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Agent-based diffusion in predation systems with Beddington–DeAngelis response 具有Beddington-DeAngelis响应的捕食系统中基于agent的扩散
IF 3.5 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2023.101059
Shikun Wang , Yuanshi Wang

Understanding dynamical behavior of a spatially distributed population is crucial to conservation and management of endangered species. This paper considers predator–prey systems with Beddington–DeAngelis functional response, where the predator moves between source–sink patches asymmetrically and acts as an agent. Our aim is to show how agent-based diffusion affects dynamics of the system and total population abundance of the species. Using dynamical systems theory, we demonstrate stability of positive equilibria in the system, which implies coexistence of the species and change of abundance by diffusion. Moreover, we show Hopf and Bautin bifurcations with multiple limit cycles, which implies multiple oscillations of populations and even extinction of species. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that diffusion in the system may lead to results reversing those without diffusion. The diffusion could change dynamics of the system between coexistence at a steady state and persistence in periodic oscillation, while evolution in asymmetry of diffusion could make the predator reach a total abundance larger than that without diffusion, even reach the maximal abundance. Our results are consistent with experimental observations and are important in studying conservation of biodiversity.

了解空间分布种群的动态行为对濒危物种的保护和管理至关重要。本文考虑了具有Beddington–DeAngelis功能反应的捕食者-猎物系统,其中捕食者在源-汇斑块之间不对称移动并充当代理。我们的目的是展示基于药剂的扩散如何影响系统的动力学和物种的总种群丰度。利用动力系统理论,我们证明了系统中正平衡的稳定性,这意味着物种的共存和丰度的扩散变化。此外,我们还展示了具有多个极限环的Hopf和Bautin分叉,这意味着种群的多次振荡甚至物种的灭绝。此外,这项工作表明,系统中的扩散可能会导致与没有扩散的结果相反的结果。扩散可以改变系统在稳态共存和周期振荡持续之间的动力学,而扩散不对称的进化可以使捕食者达到比没有扩散时更大的总丰度,甚至达到最大丰度。我们的结果与实验观察结果一致,对研究生物多样性保护具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Changing webs—Variation of complex networks over a tidal cycle in an intertidal rocky reef 变化的网——潮间带岩礁潮汐循环中复杂网的变化
IF 3.5 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2023.101060
Catarina Vinagre , Vanessa Mendonça

Incorporating temporal variation in models is one of the most important challenges in food web research. One of the environments where time causes profound changes is the intertidal zone, where the immersion-emersion cycle drastically changes the abiotic and biotic conditions. Intertidal rocky shores have been intensively studied, however the variation in the complex food web network that occurs during a tidal cycle remains undescribed. Highly resolved food web networks were assembled for an intertidal reef depicting the food web during low and high tide, and with and without tide pools. It was concluded that high tide adds new species to the web, but it does not add complexity since network connectance was not changed. This occurs because incoming species are mostly highly generalist fish, which add many new links to the web. Tide pools, however, add not only diversity but also complexity. Webs were dominated by intermediate species, with the proportion of top consumers fluctuating throughout the tidal cycle, being lowest during low tide and highest at high tide, due to the incoming larger vertebrate predators. Consumer taxa outnumbered resource taxa, except at low tide when pools are present. Mean trophic level was lowest at low tide (2.3) and highest at high tide with pools (2.6). Omnivory was high and showed little change. “Chain”, the number of links connecting top to basal species, was stable but low. This implies that disturbance can rapidly travel bottom-up or top-down through predator-prey links. The increased connectance given by the addition of tide pools likely increases robustness to disturbances, an important feature in coastal areas so often impacted by human action.

将时间变化纳入模型是食物网研究中最重要的挑战之一。时间引起深刻变化的环境之一是潮间带,在那里,浸没-浮现循环会极大地改变非生物和生物条件。人们对潮间带岩石海岸进行了深入研究,但在潮汐周期中发生的复杂食物网网络的变化仍未得到描述。为潮间带暗礁组装了高分辨率的食物网网络,描绘了低潮和高潮期间以及有潮池和无潮池时的食物网。研究得出的结论是,高潮为网络增加了新的物种,但并没有增加复杂性,因为网络连接没有改变。之所以会出现这种情况,是因为外来物种大多是多面手,这为网络增加了许多新的链接。然而,潮池不仅增加了多样性,还增加了复杂性。网状物以中间物种为主,由于大型脊椎动物捕食者的到来,顶级消费者的比例在整个潮汐周期中波动,在低潮时最低,在高潮时最高。消费类群的数量超过资源类群,退潮时有水池时除外。平均营养水平在低潮时最低(2.3),高潮时最高(2.6),有水池。杂食性较高,变化不大。“链”,即连接顶部和底部物种的链接数量,是稳定的,但很低。这意味着扰动可以通过捕食者-猎物的联系从下到下或从上快速传播。潮汐池的增加可能会增加对干扰的鲁棒性,这是经常受到人类活动影响的沿海地区的一个重要特征。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamical systems modeling for structural understanding of social-ecological systems: A primer 社会生态系统结构理解的动力系统建模:入门
IF 3.5 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2023.101052
Sonja Radosavljevic , Thomas Banitz , Volker Grimm , Lars-Göran Johansson , Emilie Lindkvist , Maja Schlüter , Petri Ylikoski

