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Coastal forecast through coupling of Artificial Intelligence and hydro-morphodynamical modelling 人工智能与水文地貌动力学模型耦合的海岸预测
IF 2.4 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/21664250.2023.2233724
Pavitra Kumar, N. Leonardi
ABSTRACT As climate-driven risks for the world’s coastlines increase, understanding and predicting morphological changes as well as developing efficient systems for coastal forecast has become of the foremost importance for adaptation to climate change. Artificial Intelligence is a powerful technology that has been rapidly evolving recently and can offer new means of analysis for the coastal science field. Yet, the potential of these technologies for coastal geomorphology remains relatively unexplored with respect to other scientific fields. This article investigates the use of Artificial Neural Networks and Bayesian Networks in combination with fully coupled hydrodynamics and morphological models (Delft3D) for predicting morphological changes and sediment transport along coastal systems. Two sets of Artificial Intelligence models were tested, one set relying on localized modeling outputs or localized data sources and another set having reduced dependency from modeling outputs and, once trained, solely relying on boundary conditions and coastline geometry. The first set of models provides regression values greater than 0.95 and 0.86 for training and testing, respectively. The second set of reduced dependency models provides regression values greater than 0.84 and 0.76 for training and testing, respectively. Our results highlight the potential of AI and statistical models for coastal applications.
摘要随着气候驱动的世界海岸线风险的增加,了解和预测形态变化以及开发高效的海岸线预测系统对适应气候变化至关重要。人工智能是一项近年来发展迅速的强大技术,可以为海岸科学领域提供新的分析手段。然而,与其他科学领域相比,这些技术在海岸地貌方面的潜力仍然相对未被探索。本文研究了将人工神经网络和贝叶斯网络与完全耦合的流体动力学和形态模型(Delft3D)相结合,用于预测沿海系统的形态变化和泥沙输移。测试了两组人工智能模型,一组依赖于本地化的建模输出或本地化的数据源,另一组减少了对建模输出的依赖,并且一旦训练,仅依赖于边界条件和海岸线几何形状。第一组模型分别为训练和测试提供了大于0.95和0.86的回归值。第二组减少依赖性模型分别为训练和测试提供了大于0.84和0.76的回归值。我们的研究结果突出了人工智能和统计模型在沿海应用中的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
A proposal of a semi-empirical method for modifying the atmospheric pressure and wind fields of tropical cyclones 一种半经验方法修正热带气旋的气压和风场
IF 2.4 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.1080/21664250.2023.2228005
T. Iwamoto, T. Takagawa, T. Shibayama, M. Esteban, Martin Mäll
ABSTRACT The actions of wind and atmospheric pressure associated with tropical cyclones (e.g. typhoons) are considered the primary factors behind the generation of storm surges, though the fields used in meteorological models can sometimes deviate from observations. To improve these, the direct modification method (DMM) has been previously proposed, though this only modifies the wind field of a typhoon, and further development is necessary for applying it to storm surge hindcasts. The present work describes the development of a semi-empirical gradient wind balance-based method (GWB-M) for modifying both the wind and pressure fields in meteorological models, based on the dynamic relationship between the wind and pressure in typhoons (i.e. gradient wind balance). The applicability of GWB-M was assessed through a storm surge hindcast based on Typhoon Faxai in 2019, which generated powerful waves and a storm surge at Tokyo Bay. GWB-M improved the time series of 10 m wind speed and sea level pressure, with their spatial distributions being more realistic than those in DMM and blending parametric typhoon models (BM), which cannot take into account the influence of the complex topography around Tokyo Bay. Further, the maximum sea level anomalies after the typhoon made landfall were also captured by GWB-M with a higher accuracy than DMM.
