Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems最新文献

In recent years, allergies are on the rise. The growth of allergies cases has changed the immune system's response to new pathogens. The therapy used to treat these diseases is based on allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy and allergen-specific immunotherapy. The last one has received a lot of interest in the research field, due to the possibility of leading the patient to a cure. In this sense, new allergen immunotherapy need to be developed or improved to increase safety and efficiency. This review aims to evaluate patents published, from 2015 to July 2020, that have developed allergic immunotherapy treatment and administration routes, as well as new alternatives of vehicles, carriers and delivery systems in this context. The advance of new patents has been mostly seen in China and United States. The oral route is the most used in the development of new allergy treatments. However, due to the challenges that still exist in allergy therapy, association with other pathways is interesting to amplify the possibilities and alternatives of treatment. Thus, other routes of administration for allergen-specific immunotherapy such as topical, sublingual and intranasal have been explored in the research and industrial fields. Nevertheless, it has been observed that few studies are using these alternative administration routes, probably due to the higher cost and lack of investments. The delivery systems are also other tools that can be more explored in the allergen immunotherapy formulations. The effectiveness, safety and acceptance of this therapy depends on the development of new formulations and routes of administration.

Several ocular drug delivery (ODD) systems, like hydrogels, microparticles, nano-emulsions, micro-emulsions, and liposomes have been researched, which can govern the drug release and sustain therapeutic levels for a delayed period in the eye. While new drugs targeting methods to the eye are possible by various nanoparticles. Presently in the market, there are fewer choices and need for novel nano-ocular delivery systems as well as therapies for prolonged delivery to the anterior and posterior eye segments. The primary objective of this article is to summarize current discoveries and proven activities of different nano- and microsystems in ODD. This article also depicts some regulatory updates along with the patents granted to the inventor for their work on ODD. Overall, a thought of how the different forthcoming of nanotechnologies like nanoparticles and nanomedicine can be used to investigate the frontiers of ODD and treatment can be withdrawn by this article.

Self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS), a category of lipid-based technology, has gained interest in the recent years for enhancement of solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. With the progress of research in this field, novel excipients have been developed with enhanced properties. But excipient selection is the key hurdle in the formulation of SEDDS. The objective of this review is to summarize different types of oils, surfactants, co-surfactants which are the key components of liquid SEDDS (L-SEDDS), various carriers utilized in the conversion of L-SEDDS to solid SEDDS (S-SEDDS), their description, properties, grades, and applications in pharmacy. This article provides an overview of solidification techniques to transform L-SEDDS to S-SEDDS which are more stable and have better patience compliance. This review presents numerous literature reports on various excipients used and the discussion on how these excipients affect the final results.

Nanocarriers are nanostructured vehicles employed to deliver anticancer drugs to the targeted tumor sites in the body. Nanocarriers have been successfully employed to circumvent certain limitations of conventional anticancer drug delivery while providing greater bioavailability, prolonged circulation time and higher tumor accumulation for enhanced therapeutic outcomes in cancer treatment. Nanocarriers are also responsive to functionalization to tailor their pharmaco-kinetics and achieve enhanced therapeutic outcomes in cancer therapy. Among organic, inorganic and hybrid type, several nanocarriers have gained approval for use in cancer patients, while many more are under clinical development. For the last two decades, cancer immunotherapy-based advanced targeting approaches such as monoclonal antibodies, antibody drug conjugates and immune checkpoint inhibitors that utilize human immune system functions have vastly developed which furnish better treatment options in several intractable cancers compared with traditional cancer therapies. This review discusses the imperative role of tumor vasculature in passive and active targeting of anticancer drugs using organic and inorganic nanocarriers and the current research efforts underway. The advanced targeting approaches for treatment of various cancers and their most recent clinical development scenario have been comprehensively explored. Further, potential challenges associated with each type of nanocarrier, and their translational obstacles are addressed.

There is emergent need for in vitro models which are physiologically correct, easy to reproduce, and mimic characteristic functionalities of desired tissue, organ, or diseases state for ophthalmic drug screening, as well as disease modeling. To date, a variety of in vitro models have been developed for the applications ranging from 2D cell culture-based monolayers, multilayer, or co-culture models, to 3-dimensional (3D) organoids, 3D printed and organ on chip systems. Each model has its own pros and cons. While simple models are easier to create, and faster to reproduce, they lack recapitulation of the complex framework, functionalities, and properties of tissues or their subunits. Recent advancements in technologies and integration with tissue engineering and involvement of microfluidic systems have offered novel platforms which can better mimic the in vivo microenvironment, thus possessing potential in transformation of ophthalmic drug development. In this review we summarize existing in vitro ocular models while discussing applicability, drawbacks associated with them, and possible future applications.

