的精度和稳定性。该算法在各种运行条件下进行了验证。结果表明,与英国卡尔曼滤波算法相比,MIUKF 算法在估计精度和抗干扰能力方面表现出更优越的性能,可对车载锂电池的 SOC 进行精确估计。
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引用次数: 0
The Research of 3D Point Cloud Data Clustering Based on MEMS Lidar for Autonomous Driving 基于 MEMS 激光雷达的自动驾驶三维点云数据聚类研究
IF 1.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-21 DOI: 10.1007/s12239-024-00112-9
Weikang Yang, Siwei Dong, Dagang Li

In the field of autonomous driving, the perception of the environment plays a crucial role, serving as a fundamental component. Accurate and precise environmental detection is vital in providing detailed information about obstacles for the control module of autonomous vehicles. MEMS LiDAR, as a prevalent sensor for acquiring obstacle positions, offers high accuracy in data acquisition by leveraging its dense point cloud information. However, a characteristic of MEMS LiDAR is the decrease in cloud density as the distance increases. Failure to consider this issue can lead to problems such as merging or splitting of obstacles during the clustering process. Furthermore, relying solely on a two-dimensional grid-based approach poses challenges when it comes to detecting overhanging obstacles. To overcome these challenges, we propose a method that tackles the problems of undistinguishable adjacent obstacles, splitting of distant obstacles, and the detection of overhanging structures. First, we apply ground segmentation techniques to remove ground-based points from the point cloud data. This step helps in isolating the obstacles of interest and improving the accuracy of subsequent analysis. Next, we create a three-dimensional grid map and determine the occupancy of each grid cell. To optimize the problem of distant obstacle splitting, we employ a dilation algorithm to expand the occupancy of the grid cells. Subsequently, we convert the three-dimensional grid into a two-dimensional representation and evaluate the occupancy of each cell in the resulting grid based on the height direction occupancy. Furthermore, we employ noise removal techniques to enhance the quality of the data. Finally, we utilize the DBSCAN algorithm, which incorporates an adaptive radius and eight-neighbor cells clustering algorithm, to perform obstacle clustering operations. Comparing our proposed method with the traditional DBSCAN algorithm, we observed that our method achieved a 7.6% increase in detection accuracy, while reducing calculation time by 16.2%.

在自动驾驶领域,环境感知起着至关重要的作用,是一个基本组成部分。准确和精确的环境检测对于为自动驾驶汽车的控制模块提供有关障碍物的详细信息至关重要。MEMS 激光雷达作为获取障碍物位置的常用传感器,可利用其密集的点云信息提供高精度的数据采集。然而,MEMS 激光雷达的一个特点是随着距离的增加,点云密度会降低。如果不考虑这个问题,就会在聚类过程中出现障碍物合并或分裂等问题。此外,仅仅依靠基于二维网格的方法在检测悬挂障碍物时也会面临挑战。为了克服这些挑战,我们提出了一种方法来解决相邻障碍物无法区分、远处障碍物分割以及悬挂结构检测等问题。首先,我们采用地面分割技术从点云数据中去除地面点。这一步有助于隔离感兴趣的障碍物,提高后续分析的准确性。接下来,我们创建一个三维网格图,并确定每个网格单元的占用率。为了优化远距离障碍物分割问题,我们采用扩张算法来扩大网格单元的占有率。随后,我们将三维网格转换为二维表示法,并根据高度方向的占用率评估所生成网格中每个单元格的占用率。此外,我们还采用了去噪技术来提高数据质量。最后,我们利用包含自适应半径和八邻单元聚类算法的 DBSCAN 算法来执行障碍物聚类操作。将我们提出的方法与传统的 DBSCAN 算法进行比较,我们发现我们的方法在检测准确率方面提高了 7.6%,同时计算时间减少了 16.2%。
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引用次数: 0
Lightweight YOLOv8 Networks for Driver Profile Face Drowsiness Detection 用于驾驶员面部瞌睡检测的轻量级 YOLOv8 网络
IF 1.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-19 DOI: 10.1007/s12239-024-00103-w
Meng Zhang, Fumin Zhang

Vision-based driver monitoring, a non-invasive method designed to identify potentially dangerous operations, has attracted increasing attention in recent years. In this study, a head pitch angle detection method was established to evaluate the driver’s drowsiness. Rather than employing the front facial landmarks to estimate head pitch angle, the proposed method measure this angel directly from driver’s profile face. To meet the requirement of real-time detection, the method applies the YOLOv8 network of single-stage detection and utilizes MobileNetV3 and FasterNet for lightweight improvement. The detector is trained with re-labeled CFP datasets, and real-time speed tests have been performed. Results demonstrate that the non-improved detector can achieve an mAP50 of 97.3% of the keypoints in a single frame, meanwhile realizing the frame rate of 30.41 FPS. After improvement, parameters of the model have been reduced by 21.3% and 40.9% respectively, while the frame rate can be increased to 37.13 FPS and 52.70 FPS, and the mAP50 of keypoints is increased by 0.41% and 0.51%. The results during the in-car experiment have proved that the developed detection method can effectively evaluate the head pitch angle, thus detect the driver’s drowsiness. We provide open-access to the annotated data and pre-trained models in this study.