与热带气旋(如台风)相关的风和大气压的作用被认为是风暴潮产生背后的主要因素,尽管气象模式中使用的场有时会偏离观测。为了改善这些,以前提出了直接修正法(DMM),但这只是修改台风的风场,需要进一步发展将其应用于风暴潮预报。本文描述了一种基于半经验梯度风平衡的方法(GWB-M)的发展,该方法基于台风中风和压之间的动态关系(即梯度风平衡)来修改气象模式中的风和压场。以2019年在东京湾引发大浪和风暴潮的台风“法西”为基础,进行了风暴潮预报,评估了GWB-M的适用性。GWB-M改进了10 m风速和海平面气压的时间序列,其空间分布比DMM和混合参数台风模型(BM)更真实,但不能考虑东京湾周围复杂地形的影响。此外,GWB-M还捕获了台风登陆后的最大海平面异常,其精度高于DMM。
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引用次数: 0
New Fetch- and Depth-Limited Forecasting Curves Depending on Bed Roughness 基于床层粗糙度的新的取深限制预测曲线
IF 2.4 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.1080/21664250.2023.2217992
S. Pascolo, M. Petti, S. Bosa
ABSTRACT Predicting wind waves within confined and shallow basins is very important, given the decisive role they play in the resuspension mechanisms of sediments and nutrients from the bottom, on which the main morphological and environmental changes depend. Pascolo, Petti, and Bosa (2019) proposed a set of wave forecasting curves for fully developed conditions in finite depth, which consider the bottom roughness as an additional variable, since it plays a fundamental role in the wave energy dissipation during the generation process. The present study incorporates and integrates the results previously obtained by Pascolo, Petti, and Bosa (2019) and provides the growth curves in the complete form, taking into account also the limitation on fetch. A numerical approach on a simplified domain has been adopted and statistical analyses on the fit of the curves to numerical results have been performed. The new set of equations confirms the variability of the wave heights and periods as a function of the bottom conditions, which can change due to the presence of bedforms, vegetation, or particle size differences. Applications at different conditions of depth, fetch, and roughness have been analyzed, in order to confirm the validity of the new growth curves.
摘要:考虑到风浪在沉积物和营养物质从底部再悬浮机制中起着决定性作用,预测受限和浅层盆地内的风浪是非常重要的,而沉积物和营养物的主要形态和环境变化取决于这些机制。Pascolo、Petti和Bosa(2019)提出了一组适用于有限深度内完全发展条件的波浪预测曲线,该曲线将底部粗糙度视为一个附加变量,因为它在生成过程中对波浪能量耗散起着根本作用。本研究结合并整合了Pascolo、Petti和Bosa(2019)之前获得的结果,并提供了完整形式的生长曲线,同时考虑了提取的限制。采用了简化域上的数值方法,并对曲线与数值结果的拟合进行了统计分析。新的一组方程证实了波浪高度和周期的变化是底部条件的函数,底部条件可能会因床型、植被或颗粒大小差异的存在而变化。分析了在不同深度、提取和粗糙度条件下的应用,以证实新生长曲线的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Application of a generalized Green’s function approach to optimize modeled tidal and tidal residual currents for assessment of the dispersion area of thermal effluent discharges 广义格林函数法在优化模拟潮汐和潮汐剩余流中的应用,用于评估热污水排放的分散面积
IF 2.4 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-05-22 DOI: 10.1080/21664250.2023.2212860
T. Tsubono, Teruhisa Okada, Yasuo Niida, Yuya Kino, N. Nakashiki
ABSTRACT This paper proposes a generalized Green’s Function Approach (GFA) to calibrate the boundary conditions and parameters of a coastal current model. The GFA uses a pseudoinverse for the calculation of control variables, including the boundary conditions and parameters, and a Green’s function matrix, which is the response matrix of sensitivity experiments to the control variables. The GFA was applied to optimize tidal and tidal residual currents in a coastal region with a model simulating the thermal effluent discharged from a power plant. The GFA could be used robustly, regardless of the number of sensitivity analyses, and provided optimal increments for the control variables using a given threshold for the pseudoinverse. The optimization provided the appropriate sea surface conditions to reproduce tidal and tidal residual currents that were consistent with observations. The optimized model allowed an effective and accurate assessment of the environmental impact of the thermal effluent because tidal and tidal residual currents play an important role in the advection and diffusion of thermal effluent.