Dynamical systems modeling (DSM) explores how a system evolves in time when its elements and the relationships between them are known. The basic idea is that the structure of a dynamical system, expressed by coupled differential or difference equations, determines attractors of the system and, in turn, its behavior. This leads to structural understanding that can provide insights into qualitative properties of real systems, including ecological and social-ecological systems (SES). DSM generally does not aim to make specific quantitative predictions or explain singular events, but to investigate consequences of different assumptions about a system's structure. SES dynamics and possible causal relationships in SES get revealed through manipulation of individual interactions and observation of their consequences. Structural understanding is therefore particularly valuable for assessing and anticipating the consequences of interventions or shocks and managing transformation toward sustainability. Taking into account social and ecological dynamics, recognizing that SES may operate on different time scales simultaneously and that achieving an attractor might not be possible or relevant, opens up possibilities for DSM setup and analysis. This also highlights the importance of assumptions and research questions for model results and calls for closer connection between modeling and empirics. Understanding the potential and limitations of DSM in SES research is important because the well-developed and established framework of DSM provides a common language and helps break down barriers to shared understanding and dialog within multidisciplinary teams. In this primer we introduce the basic concepts, methods, and possible insights from DSM. Our target audience are both beginners in DSM and modelers who use other model types, both in ecology and SES research.

动态系统建模(DSM)探索了当系统的元素及其之间的关系已知时,系统如何在时间上进化。其基本思想是,由耦合微分方程或差分方程表示的动力系统的结构决定了系统的吸引子,进而决定了其行为。这导致了结构理解,可以深入了解真实系统的定性特性,包括生态和社会生态系统(SES)。DSM通常不旨在做出具体的定量预测或解释奇异事件,而是研究对系统结构的不同假设的后果。通过对个体互动的操纵和对其后果的观察,揭示了SES的动态和可能的因果关系。因此,结构理解对于评估和预测干预或冲击的后果以及管理向可持续性的转变尤其有价值。考虑到社会和生态动态,认识到SES可能同时在不同的时间尺度上运行,并且实现吸引器可能不可能或不相关,为DSM的建立和分析开辟了可能性。这也突出了假设和研究问题对模型结果的重要性,并呼吁在建模和经验之间建立更紧密的联系。了解需求侧管理在SES研究中的潜力和局限性很重要,因为开发和建立的需求侧管理框架提供了一种通用语言,有助于打破多学科团队内部共享理解和对话的障碍。在这篇初级读本中,我们介绍了DSM的基本概念、方法和可能的见解。我们的目标受众既有DSM的初学者,也有在生态学和SES研究中使用其他模型类型的建模师。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamical analysis of a diffusion plant-wrack model with delay 一类具有时滞的扩散植物wrack模型的动力学分析
IF 3.5 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2023.101050
Quanli Ji , Ranchao Wu , Biao Liu

In this paper, in view of the senescence of plant and the decay of wrack, time delays are introduced into the plant-wrack model. The effects of wrack decay and time delay on the dynamical behaviors of the diffusive plant-wrack model are studied analytically and numerically. When the delay is zero, the wrack decay will induce the change of stability of the unique equilibrium point, further lead to the occurrence of the Hopf bifurcation and the Turing instability. When the delay is present, the conditions for the occurrence of the Hopf bifurcation are established. By comparing the results of the model without and with delay, it is found that the increases of delay may induce no stability switches, a single stability switch or multiple stability switches, when the value of wrack decay can stabilize model with zero delay. When the value of wrack decay can destabilize model with zero delay, numerical simulations show that the small delay may cause homogeneous distributions of vegetation, while the larger delay may cause the emergence of periodic oscillation of vegetation. The obtained results provide a basis for understanding the spatiotemporal evolution of such a plant-wrack model with delay.

