Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.03.01
Carla Marcuccini, E. Fauste, Madelín Pérez, Antonio Canoyra, C. Donis, M. Panadero, P. Otero, C. Bocos
Fructose consumption has been associated with the development of metabolic syndrome. It has also been shown that fructose intake during pregnancy can cause detrimental effects on offspring (1). In addition, other authors have described how nutrition can affect the function of thyroid hormones, which are involved in various metabolic diseases. Therefore, we determined the effect of maternal fructose consumption during pregnancy on the metabolism of thyroid hormones in their offspring and the effects of the supplementation with different diets (fructose, tagatose, fructose with cholesterol) in the offspring. Tagatose increased plasma free T4 levels and hepatic DIO1 expression only in the offspring of fructose-fed mothers. However, the hepatic expression of UCP2 showed a profile more similar to that of THRa. In ileum and TAL, the expression profiles for DIO1 and UCP are correlated and affected by fructose consumption (effect dependent on maternal intake). The addition of cholesterol to the diet potentiated the effect of fructose in ileum (for DIO1 and UCP2). Thus, maternal fructose consumption affects the metabolism of thyroid hormones in the offspring, both in response to a fructose rich diet and a combination of fructose and cholesterol (“Western diet”). This work aims to alert the population, especially pregnant women, of the relevant role of nutrition, leading to possible negative consequences for the health of their children.
{"title":"Nutrigenomics and thyroid hormone functioning, a dependent effect of maternal fructose intake","authors":"Carla Marcuccini, E. Fauste, Madelín Pérez, Antonio Canoyra, C. Donis, M. Panadero, P. Otero, C. Bocos","doi":"10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.03.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.03.01","url":null,"abstract":"Fructose consumption has been associated with the development of metabolic syndrome. It has also been shown that fructose intake during pregnancy can cause detrimental effects on offspring (1). In addition, other authors have described how nutrition can affect the function of thyroid hormones, which are involved in various metabolic diseases. Therefore, we determined the effect of maternal fructose consumption during pregnancy on the metabolism of thyroid hormones in their offspring and the effects of the supplementation with different diets (fructose, tagatose, fructose with cholesterol) in the offspring. Tagatose increased plasma free T4 levels and hepatic DIO1 expression only in the offspring of fructose-fed mothers. However, the hepatic expression of UCP2 showed a profile more similar to that of THRa. In ileum and TAL, the expression profiles for DIO1 and UCP are correlated and affected by fructose consumption (effect dependent on maternal intake). The addition of cholesterol to the diet potentiated the effect of fructose in ileum (for DIO1 and UCP2). Thus, maternal fructose consumption affects the metabolism of thyroid hormones in the offspring, both in response to a fructose rich diet and a combination of fructose and cholesterol (“Western diet”). This work aims to alert the population, especially pregnant women, of the relevant role of nutrition, leading to possible negative consequences for the health of their children.","PeriodicalId":50795,"journal":{"name":"Anales De La Real Academia Nacional De Farmacia","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139332909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.03.08
Joaquín Sánchez de Lollano, Manuel García-Espantaleón, Nuria Benítez-Prian, Antonio González-Bueno
We present an analysis of the zoological iconography belonging to the pharmacy of San Juan Bautista de Astorga, preserved in the Hispanic Pharmacy Museum of the Complutense University of Madrid. Even though the construction of the chest of drawers dates from the 18th century, iconographic analysis shows that it must be repainted, at least partially, in the second third of the 19th century.
