Current Opinion in Genetics & Development最新文献

英文中文

Dynamic three-dimensional epigenomic reorganization for the development of undifferentiated spermatogonia in mice 小鼠未分化精原细胞发育的动态三维表观基因组重组

IF 3.7 2区生物学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development

Pub Date : 2025-07-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2025.102383

Masahiro Nagano , Mitinori Saitou

Germ cells are unique in their ability to acquire totipotency. Toward this end, they reorganize their three-dimensional (3D) epigenome during their development, including epigenetic reprogramming in primordial germ cells that differentiate mitotic prospermatogonia and ensuing unique epigenetic programming for generating undifferentiated spermatogonia/spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Advances in low-input epigenomic and 3D genomic techniques, along with complementary in-depth characterization of scalable in vitro reconstitution systems for germ cell development, that is, in vitro gametogenesis, have elucidated a number of fundamental events during these processes, including insulation augmentation in highly open chromatin following epigenetic reprogramming in mitotic prospermatogonia and insulation erasure and further euchromatization accompanied by chromosomal radial repositioning in undifferentiated spermatogonia/SSCs. These 3D epigenomic organizations likely serve as a foundation for generating fully functional gametes. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying 3D epigenomic reorganization during germ cell development will be instrumental not only for understanding the basis for totipotency but also for further advancing in vitro gametogenesis.

生殖细胞获得全能性的能力是独一无二的。为此，它们在发育过程中重组其三维（3D）表观基因组，包括分化有丝分裂前原细胞的原始生殖细胞的表观遗传重编程，以及随后产生未分化精原细胞/精原干细胞（SSCs）的独特表观遗传编程。低投入表观基因组学和3D基因组学技术的进步，以及对生殖细胞发育（即体外配子体发生）的可扩展体外重构系统的互补深入表征，已经阐明了这些过程中的一些基本事件。包括有丝分裂前原细胞表观遗传重编程后高度开放染色质的绝缘增强，以及未分化精原细胞/ ssc中伴随染色体径向重新定位的绝缘消除和进一步的去色化。这些三维表观基因组组织可能是产生功能齐全的配子的基础。阐明生殖细胞发育过程中三维表观基因组重组的机制不仅有助于理解全能性的基础，而且有助于进一步推进体外配子体发生。

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引用次数: 0

Evolution and ecology of commensal gut protists: recent advances 共生肠道原生生物的进化和生态学：最新进展

IF 3.7 2区生物学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development

Pub Date : 2025-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2025.102382

Abigail Lind

The microbial community colonizing the animal gut includes all domains of life, including eukaryotic microbes. Historically viewed as pathogens, increasing evidence has revealed that many protists are commensal members of the microbiome with diverse ecological functions. This review synthesizes recent advances in our understanding of the ecology and evolution of these organisms, with a focus on phylogenetic diversity, microbial interactions, and genomic signatures of adaptation. New technologies such as single-cell genomics and transcriptomics, long-read sequencing technologies, and co-culture strategies have made these new findings possible, but much remains to be investigated. Further work is needed to understand how these diverse organisms contribute to the gut environment and evolve to colonize animal hosts.

定植于动物肠道的微生物群落包括生命的所有领域，包括真核微生物。历史上被视为病原体，越来越多的证据表明，许多原生生物是微生物群的共生成员，具有不同的生态功能。这篇综述综合了我们对这些生物的生态学和进化的理解的最新进展，重点是系统发育多样性，微生物相互作用和适应的基因组特征。单细胞基因组学和转录组学、长读测序技术和共培养策略等新技术使这些新发现成为可能，但仍有许多有待研究。需要进一步的工作来了解这些不同的生物如何对肠道环境做出贡献，并进化到定居动物宿主。

引用次数: 0

Why and how paternal mitochondrial DNA gets cut out of the inheritance 父亲的线粒体DNA为何以及如何从遗传中被剔除

IF 3.7 2区生物学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development

Pub Date : 2025-07-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2025.102381

Mayu Shimomura, Thomas R Hurd

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is inherited maternally across animals, yet the evolutionary rationale behind this unusual mode of inheritance remains a longstanding mystery. Understanding the processes that prevent the transmission of paternal mtDNA and thus ensure maternal-only inheritance is crucial to uncovering the evolutionary significance of this widespread phenomenon. Historically, research has focused on mechanisms that act within eggs to destroy sperm mitochondria via autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation system. However, recent discoveries across multiple animal species, including humans, reveal a surprising twist: paternal mtDNA is actively degraded within mitochondria independently of and prior to the complete breakdown of the organelle itself, often even prior to fertilization. Only a few studies have begun to illuminate the molecular machinery responsible for this early mtDNA elimination. In this review, we explore the emerging landscape of paternal mtDNA elimination mechanisms across species, highlighting newly discovered pathways, evolutionary implications, and open questions that are furthering our understanding of mitochondrial inheritance.