本文针对植物衰老和濑鱼腐烂的特点,将时滞引入到植物濑鱼模型中。分析和数值研究了wrack衰变和时滞对扩散植物wrack模型动力学行为的影响。当延迟为零时,wrack衰变会引起唯一平衡点稳定性的变化,进一步导致Hopf分岔和图灵不稳定性的发生。当存在延迟时,建立了Hopf分岔发生的条件。通过比较无延迟和有延迟模型的结果,发现当wrack衰减值可以稳定零延迟模型时,延迟的增加可能导致没有稳定开关、单个稳定开关或多个稳定开关。数值模拟表明,当wrack衰变值可以在零延迟的情况下使模型不稳定时,较小的延迟可能导致植被的均匀分布,而较大的延迟可能会导致植被出现周期性振荡。所获得的结果为理解这种具有延迟的植物-濑鱼模型的时空演化提供了基础。
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引用次数: 0
Why everything is connected to everything else 为什么所有事物都与其他事物相连
IF 3.5 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2023.101051
Jonathan D. Phillips

In Earth surface systems (ESS), everything is connected to everything else, an aphorism often called the First Law of Ecology and of geography. Such linkages are not always direct and unmediated, but many ESS, represented as networks of interacting components, attain or approach full, direct connectivity among components. The question is how and why this happens at the system or network scale. The crowded landscape concept dictates that linkages and connections among ESS components are inevitable. The connection selection concept holds that the linkages among components are (often) advantageous to the network and are selected for, and thereby preserved and enhanced. These network advantages are illustrated via algebraic graph theory. For a given number of components in an ESS, as the number of links or connections increases, spectral radius, graph energy, and algebraic connectivity increase. While the advantages (if any) of increased complexity are unclear, higher spectral radii are directly correlated with higher graph energy. The greater graph energy is associated with more intense feedback in the system, and tighter coupling among components. This in turn reflects advantageous properties of more intense cycling of water, nutrients, and minerals, as well as multiple potential degrees of freedom for individual components to respond to changes. The increase of algebraic connectivity reflects a greater ability or tendency for the network to respond to changes in concert.

在地球表面系统(ESS)中,一切事物都与其他事物相连,这句格言通常被称为生态学和地理学的第一定律。这种联系并不总是直接的和非中介的,但许多ESS,表示为交互组件的网络,实现或接近组件之间的完全、直接的连接。问题是在系统或网络规模上如何以及为什么会发生这种情况。拥挤的景观概念表明ESS组件之间的联系和连接是不可避免的。连接选择概念认为,组件之间的链接(通常)对网络有利,并被选择,从而被保留和增强。这些网络优势是通过代数图论来说明的。对于ESS中给定数量的组件,随着链路或连接数量的增加,谱半径、图能量和代数连通性也会增加。虽然增加复杂性的优势(如果有的话)尚不清楚,但更高的光谱半径与更高的图能量直接相关。图形能量越大,系统中的反馈越强烈,组件之间的耦合越紧密。这反过来反映了水、营养物质和矿物质更剧烈循环的有利特性,以及单个成分对变化做出反应的多个潜在自由度。代数连通性的增加反映了网络协同响应变化的更大能力或趋势。
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引用次数: 0
On the degradation of forest ecosystems by extreme events: Statistical Model Checking of a hybrid model 极端事件对森林生态系统退化的影响:混合模型的统计模型检验
IF 3.5 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2023.101039
Guillaume Cantin , Benoît Delahaye , Beatriz M. Funatsu

In this paper, we study the vulnerability of forest ecosystems perturbed by extreme events, such as those arising from climate change. To investigate the complex interactions between the biological dynamics of the forest and the climatic activity, we construct an original hybrid model, obtained by coupling a continuous reaction–diffusion system, which describes the spatio-temporal dynamics of the forest ecosystem, with a discrete probabilistic process, which models the possible occurrences of extreme events. Properties of ecological interest are considered: invariance of the persistence equilibrium, attraction to the extinction equilibrium and emergence of degraded states. Those properties of the hybrid model are verified through an extension of the Statistical Model Checking framework. We establish the existence of a threshold above which the persistence equilibrium of the forest ecosystem is compromised and give a numerical assessment of this threshold in terms of the probability and intensity of extreme events. We also present non-trivial parameter conditions for which the forest ecosystem converges to a degraded savanna-like state.