{"title":"Buffon's shadow: around the zoological iconography of the pharmacy of the Hospital of San Juan Bautista de Astorga","authors":"Joaquín Sánchez de Lollano, Manuel García-Espantaleón, Nuria Benítez-Prian, Antonio González-Bueno","doi":"10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.03.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.03.08","url":null,"abstract":"We present an analysis of the zoological iconography belonging to the pharmacy of San Juan Bautista de Astorga, preserved in the Hispanic Pharmacy Museum of the Complutense University of Madrid. Even though the construction of the chest of drawers dates from the 18th century, iconographic analysis shows that it must be repainted, at least partially, in the second third of the 19th century.","PeriodicalId":50795,"journal":{"name":"Anales De La Real Academia Nacional De Farmacia","volume":"162 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139332367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.03.07
José Clerigué Louzado, Olmo Martín-Cámara
Neurodegenerative diseases are defined by a progressive and irreversible impairment of neurons. Despite being a very heterogeneous group of pathologies, they share some common features, such as their multifactorial origin and their close correlation with ageing. As worldwide life expectancy increases, these diseases have become a tough challenge for healthcare systems as their prevalence is raising in the same way. The most important neurodegenerative disorders, because of their prevalence or their health impact, are Alzheimer´s, Parkinson´s and Huntington´s diseases; and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The knowledge about their origin is still very poor, so their clinical management is far from being adequate. There are not reliable methods for early diagnosis, so these diseases are usually detected when tissue damage is irreparable. Furthermore, current available therapies are intended only for symptomatic relief, since the misunderstanding about the real causes of these diseases and their delayed diagnosis hinder the development of new treatments being able to stop or even reverse the structural and functional decline. In the last few years, some pathological events have been identified as potential key factors to understand the origin of neurodegeneration. Among them, we shall mention oxidative stress, impaired proteostasis and neuroinflammation: a deeper knowledge about their interconnections and their ability to feedback each other could provide valuable information to progress towards an effective clinical management of neurodegenerative disorders.
{"title":"A holistic insight into neurodegeneration","authors":"José Clerigué Louzado, Olmo Martín-Cámara","doi":"10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.03.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.03.07","url":null,"abstract":"Neurodegenerative diseases are defined by a progressive and irreversible impairment of neurons. Despite being a very heterogeneous group of pathologies, they share some common features, such as their multifactorial origin and their close correlation with ageing. As worldwide life expectancy increases, these diseases have become a tough challenge for healthcare systems as their prevalence is raising in the same way. The most important neurodegenerative disorders, because of their prevalence or their health impact, are Alzheimer´s, Parkinson´s and Huntington´s diseases; and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The knowledge about their origin is still very poor, so their clinical management is far from being adequate. There are not reliable methods for early diagnosis, so these diseases are usually detected when tissue damage is irreparable. Furthermore, current available therapies are intended only for symptomatic relief, since the misunderstanding about the real causes of these diseases and their delayed diagnosis hinder the development of new treatments being able to stop or even reverse the structural and functional decline. In the last few years, some pathological events have been identified as potential key factors to understand the origin of neurodegeneration. Among them, we shall mention oxidative stress, impaired proteostasis and neuroinflammation: a deeper knowledge about their interconnections and their ability to feedback each other could provide valuable information to progress towards an effective clinical management of neurodegenerative disorders.","PeriodicalId":50795,"journal":{"name":"Anales De La Real Academia Nacional De Farmacia","volume":"175 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139333290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.03.06
Agustín García Asuero, Juan Núñez Valdés
Despite the indisputable progress made in the fight against gender inequalities since the last years of the last century, there are still many differences between the roles played by women and men when it comes to holding the top positions on boards of directors of relevant companies or in the presidencies of scientific societies, in which the presence of women does not reach at all the percentage of 40% that is estimated as necessary to achieve that equality. In this article, we show the biographies of Jean Irvine and Lesley Yellowlees, the first female presidents of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society and the Royal Society of Chemistry, respectively, although their appointments occurred many years after the aforementioned societies had been founded. The objective is to make their figures known to society and place them as references and models to be followed by the rest of women who wish to practice a profession. Some brief biographical data of other women who played a prominent role in scientific and academic societies in the early years of the 20th century are also shown.
