Pub Date : 2024-02-20DOI: 10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i31088
Chinyere Jessica Kingsley-Elewa, A. Awanye, Wejie C. Okachi
Occupational injuries and work-related musculoskeletal disorders are among the significant issues affecting the construction industry. This work evaluated the musculoskeletal effects of prolonged use of safety footwear on the field construction workers of selected construction sites of a company in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. The study used a Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire as the primary tool. The study revealed the short-term and long-term effects of repeated use of safety footwear for long periods. The gender distribution of the respondents showed that (76%) were male while (24 %) were female. The research also reported that (84.8%) of the respondents experienced ankle pain, (49.6 %) suffered hip pain, (34.8%) suffered neck pain and (34.8%) suffered lower back pain respectively from prolonged use of safety footwear which ranged from mild, moderate to severe pain. Chi-square test and correlation analysis at p-value (0.05) were conducted for the test hypotheses with a decision to reject the null hypothesis (H0) if p <0.05. The results showed p-values of (0.707), (0.434); (0,288), 0.066); (0.159), (0.828), and therefore the null hypotheses were not rejected for hypotheses 1, 2, and 3. The study revealed that 35.6 % of respondents were not trained to use safety boots properly. The study further recommends that organizations should ensure work rotation and break periods for workers, and adequate training, education, and awareness programs should be conducted in organizations to enlighten workers on the proper usage and hazards of safety footwear. Employers and decision influencers (managers and safety supervisors) should also be educated about foot health and safety footwear choices that will meet workers' requirements in the work environment, improve working conditions for workers, and impact the high level of MSDs repeatedly reported in the construction industry.
职业伤害和与工作有关的肌肉骨骼疾病是影响建筑业的重要问题之一。这项研究评估了长期穿戴安全鞋对河流州哈科特港一家公司选定建筑工地的现场建筑工人的肌肉骨骼影响。研究使用了北欧肌肉骨骼问卷作为主要工具。研究揭示了长期重复使用安全鞋的短期和长期影响。受访者的性别分布显示，男性占 76%，女性占 24%。研究还报告称，受访者（84.8%）因长期穿着安全鞋而出现踝关节疼痛，（49.6%）出现髋关节疼痛，（34.8%）出现颈部疼痛，（34.8%）出现下背部疼痛，疼痛程度从轻度、中度到重度不等。在 p 值为 0.05 时，对假设进行了卡方检验和相关分析，如果 p <0.05，则拒绝零假设（H0）。结果显示 p 值分别为 (0.707)、(0.434)；(0,288)、0.066)；(0.159)、(0.828)，因此没有拒绝假设 1、2 和 3。研究显示，35.6% 的受访者没有接受过正确使用安全靴的培训。研究进一步建议，各组织应确保工人的工作轮换和休息时间，并应在组织内开展适当的培训、教育和宣传计划，让工人了解安全鞋的正确使用方法和危害。雇主和决策影响者（经理和安全主管）也应接受有关足部健康和安全鞋选择的教育，以满足工人在工作环境中的要求，改善工人的工作条件，并对建筑行业反复报告的高水平 MSDs 产生影响。
{"title":"Musculoskeletal Effects of Prolonged Use of Safety Footwear among Construction Workers in Selected Sites of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria","authors":"Chinyere Jessica Kingsley-Elewa, A. Awanye, Wejie C. Okachi","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i31088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i31088","url":null,"abstract":"Occupational injuries and work-related musculoskeletal disorders are among the significant issues affecting the construction industry. This work evaluated the musculoskeletal effects of prolonged use of safety footwear on the field construction workers of selected construction sites of a company in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. The study used a Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire as the primary tool. The study revealed the short-term and long-term effects of repeated use of safety footwear for long periods. The gender distribution of the respondents showed that (76%) were male while (24 %) were female. The research also reported that (84.8%) of the respondents experienced ankle pain, (49.6 %) suffered hip pain, (34.8%) suffered neck pain and (34.8%) suffered lower back pain respectively from prolonged use of safety footwear which ranged from mild, moderate to severe pain. Chi-square test and correlation analysis at p-value (0.05) were conducted for the test hypotheses with a decision to reject the null hypothesis (H0) if p <0.05. The results showed p-values of (0.707), (0.434); (0,288), 0.066); (0.159), (0.828), and therefore the null hypotheses were not rejected for hypotheses 1, 2, and 3. The study revealed that 35.6 % of respondents were not trained to use safety boots properly. The study further recommends that organizations should ensure work rotation and break periods for