在这篇论文中,我们研究了受极端事件干扰的森林生态系统的脆弱性,例如气候变化引起的事件。为了研究森林的生物动力学和气候活动之间的复杂相互作用,我们构建了一个原始的混合模型,该模型通过将描述森林生态系统时空动力学的连续反应-扩散系统与模拟极端事件可能发生的离散概率过程相耦合而获得。考虑了生态利益的性质:持久平衡的不变性、对灭绝平衡的吸引力和退化状态的出现。混合模型的这些特性是通过统计模型检查框架的扩展来验证的。我们确定了一个阈值的存在,超过该阈值,森林生态系统的持久平衡就会受到损害,并根据极端事件的概率和强度对该阈值进行了数值评估。我们还提出了森林生态系统收敛到退化草原状状态的非平凡参数条件。
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引用次数: 1
Future spatial distribution of Diaphorina citri in Mexico under climate change models 气候变化模式下墨西哥柑橘的未来空间分布
IF 3.5 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2023.101041
Oliver Rodríguez-Aguilar , José López-Collado , Alejandra Soto-Estrada , Mónica de la Cruz Vargas-Mendoza , Clemente de Jesús García-Avila

Climate change may modify environmental conditions creating suitable environments for phytopathogen vectors in places that were not suitable before. The present study aimed to contrast current and future spatial distribution of Diaphorina citri in Mexico under two climate change scenarios, Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) 4.5 and 8.5 for years 2050 and 2070. Non-correlated bioclimatic variables from eight General Circulation Models derived from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project-6 and presence point data were used to generate distribution models with MaxEnt. Future projections showed that current suitable areas, equivalent to a 38.6% of coverage persist across all scenarios, new suitability areas appear, and no reduction is expected. All the models coincide on a potential increase in relation to the current national distribution of 11.1, 14.8, 13.8 and 25.5% for SSP2 4.5–50 SSP2 4.5–70 SSP5 8.5–50, and SSP5 8.5–70 respectively. Most of the new areas are not currently dedicated to citriculture; however, an increase in the risk of Huanglongbing is expected because most of the new areas are contiguous to the current presence areas, and cover urban zones where there may exist rutaceous hosts, from which the vector may spread the disease to the production zones.

气候变化可能会改变环境条件,在以前不适合的地方为植物病原体媒介创造合适的环境。本研究旨在对比2050年和2070年在两种气候变化情景下,即共享社会经济路径(SSP)4.5和8.5下,墨西哥香茅的当前和未来空间分布。来自耦合模型相互比较项目-6的八个环流模型的非相关生物气候变量和存在点数据用于生成MaxEnt的分布模型。未来的预测显示,目前的适宜区域(相当于38.6%的覆盖率)在所有情况下都会持续存在,出现了新的适宜区域,预计不会减少。所有模型都一致认为,SSP2 4.5-50 SSP2 4.5-70 SSP5 8.5-50和SSP5 8.5-70的潜在增长率分别为11.1%、14.8%、13.8%和25.5%。大多数新的地区目前并没有专门用于柠檬种植;然而,黄龙病的风险预计会增加,因为大多数新的地区与目前存在的地区相邻,并且覆盖了可能存在车辙宿主的城市地区,媒介可能会从那里将疾病传播到生产区。
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引用次数: 1
Evaluating the role of environmental familiarity and behaviour in the success of wildlife translocation: A grizzly bear case study using agent-based modelling 评估环境熟悉度和行为在野生动物迁移成功中的作用:基于代理建模的灰熊案例研究
IF 3.5 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2023.101042
Alejandra Zubiria-Perez , Christopher Bone , Gordon Stenhouse

Human-carnivore systems are built on multi-scalar complex processes often resulting in conflicts that force wildlife managers to address what are conceived as problem individuals. In North America, the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) is often involved in human-bear conflict with management measures such as translocations, in which problem individuals are moved to new areas, being used to reduce conflict risk. While translocations offer a non-lethal alternative to managing conflict animals, they show varying levels of success. Our objective was to perform a novel assessment of grizzly bear translocation success through agent-based simulation by evaluating how familiarity with landscape features coupled with behavioral traits affects the way individuals use resources in a new environment. Our results showed that bears translocated to familiar habitat used high-quality habitat more than bears moved to areas with unfamiliar landscape characteristics. Increased exploration led to greater use of high-quality habitat in the long run but resulted in reduced use of high-quality habitat during the first two years following a translocation. Habitat quality use depended on scale, with bears translocated to less familiar environments accessing higher quality areas at a finer scale than bears translocated to familiar habitats. We emphasize the need to account for wildlife behavioral traits and habitat characteristics at multiple scales when selecting suitable translocation locations. Understanding the role of factors such as these on translocation outcome will help ensure the success of translocations not only as a method for managing problem wildlife, but also for population restoration, species reestablishment, and conservation translocations across the globe.