{"title":"Jean Irvine and Lesley Yellowlees, first female presidents of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society and of the Royal Society of Chemistry, respectively","authors":"Agustín García Asuero, Juan Núñez Valdés","doi":"10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.03.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.03.06","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the indisputable progress made in the fight against gender inequalities since the last years of the last century, there are still many differences between the roles played by women and men when it comes to holding the top positions on boards of directors of relevant companies or in the presidencies of scientific societies, in which the presence of women does not reach at all the percentage of 40% that is estimated as necessary to achieve that equality. In this article, we show the biographies of Jean Irvine and Lesley Yellowlees, the first female presidents of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society and the Royal Society of Chemistry, respectively, although their appointments occurred many years after the aforementioned societies had been founded. The objective is to make their figures known to society and place them as references and models to be followed by the rest of women who wish to practice a profession. Some brief biographical data of other women who played a prominent role in scientific and academic societies in the early years of the 20th century are also shown.","PeriodicalId":50795,"journal":{"name":"Anales De La Real Academia Nacional De Farmacia","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139332018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.03.09
Santiago Cuéllar Rodríguez
The gap between predictability and comprehensibility threatens the entire scientific project because mathematical models of processes, fed by enormous amounts of data of very diverse origin, provide exceptionally precise results but, at the same time, hide the explanation of the processes. The knowledge of “what we know” of ontology is as relevant in science as that of “how we know” and “how much we know” of epistemology. Artificial intelligence (AI) involves the scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying intelligent thought and behavior, as well as their embodiment in machines trained by their creators to reason in a conventional sense. Its “weak” formulation refers to the use of complex computer programs, designed with the purpose of complementing or assisting human reasoning to solve or complete complex problems of calculation, system maintenance, recognition of all types of images, design, analysis of data patterns, etc., many of which would be practically unapproachable using conventional procedures; but all this without including human sentient or ethical capabilities, which would be the subject of a – at the moment – non-existent “strong” AI, that would equal or even exceed human sentient intelligence. The popularization of “generative” AI, developed to create content – text, images, music or videos, among many other areas – from previous information, is helping to popularly consolidate the erroneous idea that current AI exceeds reasoning human level and exacerbates the risk of transmitting false information and negative stereotypes to people. The language models of artificial intelligence do not work by emulating a biological brain but are based on the search for logical patterns from large databases from diverse sources, which are not always updated or purged of falsehoods, errors or errors. conceptual or factual biases, both involuntary and self-serving. And the AI used in science is no stranger to these limitations and biases. A particularly sensitive issue is the possibility of using generative AI to write or even invent scientific articles that go unnoticed by the peer reviewers of the most prestigious scientific journals in the world, pointing to an even deeper problem: peer reviewers. Reviewers often do not have the time to review manuscripts thoroughly for red flags and, in many cases, they also lack adequate computing resources and specialized training.
{"title":"Epistemology and ontology in Science: the challenge of Artificial Intelligence","authors":"Santiago Cuéllar Rodríguez","doi":"10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.03.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.03.09","url":null,"abstract":"The gap between predictability and comprehensibility threatens the entire scientific project because mathematical models of processes, fed by enormous amounts of data of very diverse origin, provide exceptionally precise results but, at the same time, hide the explanation of the processes. The knowledge of “what we know” of ontology is as relevant in science as that of “how we know” and “how much we know” of epistemology. Artificial intelligence (AI) involves the scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying intelligent thought and behavior, as well as their embodiment in machines trained by their creators to reason in a conventional sense. Its “weak” formulation refers to the use of complex computer programs, designed with the purpose of complementing or assisting human reasoning to solve or complete complex problems of calculation, system maintenance, recognition of all types of images, design, analysis of data patterns, etc., many of which would be practically unapproachable using conventional procedures; but all this without including human sentient or ethical capabilities, which would be the subject of a – at the moment – non-existent “strong” AI, that would equal or even exceed human sentient intelligence. The popularization of “generative” AI, developed to create content – text, images, music or videos, among many other areas – from previous information, is helping to popularly consolidate the erroneous idea that current AI exceeds reasoning human level and