摘要本文提出了一种广义格林函数方法(GFA)来校准海岸流模型的边界条件和参数。GFA使用伪逆来计算控制变量,包括边界条件和参数,以及格林函数矩阵,这是灵敏度实验对控制变量的响应矩阵。将GFA应用于沿海地区的潮流和潮流剩余流优化,并建立了一个模拟发电厂排放热污水的模型。无论灵敏度分析的数量如何,GFA都可以稳健地使用,并使用给定的伪逆阈值为控制变量提供最佳增量。优化提供了合适的海面条件,以重现与观测结果一致的潮汐和潮汐残余流。由于潮汐和潮汐残余流在热流出物的平流和扩散中起着重要作用,因此优化模型能够有效准确地评估热流出液的环境影响。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of the permeability of submerged breakwaters on surrounding wave and current fields 淹没式防波堤的渗透性对周围波浪场和流场的影响
IF 2.4 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-05-14 DOI: 10.1080/21664250.2023.2211793
D. Rathnayaka, Y. Tajima
ABSTRACT While a submerged breakwater has become one of the preferred options of shore protection structures because of its lower impact on the coastal landscape and environment, it causes complicated hydrodynamic characteristics and sometimes fails to meet the expected coastal protection functions. Accurate prediction of wave and current around the structure is therefore essential for appropriate design of a submerged breakwater. This study focused on the influence of the permeability of the submerged breakwater and newly conducted laboratory experiments using permeable and impermeable breakwaters. The model, Simulate WAves till SHore (SWASH), was then applied to these laboratory experiments and the difference of measured and computed wave and current field around the structure was investigated. It was found that the model qualitatively well represented the horizontal distribution of wave heights and phase-averaged current velocities although it overestimated the shoreward volume flux over the impermeable breakwater, but not over the permeable breakwater. Comparison of these contrasting results between permeable and impermeable breakwaters revealed that the phase-averaged bottom shear stress was underestimated on the crest of the impermeable breakwater. This feature highlighted the importance of the bottom friction forces accounting for the wave current coexisting field for better predictions of wave-induced current field around the submerged breakwaters.
摘要虽然水下防波堤由于其对海岸景观和环境的影响较小,已成为海岸防护结构的首选方案之一,但它会导致复杂的水动力特性,有时无法满足预期的海岸防护功能。因此,准确预测结构周围的波浪和水流对于适当设计水下防波堤至关重要。本研究重点研究了水下防波堤渗透性的影响,并利用渗透性和不渗透性防波堤进行了最新的实验室实验。然后,将“模拟波浪直到SHore”(SWASH)模型应用于这些实验室实验,并研究了测量和计算的结构周围的波浪和电流场的差异。研究发现,该模型在质量上很好地代表了波高和相均流速的水平分布,尽管它高估了不渗透防波堤上的向岸体积通量,但没有高估渗透防波堤上。通过对可渗透和不可渗透防波堤的对比结果进行比较,发现不可渗透堤顶部的相均底部剪切应力被低估了。这一特征突出了考虑波流共存场的底部摩擦力的重要性,以更好地预测淹没防波堤周围的波浪诱导流场。
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引用次数: 0
Grain-scale investigation of swash zone sediment transport on a gravel beach using DEM-MPS coupled scheme 基于DEM-MPS耦合方案的砾石滩冲刷带输沙粒度研究
IF 2.4 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/21664250.2023.2202958
T. Tazaki, E. Harada, H. Gotoh
ABSTRACT Sediment transport in the swash zone directly affects beach changes such as shoreline recession; thus, detailed understandings of sediment transport mechanisms are necessary to accurately estimate the short-time scales sediment transport rate. However, these detailed mechanisms under runup waves have not been elucidated because of the complex solid-gas-liquid multiphase turbulence flow. In this study, we attempt to numerically investigate the sediment grain-scale mechanism to overcome the shortcomings of experimental measurements and the free surface treatment in many numerical simulations. The gravel transport process on a sloped beach under regular waves was simulated using a 2D coupled model of the discrete element method (DEM) and a modified moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method; a sub-model was built into the DEM-MPS model to improve fluid volume conservation. After validating the simulated performance by comparing it to a previous experiment, the gravel motions were investigated for turbulence and inner beach structure. The Shields number, estimated using the drag force distribution, revealed that significant turbulence contributed to onshore gravel transport near the rundown limit. The inter-gravel contact structure inside the beach explained the decrease in offshore sediment transport during backwash as increased resistance to gravel motions resulting from beach compaction.