人类食肉动物系统建立在多标量复杂过程的基础上,通常会导致冲突,迫使野生动物管理者解决被认为是问题个体的问题。在北美,灰熊(Ursus arctos)经常卷入人熊冲突,管理措施包括转移,将问题个体转移到新的地区,以降低冲突风险。虽然迁移为管理冲突动物提供了一种非致命的替代方案,但它们的成功程度各不相同。我们的目标是通过基于代理的模拟,通过评估对景观特征和行为特征的熟悉程度如何影响个体在新环境中使用资源的方式,对灰熊迁移的成功进行新的评估。我们的研究结果表明,迁移到熟悉栖息地的熊比迁移到不熟悉景观特征的地区的熊更多地使用高质量的栖息地。从长远来看,勘探的增加导致了高质量栖息地的更多使用,但在迁移后的头两年,高质量栖息地使用减少。栖息地质量的使用取决于规模,与迁移到熟悉栖息地的熊相比,迁移到不太熟悉环境的熊以更精细的规模进入更高质量的区域。我们强调,在选择合适的迁移地点时,需要在多个尺度上考虑野生动物的行为特征和栖息地特征。了解这些因素对迁移结果的作用将有助于确保迁移的成功,这不仅是一种管理问题野生动物的方法,也是全球种群恢复、物种重建和保护迁移的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Quantity and quality of suitable matrices matter in reducing the negative effect of fragmentation 合适基质的数量和质量对减少破碎的负面影响至关重要
IF 3.5 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2023.101040
Bruno Travassos-Britto , Camila Hohlenwerger , José Miranda , Pedro Luís Bernardo da Rocha

The negative effect of fragmentation is one of the main concerns in the study of biodiversity loss in landscape ecology. The use of the matrix has been considered an important factor because it can change a population's relationship with the configuration of the landscape. A systematic way to assess the effect of matrix quality in fragmented landscapes could lead to a better understanding of how matrices can suppress the negative effect of fragmentation. We built a computational individual-based model capable of simulating bi-dimensional landscapes with three types of land cover (habitat, suitable matrix and hostile matrix) and individuals that inhabit those landscapes. We explored in which situations suitable matrix proportions and the degree of usability of this suitable matrix mitigate the negative effect of fragmentation per se. We observed that (i) an increase in the general matrix quality (increases in the suitable matrix proportion and/or usability) can suppress the fragmentation effect in 47% of the simulated scenarios; (ii) the less usable the matrix is, the more of it is needed to suppress the fragmentation effect; (iii) there is a level of usability below which increasing the suitable matrix proportion does cause the fragmentation effect to cease. These results point toward landscape management decisions that consider the similarity of the matrix to the native habitat under management. We suggest that an index to measure the usability of elements of the matrix could be an important tool for using computational models in landscape management more efficiently.

破碎化的负面影响是景观生态学中生物多样性丧失研究的主要问题之一。矩阵的使用被认为是一个重要因素,因为它可以改变人口与景观配置的关系。一种系统的方法来评估基质质量对碎片化景观的影响,可以更好地了解基质如何抑制碎片化的负面影响。我们建立了一个基于计算个体的模型,能够模拟具有三种类型的土地覆盖(栖息地、适宜基质和敌对基质)和居住在这些景观中的个体的二维景观。我们探讨了在哪些情况下,合适的矩阵比例和该合适矩阵的可用性程度可以减轻碎片化本身的负面影响。我们观察到:(i)在47%的模拟场景中,提高总体矩阵质量(增加合适的矩阵比率和/或可用性)可以抑制碎片化效应;(ii)基质的可用性越低,就越需要基质来抑制碎片效应;(iii)存在可用性水平,低于该可用性水平增加合适的基质比例确实会导致碎片效应停止。这些结果指向景观管理决策,该决策考虑了基质与所管理的原生栖息地的相似性。我们建议,衡量矩阵元素可用性的指数可以成为在景观管理中更有效地使用计算模型的重要工具。
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引用次数: 0
Integrals of life: Tracking ecosystem spatial heterogeneity from space through the area under the curve of the parametric Rao’s Q index 生命积分:通过参数Rao’s Q指数曲线下的面积从空间上跟踪生态系统的空间异质性
IF 3.5 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2023.101029
Elisa Thouverai, M. Marcantonio, J. Lenoir, Mariasole Galfré, Elisa Marchetto, G. Bacaro, R. Cazzolla Gatti, D. Da Re, M. Di Musciano, R. Furrer, M. Malavasi, Vítězslav Moudrý, J. Nowosad, F. Pedrotti, R. Pelorosso, G. Pezzi, P. Šímová, C. Ricotta, S. Silvestri, E. Tordoni, Michele Torresani, G. Vacchiano, Piero Zannini, D. Rocchini
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引用次数: 4
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Ecological Complexity
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