exacerbates the risk of transmitting false information and negative stereotypes to people. The language models of artificial intelligence do not work by emulating a biological brain but are based on the search for logical patterns from large databases from diverse sources, which are not always updated or purged of falsehoods, errors or errors. conceptual or factual biases, both involuntary and self-serving. And the AI used in science is no stranger to these limitations and biases. A particularly sensitive issue is the possibility of using generative AI to write or even invent scientific articles that go unnoticed by the peer reviewers of the most prestigious scientific journals in the world, pointing to an even deeper problem: peer reviewers. Reviewers often do not have the time to review manuscripts thoroughly for red flags and, in many cases, they also lack adequate computing resources and specialized training.","PeriodicalId":50795,"journal":{"name":"Anales De La Real Academia Nacional De Farmacia","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139333360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.03.03
Pedro Pablo Medina Vico
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are molecules that regulate gene expression and as such they collaborate to determine how many proteins are produced in the cells of a given gene. As their name indicates, they are functional molecules despite their small size (micro) and are made up of ribonucleic acid (RNA), in contrast to the most extensively studied regulators of gene expression, which are protein in nature. Due to its small size and peculiar nature, the presence of the genes that encode microRNAs was discovered in the human genome in stages after its sequencing, already in the 21st century. MicroRNAs play a fundamental role in establishing cellular identity and function. Therefore, components of the microRNA synthesis machinery, or microRNAs per se, have been associated with various human pathologies, including cancer. It has been discovered that microRNAs play an important role in many cellular processes that are altered in cancer such as: differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The genes that code for microRNAs have been found in chromosomal regions frequently gained or lost in cancer. Some microRNAs have altered expression levels in cancer and have demonstrated their ability to affect cellular transformation, carcinogenesis, and metastasis by acting as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Thus, the presence of certain microRNAs has been seen to have clinical diagnostic and prognostic utility and attempts are being made to validate therapies based on the activity of relevant microRNAs in cancer. The let-7 family of microRNAs was the first discovered in humans. Many of its members are in chromosomal regions frequently deleted in lung cancer tumors. Furthermore, reduced expression of these genes has been correlated with a worse lung cancer prognosis. It is thought that the role of let-7 as a tumor suppressor is due to the fact that it is capable of inhibiting the synthesis of important oncogenes such as RAS, MYC and HMGA2 and that of proteins involved in cell cycle progression such as CDC25A, CDK6 and Cyclin D2. In the present work, experimental results are collected that indicate that the loss of function of let-7 favors tumor development in a mouse tumor model, suggesting the hypothesis that the activity of let-7 collaborates to prevent tumor formation. On the other hand, results are presented that indicate that the reintroduction of let-7 activity in already established lung tumors significantly hinders their growth, even entering regression. These preclinical results demonstrate the antitumor therapeutic potential of let-7 activity and that its reintroduction into lung tumors could have clinical utility if it could be performed efficiently and safely.
{"title":"Therapeutic value of restoration of tumor suppressor microRNAs in the development of lung cancer","authors":"Pedro Pablo Medina Vico","doi":"10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.03.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.03.03","url":null,"abstract":"MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are molecules that regulate gene expression and as such they collaborate to determine how many proteins are produced in the cells of a given gene. As their name indicates, they are functional molecules despite their small size (micro) and are made up of ribonucleic acid (RNA), in contrast to the most extensively studied regulators of gene expression, which are protein in nature. Due to its small size and peculiar nature, the presence of the genes that encode microRNAs was discovered in the human genome in stages after its sequencing, already in the 21st century. MicroRNAs play a fundamental role in establishing cellular identity and function. Therefore, components of the microRNA synthesis machinery, or microRNAs per se, have been associated with various human pathologies, including cancer. It has been discovered that microRNAs play an important role in many cellular processes that are altered in cancer such as: differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The genes that code for microRNAs have been found in chromosomal regions frequently gained or lost in cancer. Some microRNAs have altered expression levels in cancer and have demonstrated their ability to affect cellular transformation, carcinogenesis, and metastasis by acting as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Thus, the presence of certain microRNAs has been seen to have clinical diagnostic and prognostic utility and attempts are being made to validate therapies based on the activity of relevant microRNAs in cancer. The let-7 family of microRNAs was the first discovered in humans. Many of its members are in chromosomal regions frequently deleted in lung cancer tumors. Furthermore, reduced expression