冲积带的输沙直接影响海岸退缩等海滩变化;因此,详细了解输沙机制是准确估算短时间尺度输沙速率的必要条件。然而,由于复杂的固气液多相湍流,这些在上升波作用下的详细机理尚未得到阐明。为了克服许多数值模拟中实验测量和自由表面处理的不足,本研究试图通过数值研究泥沙颗粒尺度机制。采用离散元法(DEM)和改进的移动粒子半隐式法(MPS)相结合的二维耦合模型,模拟了规则波作用下斜坡沙滩上砾石的输运过程;在DEM-MPS模型中建立了一个子模型,以提高流体体积守恒。在将模拟性能与之前的实验进行比较验证后,研究了砾石运动对湍流和内滩结构的影响。根据阻力分布估算出的Shields数量显示,在接近磨损极限的地方,剧烈的湍流对陆上砾石运移起到了促进作用。海滩内部的砾石间接触结构解释了反冲过程中近海沉积物运输减少的原因,因为海滩压实作用增加了对砾石运动的阻力。
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引用次数: 2
Deformation of Spartina patens and Spartina alterniflora stems under irregular wave action 不规则波浪作用下斑米草和互花米草茎的变形
IF 2.4 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1080/21664250.2023.2195030
Acacia Markov, J. Stolle, Ross Henteleff, I. Nistor, D. Pham Van Bang, E. Murphy, A. Cornett
ABSTRACT Physical modeling studies have endeavored to quantify the influence of plant biophysical parameters and hydrodynamics on wave-vegetation interactions and coastal protection. The accuracy with which such studies have characterized stem motion is limited by the predominant use of plant surrogates, and the few saltmarsh species considered in live vegetation studies. To address this, prototype-scale experiments were conducted in the outdoor Large Wave Canal of the Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Québec, in collaboration with the University of Ottawa and the National Research Council Canada, allowing novel characterization of live vegetation deformation under wave action. Two saltmarsh species were investigated (Spartina alterniflora, Spartina patens) under various irregular wave conditions (0.03 m< H s <0.28 m, T s 2.5, 10 s). Stem deformation was characterized using submerged cameras and bending angle tracking, coupled with wave height and velocity measurements. Significant differences in stem flexibility were observed between species, with S. alterniflora exhibiting more rigid stems (EI alterniflora =0.051 Nm2) than S. patens (EI patens =0.0015 Nm2; t-test; p<0.05). The two species consequexhibited different bending angles under similar hydrodynamic conditions, expected to influence their relative coastal protection capacity.    These findings provide critical insight into the design of marsh construction or restoration for coastal protection.