线粒体DNA （mtDNA）是通过母系遗传的，但这种不寻常的遗传模式背后的进化原理仍然是一个长期的谜。了解阻止父系mtDNA传播的过程，从而确保仅由母系遗传，对于揭示这一普遍现象的进化意义至关重要。从历史上看，研究主要集中在卵子内通过自噬和泛素-蛋白酶体降解系统破坏精子线粒体的机制。然而，最近在包括人类在内的多种动物物种中的发现揭示了一个令人惊讶的转折：父系mtDNA在线粒体内的主动降解独立于细胞器本身完全分解之前，甚至在受精之前。只有少数研究已经开始阐明负责这种早期mtDNA消除的分子机制。在这篇综述中，我们探讨了跨物种父系mtDNA消除机制的新兴景观，重点介绍了新发现的途径、进化意义和开放性问题，这些问题正在进一步加深我们对线粒体遗传的理解。

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引用次数: 0

Transcription-Export complex in neurodevelopmental disorders 神经发育障碍的转录-输出复合体

IF 3.7 2区生物学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development

Pub Date : 2025-07-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2025.102380

Rudrarup Bhattacharjee , Shreya Agarwala , Danielle Mazurkiewicz , Jozef Gecz , Raman Kumar

The genomic information is insulated in the nucleus of all eukaryotic cells. Error-free transcription needs to be followed by an efficient export of the messenger RNAs (mRNA) to facilitate the regulated synthesis of proteins for carrying out cellular functions. The functionally conserved Transcription-Export (TREX) complex is a key player in mediating mRNA export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, along with RNA processing steps including 3′-end processing, 5′ capping, transcriptional regulation, R-loop resolution, and splicing. TREX, a multifunctional complex, has important roles in stress response, mitotic progression, embryonic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, and maintaining genome stability. Most of these processes are essential for the appropriate development and function of the brain. Consistent with this notion, partial loss of function variants in the TREX components THOC2, THOC6, and DDX39B were implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. Furthermore, a growing body of evidence also highlighted the involvement of defective nucleocytoplasmic RNA transport in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Overall, the TREX complex is emerging as a crucial player in neurological diseases, making it a critical target for both diagnosis and therapeutic intervention.

基因组信息被隔离在所有真核细胞的细胞核中。无错误转录需要信使rna （mRNA）的有效输出，以促进执行细胞功能的蛋白质的调节合成。功能保守的转录-输出（TREX）复合体是介导mRNA从细胞核输出到细胞质的关键角色，与RNA加工步骤一起，包括3 ‘端加工，5 ’盖帽，转录调节，r -环分辨率和剪接。TREX是一种多功能复合物，在应激反应、有丝分裂进程、胚胎干细胞自我更新和分化、维持基因组稳定性等方面具有重要作用。这些过程中的大多数对于大脑的正常发育和功能是必不可少的。与这一观点一致的是，TREX组分THOC2、THOC6和DDX39B功能变异的部分丧失与神经发育障碍有关。此外，越来越多的证据也强调了核胞质RNA转运缺陷参与神经退行性疾病的发展。总的来说，TREX复合物在神经系统疾病中起着至关重要的作用，使其成为诊断和治疗干预的关键靶点。

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引用次数: 0

Centromere regulation in the germline and early embryo 种系和早期胚胎的着丝粒调控

IF 3.7 2区生物学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development

Pub Date : 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2025.102379

Marta Grzonka , Ben E Black , Michael A Lampson

Centromeres are essential for genome inheritance, serving as sites for kinetochore assembly and for final sister chromatid cohesion to ensure accurate chromosome segregation during cell division. These roles must persist through radical physical changes to chromosomes and other biological challenges presented by specialized processes in the germlines of both sexes and during early embryonic development. Centromeres in most organisms are epigenetically defined by the presence of a histone H3 variant, CENP-A. Therefore, to maintain centromeres, CENP-A nucleosomes must be inherited across generations through the germline. However, unique aspects of gametogenesis, including asymmetric meiosis and prolonged cell cycle arrest in the female germline and extensive chromatin reorganization in the male germline, introduce additional layers of complexity to the process of centromere inheritance. Here, we review the implications of these processes for centromere regulation during gametogenesis and early embryonic development, drawing on findings from mouse and fruit fly models.