of these genes has been correlated with a worse lung cancer prognosis. It is thought that the role of let-7 as a tumor suppressor is due to the fact that it is capable of inhibiting the synthesis of important oncogenes such as RAS, MYC and HMGA2 and that of proteins involved in cell cycle progression such as CDC25A, CDK6 and Cyclin D2. In the present work, experimental results are collected that indicate that the loss of function of let-7 favors tumor development in a mouse tumor model, suggesting the hypothesis that the activity of let-7 collaborates to prevent tumor formation. On the other hand, results are presented that indicate that the reintroduction of let-7 activity in already established lung tumors significantly hinders their growth, even entering regression. These preclinical results demonstrate the antitumor therapeutic potential of let-7 activity and that its reintroduction into lung tumors could have clinical utility if it could be performed efficiently and safely.","PeriodicalId":50795,"journal":{"name":"Anales De La Real Academia Nacional De Farmacia","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139333927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.03.10
Roberto Olivero
Pharmaceutical chemist (doctor) Juan José Olivero Muñoz (Buenos Aires, 1921-Montevideo, 1993) was one of the outstanding professionals in the uruguayan pharmaceutical teaching and industry. He worked as a technician in the laboratories Athena; EMAR (Eduardo Márques Castro S. A.) and Dispert. A specialist in antibiotics, he also developed different products. He studied chloromycetin, publishing in Annals of the Uruguayan Chemistry anf Pharmacy Association and Chemical Abstracts. He was author of papers on hydrotropization in pharmaceutical technology; chemical titration of diphenhydramine hydrochloride elixir and solvotropization of steroid hormones. He wrote several chapters of the encyclopedia Theoretical and practical Pharmacotechnics, a reference text. He was president of the Uruguayan Chemistry and Pharmacy Association and was a professor and advisor of the Faculty of Chemistry in several subjects, mainly Pharmacotechnics. From 1966 until his death, he was a member of the Royal National Academy of Pharmacy (Spain), an honor to which few chemists had access in our country. After his death, he was recognized as one of the leading figures of the profession in Uruguay.
{"title":"The pharmaceutical chemist Juan José Olivero, reference of uruguayan science and the pharmaceutical industry","authors":"Roberto Olivero","doi":"10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.03.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.03.10","url":null,"abstract":"Pharmaceutical chemist (doctor) Juan José Olivero Muñoz (Buenos Aires, 1921-Montevideo, 1993) was one of the outstanding professionals in the uruguayan pharmaceutical teaching and industry. He worked as a technician in the laboratories Athena; EMAR (Eduardo Márques Castro S. A.) and Dispert. A specialist in antibiotics, he also developed different products. He studied chloromycetin, publishing in Annals of the Uruguayan Chemistry anf Pharmacy Association and Chemical Abstracts. He was author of papers on hydrotropization in pharmaceutical technology; chemical titration of diphenhydramine hydrochloride elixir and solvotropization of steroid hormones. He wrote several chapters of the encyclopedia Theoretical and practical Pharmacotechnics, a reference text. He was president of the Uruguayan Chemistry and Pharmacy Association and was a professor and advisor of the Faculty of Chemistry in several subjects, mainly Pharmacotechnics. From 1966 until his death, he was a member of the Royal National Academy of Pharmacy (Spain), an honor to which few chemists had access in our country. After his death, he was recognized as one of the leading figures of the profession in Uruguay.","PeriodicalId":50795,"journal":{"name":"Anales De La Real Academia Nacional De Farmacia","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139332682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.03.04
Enrico Cevolani
This study presents selected unpublished documents that concern the completion of the pharmacy degree programme and its corresponding qualifying exam, in accordance with the reforms of the Napoleonic Italian Republic (1802-1805) and the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy (1805-1814). The Law on Public Education of 4 September 1802 and the Study and Discipline Plans for National Universities of 1803 stated that pharmacists had to study for three years at one of the national universities in order to obtain an academic degree. These reforms also declared that, after graduating, a further exam was required before pharmacists could freely exercise their profession. The first remarkable document is the one containing the oath taken by pharmacy students upon obtaining their academic degree. The oath is very detailed and accurately describes the expectations that the new Italian Government placed on pharmacists, as well as all the duties that they had to fulfil. Among the documents of the Ufficio Centrale Medico, Chirurgico, Farmaceutico (Central Medical, Surgical and Pharmaceutical Office) – the body that at the time was responsible for qualifying health professionals – there are the Office regulations, with all the rules concerning the pharmacists’ qualifying exam and their proclamation. There is also the oath formula that pharmacists read aloud at the end of their final exam. This oath was more concise than the oath taken at the end of university studies and, in this case, it was the same as the one taken by physicians and surgeons. What is also remarkable in these documents is the special qualification that was granted to those most deserving pharmacists who passed the exam with excellent marks: the possibility of producing and selling large quantities of chemical-pharmaceutical compounds to other pharmacists.