摘要物理建模研究试图量化植物生物物理参数和流体动力学对波浪-植被相互作用和海岸保护的影响。这类研究描述树干运动的准确性受到植物替代物的主要使用以及活植被研究中考虑的少数盐沼物种的限制。为了解决这一问题,与渥太华大学和加拿大国家研究委员会合作,在魁北克国家科学研究所的室外大浪渠中进行了原型规模的实验,从而能够对波浪作用下的活植被变形进行新的表征。在各种不规则波浪条件下(0.03 m
{"title":"Deformation of Spartina patens and Spartina alterniflora stems under irregular wave action","authors":"Acacia Markov, J. Stolle, Ross Henteleff, I. Nistor, D. Pham Van Bang, E. Murphy, A. Cornett","doi":"10.1080/21664250.2023.2195030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21664250.2023.2195030","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Physical modeling studies have endeavored to quantify the influence of plant biophysical parameters and hydrodynamics on wave-vegetation interactions and coastal protection. The accuracy with which such studies have characterized stem motion is limited by the predominant use of plant surrogates, and the few saltmarsh species considered in live vegetation studies. To address this, prototype-scale experiments were conducted in the outdoor Large Wave Canal of the Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Québec, in collaboration with the University of Ottawa and the National Research Council Canada, allowing novel characterization of live vegetation deformation under wave action. Two saltmarsh species were investigated (Spartina alterniflora, Spartina patens) under various irregular wave conditions (0.03 m< H s <0.28 m, T s 2.5, 10 s). Stem deformation was characterized using submerged cameras and bending angle tracking, coupled with wave height and velocity measurements. Significant differences in stem flexibility were observed between species, with S. alterniflora exhibiting more rigid stems (EI alterniflora =0.051 Nm2) than S. patens (EI patens =0.0015 Nm2; t-test; p<0.05). The two species consequexhibited different bending angles under similar hydrodynamic conditions, expected to influence their relative coastal protection capacity.    These findings provide critical insight into the design of marsh construction or restoration for coastal protection.","PeriodicalId":50673,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering Journal","volume":"65 1","pages":"325 - 346"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43325557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An artificial neural network based system for wave height prediction 基于人工神经网络的波高预测系统
IF 2.4 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-03-21 DOI: 10.1080/21664250.2023.2190002
Elad Dakar, J. M. Fernández Jaramillo, I. Gertman, R. Mayerle, R. Goldman
ABSTRACT We present a system for predicting the hourly significant wave height at a specific wave measurement station in the middle of Israel’s Mediterranean coast (Hadera). Our system uses an artificial neural network (ANN) composed of two sub-networks. We evaluate the importance of different inputs to the system. The input includes wind forecast data from the SKIRON atmospheric modeling system, wave forecast for the station’s location given by the SWAN wave model, and observed wave data. Our system pre-processes the wind data using a spatial filtering scheme and then enters it into the first sub-network in the form of a multidimensional tensor. We take special care to interconnect the tensor elements through a dimensional permutation that leads the ANN to sum elements along all the tensor’s dimensions. Our system groups the output of the first sub-network with the rest of the input and feeds it to the second sub-network that gives the prediction. Our ANN system outperforms the SWAN wave model in estimating wave heights over 1.5 meters. We obtain the best performance when either all input components are used or just wind and observations. Reimplementation of the system at Ashkelon yields smaller improvements due to insufficient training data.
我们提出了一个系统,用于预测以色列地中海沿岸中部(Hadera)的特定波浪测量站的每小时有效波高。本系统采用由两个子网络组成的人工神经网络(ANN)。我们评估不同输入对系统的重要性。输入的数据包括来自SKIRON大气模拟系统的风预报数据、SWAN波浪模式给出的台站位置的波浪预报数据以及观测到的波浪数据。我们的系统使用空间滤波方案对风数据进行预处理,然后将其以多维张量的形式输入到第一个子网络中。我们特别注意通过维度排列来连接张量元素,这使得人工神经网络沿着张量的所有维度求和元素。我们的系统将第一个子网络的输出与其余输入分组,并将其提供给给出预测的第二个子网络。我们的人工神经网络系统在估计1.5米以上的波浪高度方面优于SWAN波浪模型。我们在使用所有输入分量或仅使用风和观测时获得最佳性能。由于训练数据不足,在亚实基伦重新实施该系统的改进较小。
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引用次数: 0
Short-crested wave-current forces around a concentric multiple-cylinder structure 同心多圆柱结构周围的短峰波流力
IF 2.4 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-03-10 DOI: 10.1080/21664250.2023.2187740
Zhenfeng Zhai, Jie Li, Dan Liu, Jianming Miao
ABSTRACT The potential flow theory is used to develop a new analytical method to solve the diffraction problem of short-crested incident waves with uniform current acting on a concentric multiple-cylinder system. The influence of uniform current on the hydrodynamic performance of the concentric structure is discussed. The incident angle and speed of the currents have a significant influence on the short-crested wave force and run-up on the concentric structure, i.e. the wave force and wave run-up increase significantly when wave and uniform current directions are the same, while decreasing when in the opposite direction of the wave and uniform current. Additionally, the effects of parameters such as the current incidence angle, current speed, porous-effect parameters, number of perforated walls, and short-crestedness of regular waves on the hydrodynamic performance of the concentric structures are valuated by numerical experiments. It is observed that as the number of permeable walls increases, wave load on the impermeable internal cylinder gradually decreases and the wave surface around is more even. This study is expected to provide theoretical guidance for the design of nearshore architecture.