基于视觉的驾驶员监测是一种旨在识别潜在危险操作的非侵入式方法,近年来已引起越来越多的关注。在这项研究中,建立了一种头部俯仰角检测方法来评估驾驶员的瞌睡程度。该方法不使用前面部地标来估计头部俯仰角,而是直接从驾驶员的面部轮廓来测量头部俯仰角。为了满足实时检测的要求,该方法采用了单级检测的 YOLOv8 网络,并利用 MobileNetV3 和 FasterNet 进行了轻量级改进。使用重新标记的 CFP 数据集对检测器进行了训练,并进行了实时速度测试。结果表明,未经改进的检测器可以在单帧中实现 97.3% 的关键点 mAP50,同时实现 30.41 FPS 的帧速率。改进后,模型参数分别降低了 21.3% 和 40.9%,帧速率分别提高到 37.13 FPS 和 52.70 FPS,关键点的 mAP50 分别提高了 0.41% 和 0.51%。车载实验结果证明,所开发的检测方法能有效评估头部俯仰角,从而检测出驾驶员的瞌睡情况。我们开放了本研究中的注释数据和预训练模型。
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引用次数: 0
Harnessing Electrocardiography Signals for Driver State Classification Using Multi-layered Neural Networks 利用多层神经网络对心电图信号进行驾驶员状态分类
IF 1.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-18 DOI: 10.1007/s12239-024-00109-4
Amir Tjolleng, Kihyo Jung

Driving under conditions of cognitive overload or drowsiness poses serious safety risks and is recognized as a major cause of vehicle collisions. Thus, timely detection of the driver’s state is crucial for preventing accidents. This study proposed the utilization of electrocardiography (ECG) data in conjunction with multi-layered neural network (MNN) models to determine the driver’s state. ECG signals were obtained from 67 participants during simulated driving scenarios that induced either cognitive load or drowsiness. The study considered five driver states: drowsiness, fighting-off drowsiness, normal, medium cognitive load, and high cognitive load. Statistical analysis revealed significant changes in ECG measurements as the driver’s attentiveness levels varied from low (drowsiness) to high (cognitive overload). Multiple MNN models were developed to address individual variations in heart response and achieved classification accuracies exceeding 95%. These findings demonstrated the potential of ECG signal utilization for driver’s state detection to prevent vehicle accidents.

在认知负荷过重或昏昏欲睡的情况下驾驶会带来严重的安全风险,被认为是车辆碰撞的主要原因。因此,及时发现驾驶员的状态对于预防事故至关重要。本研究提出利用心电图(ECG)数据结合多层神经网络(MNN)模型来确定驾驶员的状态。67 名参与者在模拟驾驶场景中获得了心电图信号,这些场景诱发了认知负荷或嗜睡。研究考虑了五种驾驶员状态:嗜睡、打瞌睡、正常、中等认知负荷和高认知负荷。统计分析显示,当驾驶员的注意力水平从低(嗜睡)到高(认知负荷过重)变化时,心电图测量结果也会发生明显变化。针对心脏反应的个体差异开发了多个 MNN 模型,分类准确率超过 95%。这些研究结果证明了利用心电图信号检测驾驶员状态以预防车辆事故的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing Connected Autonomous Vehicle Formations: Discrete–Offline–Online Three-Layer Architecture for Platoon Reconfiguration 增强互联自主车辆编队:离散-离线-在线三层排级重构架构
IF 1.6 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1007/s12239-024-00083-x
Weishan Yang, Yuepeng Chen, Yixin Su

The formation transformation in intelligent connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) enhances platoon versatility and significantly improves traffic efficiency. Current formation control strategies for CAV platoons often focus on fixed formation scenarios. This paper proposes a three-layer architecture for platoon reconfiguration, encompassing discrete, offline, and online layers. CAV platoons utilize this architecture to transform their existing formation into a specified target formation from the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). In the discrete layer, we propose a formation representation scheme and design A* and cooperative sorting algorithms to achieve the optimal intermediate formation sequence. Moving to the offline layer, we design a Signal Temporal Logic-based model predictive control algorithm (MPC). This algorithm plans continuous, dynamically feasible, and collision-free safe trajectories, which are stored in an offline trajectory database. In the online layer, we design a successive linearization-based MPC to track the offline trajectories in real-time traffic environments and accomplish the platoon reconfiguration task. We implement single-lane and multi-lane platoon reconfiguration tasks in the MATLAB platform, comparing them with two advanced platoon reconfiguration algorithms. The experimental results, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach, are presented and discussed.

智能互联自动驾驶车辆(CAV)的编队转换可增强排的多功能性,并显著提高交通效率。目前 CAV 排的编队控制策略通常侧重于固定编队场景。本文提出了一种用于排级重构的三层架构,包括离散层、离线层和在线层。CAV 排利用此架构将其现有队形转换为智能交通系统(ITS)指定的目标队形。在离散层,我们提出了一种编队表示方案,并设计了 A* 和合作排序算法,以实现最优的中间编队序列。在离线层,我们设计了基于信号时态逻辑的模型预测控制算法(MPC)。该算法规划连续、动态可行且无碰撞的安全轨迹,并将其存储在离线轨迹数据库中。在联机层,我们设计了一种基于连续线性化的 MPC,用于在实时交通环境中跟踪离线轨迹,并完成排的重新配置任务。我们在 MATLAB 平台上实现了单车道和多车道的排线重新配置任务,并与两种先进的排线重新配置算法进行了比较。实验结果展示并讨论了建议方法的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
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International Journal of Automotive Technology
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