着丝粒对基因组遗传至关重要，是着丝粒组装和最终姐妹染色单体凝聚的场所，以确保细胞分裂过程中染色体的准确分离。在两性生殖系和早期胚胎发育过程中，这些作用必须通过染色体的根本物理变化和其他生物学挑战而持续存在。在大多数生物体中，着丝粒是由一种组蛋白H3变体CENP-A的存在在表观遗传学上定义的。因此，为了维持着丝粒，CENP-A核小体必须通过种系跨代遗传。然而，配子体发生的独特方面，包括雌性生殖系的不对称减数分裂和细胞周期阻滞延长以及雄性生殖系中广泛的染色质重组，为着丝粒遗传过程引入了额外的复杂性。在这里，我们回顾了这些过程在配子体发生和早期胚胎发育过程中的着丝粒调节的意义，并借鉴了小鼠和果蝇模型的研究结果。

引用次数: 0

Exploring the origin of the development: totipotent stem cells 探索发育的起源：全能干细胞

IF 3.7 2区生物学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development

Pub Date : 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2025.102377

Shiyu Li , Hui Shen , Bing Peng , Peng Du

As the origin of the development, a fertilized egg owns the ability to generate a whole new organism, including both embryonic and extraembryonic tissues, representing the highest developmental potency, totipotency. For more than 40 years, pluripotent stem cells, with differentiation potential weaker than that of totipotent cells, have been easily derived from inner cell mass and maintained in vitro. Until now, capturing totipotent stem cells is still challenging. Recently, the stable culture of mouse and human totipotent blastomere–like cells was achieved for the first time using spliceosomal repression. Subsequently, other methods, particularly epigenetic manipulation, have also succeeded in culturing mouse totipotent stem cells. These advancements provide an excellent system for studying early embryonic development and offer new possibilities for regenerative medicine. However, the in vitro culture of totipotent stem cells has only been recently realized, and much further exploration is needed in this field. This review aims to compare different totipotent stem cells and discuss their potential applications in regenerative medicine and disease modeling.

作为发育的起点，受精卵具有生成全新生物体的能力，包括胚胎组织和胚胎外组织，代表着最高的发育潜能，即全能性。40多年来，多能干细胞的分化潜力弱于全能细胞，很容易从内部细胞群中获得并在体外维持。到目前为止，获取全能干细胞仍然具有挑战性。最近，利用剪接体抑制首次实现了小鼠和人的全能卵裂球样细胞的稳定培养。随后，其他方法，特别是表观遗传操作，也成功地培养了小鼠全能干细胞。这些进展为研究早期胚胎发育提供了一个很好的系统，并为再生医学提供了新的可能性。然而，全能干细胞的体外培养只是最近才实现的，这一领域还需要进一步的探索。本文旨在比较不同的全能干细胞，并讨论它们在再生医学和疾病建模方面的潜在应用。

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引用次数: 0

A haystack in the needle: packaging sperm DNA in insects 针中的干草堆：包装昆虫的精子DNA

IF 3.7 2区生物学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development

Pub Date : 2025-07-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2025.102378

Raphaëlle Dubruille , Béatrice Horard , Benjamin Loppin

The global replacement of nucleosomes with nonhistone chromosomal proteins during sperm differentiation is a widespread phenomenon in sexually reproducing animals. In mammals, for instance, sperm chromatin is essentially packaged with protamines, a type of sperm nuclear basic proteins (SNBPs). In contrast to vertebrates, where many taxa retain variable levels of histones in their sperm chromatin, insects seem to systematically eliminate histones during spermiogenesis. This diversity of sperm packaging across metazoa raises questions about the functional significance of the histone-to-protamine transition that occurs during spermiogenesis. Recent studies in Drosophila and other insects have shed light on the function of SNBPs in packaging ultracompact sperm DNA and preparing paternal chromosomes for their integration into the diploid zygote.

在精子分化过程中，核小体被非组蛋白染色体蛋白替代是有性生殖动物中普遍存在的现象。例如，在哺乳动物中，精子染色质本质上包裹着精蛋白，这是一种精子核碱性蛋白（snbp）。与脊椎动物不同，许多类群在其精子染色质中保留了不同水平的组蛋白，而昆虫似乎在精子发生过程中系统地消除了组蛋白。精子包装在后生动物中的多样性提出了关于精子发生过程中历史蛋白到鱼精蛋白转变的功能意义的问题。最近对果蝇和其他昆虫的研究揭示了snbp在包装超紧凑精子DNA和准备父本染色体整合到二倍体受精卵中的功能。

引用次数: 0

Mitochondrial curation for the next generation 下一代的线粒体管理

IF 3.7 2区生物学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development

Pub Date : 2025-07-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2025.102376

Gregory C. Gundberg , Jeremy Nance

The mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) can accumulate deleterious mutations that lead to disease. Animals have evolved strategies to eliminate mtDNA mutations in the maternal germ line, increasing the likelihood that their progeny inherit healthy mitochondria. Here, we provide an overview of mitochondrial quality control in the germ line, focusing on recent findings in mammals, Drosophila, and C. elegans. We discuss three strategies for quality control: elimination of sperm mtDNA, which prevents transmission of paternal mtDNA to progeny; the genetic bottleneck, which reduces the effective number of mtDNAs in germ cells, potentially exposing mutations to selection; and purifying selection, which selects for healthier mtDNAs. Finally, we discuss outstanding questions in the field and technical advances needed to address them.