{"title":"Formulae of oath and licensing of pharmacists during the Napoleonic Italian Republic and the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy","authors":"Enrico Cevolani","doi":"10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.03.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.03.04","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents selected unpublished documents that concern the completion of the pharmacy degree programme and its corresponding qualifying exam, in accordance with the reforms of the Napoleonic Italian Republic (1802-1805) and the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy (1805-1814). The Law on Public Education of 4 September 1802 and the Study and Discipline Plans for National Universities of 1803 stated that pharmacists had to study for three years at one of the national universities in order to obtain an academic degree. These reforms also declared that, after graduating, a further exam was required before pharmacists could freely exercise their profession. The first remarkable document is the one containing the oath taken by pharmacy students upon obtaining their academic degree. The oath is very detailed and accurately describes the expectations that the new Italian Government placed on pharmacists, as well as all the duties that they had to fulfil. Among the documents of the Ufficio Centrale Medico, Chirurgico, Farmaceutico (Central Medical, Surgical and Pharmaceutical Office) – the body that at the time was responsible for qualifying health professionals – there are the Office regulations, with all the rules concerning the pharmacists’ qualifying exam and their proclamation. There is also the oath formula that pharmacists read aloud at the end of their final exam. This oath was more concise than the oath taken at the end of university studies and, in this case, it was the same as the one taken by physicians and surgeons. What is also remarkable in these documents is the special qualification that was granted to those most deserving pharmacists who passed the exam with excellent marks: the possibility of producing and selling large quantities of chemical-pharmaceutical compounds to other pharmacists.","PeriodicalId":50795,"journal":{"name":"Anales De La Real Academia Nacional De Farmacia","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139333344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.02.09
José Manuel López Gómez
In 1879, Burgalese businessman Julián Fournier, aware of the existence of a mineral-medicinal water spring in the nearby town of Arlanzón, began the necessary procedures for its regulated therapeutic use. After the mandatory chemical analysis, the declaration of public utility of the water was obtained in 1882, and the following year the Society “J. Fournier, Sedano y Compañía” was established, consisting of 12 members who provided the necessary capital for the construction of the spa and its adjacent inn. When the construction was finished, the establishment in 1884, and that same year the first Director, Dr. Anselmo Bonilla Franco, was appointed. He was responsible for the drafting of two spa reports, and was succeeded in 1888 Marco Antonio Díaz de Cerio. Far from consolidating, the number of users dwindled, leading to the bankruptcy of the owning Society in 1892. The new owners were also unable to improve the situation in the following decade, leading to the sale of all the facilities and the definitive interruption of the spa activity.
{"title":"Arlanzón: the spa that could have been and barely was (1879-1902)","authors":"José Manuel López Gómez","doi":"10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.02.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53519/analesranf.2023.89.02.09","url":null,"abstract":"In 1879, Burgalese businessman Julián Fournier, aware of the existence of a mineral-medicinal water spring in the nearby town of Arlanzón, began the necessary procedures for its regulated therapeutic use. After the mandatory chemical analysis, the declaration of public utility of the water was obtained in 1882, and the following year the Society “J. Fournier, Sedano y Compañía” was established, consisting of 12 members who provided the necessary capital for the construction of the spa and its adjacent inn. When the construction was finished, the establishment in 1884, and that same year the first Director, Dr. Anselmo Bonilla Franco, was appointed. He was responsible for the drafting of two spa reports, and was succeeded in 1888 Marco Antonio Díaz de Cerio. Far from consolidating, the number of users dwindled, leading to the bankruptcy of the owning Society in 1892. The new owners were also unable to improve the situation in the following decade, leading to the sale of all the facilities and the definitive interruption of the spa activity.","PeriodicalId":50795,"journal":{"name":"Anales De La Real Academia Nacional De Farmacia","volume":"312 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139366560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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