摘要利用势流理论,提出了一种新的解析方法,求解均匀电流作用于同心多圆柱系统的短波峰入射波的衍射问题。讨论了均匀流对同心结构水动力性能的影响。电流的入射角和速度对同心结构上的短波峰波浪力和爬高有显著影响,即当波浪和均匀电流方向相同时,波浪力和波浪爬高显著增加,而当波浪和一致电流方向相反时,波浪作用力和波浪爬低显著减少。此外,还通过数值实验评估了电流入射角、电流速度、多孔效应参数、穿孔壁数和规则波短波峰等参数对同心结构水动力性能的影响。观察到,随着透水墙数量的增加,不透水内筒上的波浪荷载逐渐减小,周围的波面更加均匀。本研究有望为近海建筑设计提供理论指导。
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引用次数: 1
Development of a fully coupled wind stress-wave-ocean coastal model system 风-应力-波浪全耦合海洋海岸模型系统的开发
IF 2.4 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CIVIL Pub Date : 2023-02-25 DOI: 10.1080/21664250.2023.2179791
P. Zheng, Ming Li, Jianting Du, Cai-xian Wang, J. Wolf, Xue'en Chen
ABSTRACT To conserve momentum flux across the air-sea interface, a new wind stress-wave-ocean coupled coastal model system is developed. Via simulating a specific idealized tropical cyclone (TC), this model is firstly applied to study the impacts of three wave effects, including the commonly studied wave-breaking induced acceleration, wave-enhanced bottom friction and the seldom studied wave modified surface stress (WMWS), and the conservation of momentum flux across air-sea interface (MFB) on the predictions of storm surge and inundation. It is then further applied to investigate the role of above four effects in modeling the peak surge and inundation by generalizing the TC forcing with various physical parameters, including the TC intensity, size, translation speed, and bottom slope. The model results reveal that WMWS can contribute considerably to the total surge height and inundation distance in a relatively high-intensity TC and its contribution depends weakly on the varying bottom slopes, TC sizes or translation speeds. By contrast, the MFB can only considerably reduce the maximum storm surge with a small bottom slope, while its reduction on inundation distance is more significant. The present study thus highlights the importance and necessity of incorporating the commonly ignored effects of WMWS and MFB in coastal modeling.
为了保持海气界面上的动量通量,建立了一种新的风应力-波-海耦合海岸模式系统。通过模拟一个特定的理想热带气旋(TC),首先应用该模型研究了通常研究的破波加速效应、波浪增强底摩擦效应和很少研究的波浪修正表面应力效应(WMWS)以及海气界面动量通量守恒效应(MFB)对风暴潮和淹没预报的影响。然后进一步应用上述四种效应,通过推广各种物理参数,包括TC强度、大小、平移速度和底部坡度,来研究上述四种效应在模拟峰值浪涌和淹没中的作用。模型结果表明,在相对高强度的TC中,WMWS对总风暴潮高度和淹没距离的贡献较大,其贡献对底部坡度、TC大小和平移速度的影响较小。相比之下,MFB只能在底部坡度较小的情况下显著降低最大风暴潮,而对淹没距离的降低更为显著。因此,本研究强调了在海岸模拟中纳入通常被忽视的WMWS和MFB效应的重要性和必要性。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Coastal Engineering Journal
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