The outbreak of novel coronavirus (nCoV) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, has posed an international public health emergency worldwide and forced people to be confined in their homes. This virus is of high-risk category and is declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). The worldwide researchers and various health professionals are working together to determine the best way to stop its spread or halt this virus's spread and circumvent this pandemic condition threatening millions of human lives. The absence of definitive treatment is possible to explore to reduce virus infection and enhance patient recovery. Along with off-label medicines, plasma therapy, vaccines, the researchers exploit the various plants/herbs and their constituents to effectively treat nCoV infection. The present study aimed to present brief and most informative salient features of the numerous facts regarding the SARS-CoV-2, including the structure, genomic sequence, recent mutation, targeting possibility, and various hurdles in research progress, and off-labeled drugs, convalescent plasma therapy, vaccine and plants/herbs for the treatment of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Results showed that off-labeled drugs such as hydroxychloroquine, dexamethasone, tocilizumab, antiviral drug (remdesivir, favipiravir), etc., give positive results and approved for use or approved for restricted use in some countries like India. Future research should focus on these possibilities that may allow the development of an effective treatment for COVID-19.

Nanodiamonds (ND) belong to the nano-carbon family, which involves several synthesis, post-synthesis methods, and other modifications for ND preparation. NDs have played vital role both inside and outside of medicine in recent years. The study of NDs has stated in early 1960s, NDs are smaller particles with a size of about 4-5 nm with confined size distribution, large-scale synthesis at lower costs relying on the carbon explosives ignition, apparent surface functional design along with bio-conjugation and extreme biocompatibility. It has been predicted that the ND's magnetic characteristics will contribute to the up-growth of various therapeutic promoters for delivery vehicles, diagnostic probes, gene therapy, tissue scaffolds, anti-bacterial and anti-viral treatments, and devices like nano-robots. Furthermore, the wide applications of biotechnology have displayed the potential usage of NDs in certain bioanalytical needs like fluorescent bio labeling through fluorescent and protein purification of proteins. In this current review, the determination of ND's design, property, classes, constancy, organization, surface modification, biocompatibility, and its applications in the biomedical field have penned. The usage of ND as anti-neoplastic agents and in other health related formulations have displayed exceptional results for future growth. Additionally, NDs provide other functionalities such as production of biodegradable surgical devices of bone, the assassination of drug resistant microbes and viruses, tissue engineering scaffolds, and aids in the delivery of genetic matter into the nucleus of cells.

Melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of cancer with limited treatment options available. Successful treatment involves a combination of surgical resection of the tumor; chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Given their complex nature, the rapid development of drug resistance and metastatic spread, nanotechnology-based therapeutics are an attractive option for effective melanoma treatment. Nano-vesicular-based delivery systems hold the promise of aiding in the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma. These formulations can improve targeted delivery, deliver insoluble drugs belonging to class II, biopharmaceutical classification system, and alter drug pharmacokinetics and exposure profiles. These nanometer-sized carriers predominantly bypass the reticuloendothelial system and, thereby, improve blood circulation time and enhance tumor cell uptake with reduced toxicity. In this review, various lipid-based nano-formulations used in the diagnosis, treatment, or both for melanoma are discussed. Utilization of these na-no-formulations with a single drug or a combination of drugs, nucleic acid-based compounds (small interfering RNA, DNA) and targeting antibodies as other possibilities for melanoma are reviewed. We also present a state-of-the-art overview of alternative therapeutic approaches for the treatment of melanoma, such as photodynamic, immune, and gene therapies.

Increasing drift in antimicrobial therapy failure against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), and the advent of extended resistant strains strongly demand discovery of mechanisms underlying development of drug resistance. The emergence of resistance against anti-TB drugs has reached an alarming level in various parts of the world, providing an active platform for the design of new targeted drug delivery. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have an important role in controlling TB pathogenesis. At macrophage activation, ROS that are produced inside macrophages directly kill resident bacteria. These ROS possess a dual character because they can kill macrophages along with the resident bacteria. Targeting these ROS can play a remarkable part in overcoming resistance of conventional drugs. Nanoparticles (NPs) have evolved as a potential drug carrier for targeted delivery and elimination of various resistance mechanisms against antimicrobials. Receptor-mediated targeting of macrophages via different NPs may be a promising strategy for combating drug resistance and enhancing efficacy of old-fashioned antimycobacterial agents.