线粒体基因组（mtDNA）可以积累导致疾病的有害突变。动物已经进化出了消除母体生殖系mtDNA突变的策略，从而增加了后代遗传健康线粒体的可能性。在这里，我们提供了线粒体质量控制的生殖系的概述，集中在哺乳动物，果蝇和秀丽隐杆线虫的最新发现。我们讨论了三种质量控制策略：消除精子mtDNA，防止父本mtDNA传给后代；遗传瓶颈，它减少了生殖细胞中mtdna的有效数量，可能使突变暴露于选择；以及净化选择，选择更健康的mtdna。最后，我们讨论了该领域的突出问题以及解决这些问题所需的技术进步。

引用次数: 0

The HNRNPs and neurodevelopmental disorders HNRNPs与神经发育障碍

IF 3.7 2区生物学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development

Pub Date : 2025-06-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2025.102371

Madelyn A Gillentine

The HNRNP gene family has long been investigated in neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Over the last several years, multiple members of the gene family have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. To date, there are nine well-established HNRNP-related neurodevelopmental disorders (HNRNP-RNDDs), at least three that are actively being characterized, and several candidate genes with a small number of patients. Here, we review the over 1000 individuals in the literature and patient databases and describe the overall phenotypic spectra of the HNRNP-RNDDs. Furthermore, we discuss recent advances in understanding the pathomechanisms of the HNRNP-RNDDs and how that will impact future therapeutic development.

HNRNP基因家族在神经退行性疾病和癌症中的研究由来已久。在过去的几年里，该基因家族的多个成员与神经发育障碍有关。迄今为止，已有9种hnrnp相关的神经发育障碍（hnrnp - rndd），至少有3种正在被积极地表征，以及少数患者的几个候选基因。在这里，我们回顾了文献和患者数据库中的1000多个个体，并描述了hnrnp - rndd的总体表型谱。此外，我们讨论了了解hnrnp - rndd的病理机制的最新进展，以及这将如何影响未来的治疗发展。

引用次数: 0

Addressing missing context in regulatory variation across primate evolution 解决灵长类动物进化中调控变异缺失的背景

IF 3.7 2区生物学 Q2 CELL BIOLOGY

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development

Pub Date : 2025-06-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2025.102374

Genevieve Housman , Audrey Arner , Amy Longtin , Christian Gagnon , Arun Durvasula , Amanda Lea

In primates, loci associated with adaptive trait variation often fall in noncoding regions. Understanding the mechanisms linking these regulatory variants to fitness-relevant phenotypes remains challenging but can be addressed using functional genomic data. However, such data are rarely generated at scale in nonhuman primates. When they are, only select tissues, cell types, developmental stages, and cellular environments are typically considered, despite growing appreciation that adaptive variants often exhibit context-dependent effects. In this review, we (1) discuss why context-dependent regulatory loci might be especially relevant for understanding adaptive evolution in primates, (2) explore challenges and emerging solutions for mapping such context-dependent variation, and (3) discuss the scientific questions these data could address. Filling these gaps will provide critical insights into evolutionary processes, human disease, and regulatory adaptation.

在灵长类动物中，与适应性性状变异相关的基因座通常位于非编码区。理解将这些调节变异与健康相关表型联系起来的机制仍然具有挑战性，但可以使用功能基因组数据来解决。然而，这种数据很少在非人类灵长类动物中大规模产生。尽管越来越多的人认识到适应性变异经常表现出环境依赖效应，但当它们存在时，通常只考虑特定的组织、细胞类型、发育阶段和细胞环境。在这篇综述中，我们(1)讨论了为什么环境依赖的调控位点可能与理解灵长类动物的适应性进化特别相关，(2)探讨了绘制这种环境依赖变异的挑战和新兴解决方案，(3)讨论了这些数据可以解决的科学问题。填补这些空白将为进化过程、人类疾病和调节适应提供关键的见解。

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全部化学•材料生命科学医学物理工程技术环境•农林材料科学地球科学法学管理学化学环境科学与生态学计算机科学教育学经济学农林科学人文科学生物学数学物理与天体物理心理学综合性期刊其他工业工程理学历史学农学文学信息工程

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Current Opinion in Genetics & Development

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