workers, and adequate training, education, and awareness programs should be conducted in organizations to enlighten workers on the proper usage and hazards of safety footwear. Employers and decision influencers (managers and safety supervisors) should also be educated about foot health and safety footwear choices that will meet workers' requirements in the work environment, improve working conditions for workers, and impact the high level of MSDs repeatedly reported in the construction industry.","PeriodicalId":508164,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"604 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140446351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i21087
C. N. Adewumi, J. O. James, U. A. Ogwuda
The physicochemical properties of starches determine their industrial application, and modification have shown further improvement on the properties of starch. Hence, the physicochemical properties of modified starches obtained from jackfruit were analyzed and compared with native jackfruit (JF), corn (MN) and cassava (CN) starches to determine their usability as additives in drilling fluid formulation. Starch from jackfruit pulp was chemically modified with two carboxymethylation methods (JC1 & JC2) and acetylation method (JA). The physicochemical properties were assessed using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric analysis to determine their effectiveness to improve JF properties. The results revealed that at 90 °C, JC2 was found to have the highest swelling power and water holding capacity when compared with other modified and native starches. The result of the thermal properties of the starches showed that JC2 produced better thermal properties with the peak gelatinization temperature in the decreasing trend JC2>JC1>JF>MN>JA>CN. The SEM result showed that modification reduced the particle size of the starches thereby increasing the surface area of the starches for better reactivity than the native jackfruit, corn and cassava starches. The thermal stability of the starches showed that modification by carboxymethylation (JC1 and JC2) improved the stability of the starches while the reverse was the case for JA. In comparison with corn and cassava, the modified starches JC1 and JC2, performed excellently in all the properties analyzed. The possession of the highest swelling power, highest water holding capacity, highest thermal stability and excellent gelatinization temperature of 90 ℃ (Tp) places JC2 above other modification methods thereby making it a potential replacement for corn and cassava as an additive in drilling fluid formulation.
{"title":"Comparative Evaluation of the Physico-Chemical Characterization of Native and Modified Starches from Jackfruit, Corn and Cassava as Potential Additives in Drilling Fluid","authors":"C. N. Adewumi, J. O. James, U. A. Ogwuda","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i21087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i21087","url":null,"abstract":"The physicochemical properties of starches determine their industrial application, and modification have shown further improvement on the properties of starch. Hence, the physicochemical properties of modified starches obtained from jackfruit were analyzed and compared with native jackfruit (JF), corn (MN) and cassava (CN) starches to determine their usability as additives in drilling fluid formulation. Starch from jackfruit pulp was chemically modified with two carboxymethylation methods (JC1 & JC2) and acetylation method (JA). The physicochemical properties were assessed using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric analysis to determine their effectiveness to improve JF properties. The results revealed that at 90 °C, JC2 was found to have the highest swelling power and water holding capacity when compared with other modified and native starches. The result of the thermal properties of the starches showed that JC2 produced better thermal properties with the peak gelatinization temperature in the decreasing trend JC2>JC1>JF>MN>JA>CN. The SEM result showed that modification reduced the particle size of the starches thereby increasing the surface area of the starches for better reactivity than the native jackfruit, corn and cassava starches. The thermal stability of the starches showed that modification by carboxymethylation (JC1 and JC2) improved the stability of the starches while the reverse was the case for JA. In comparison with corn and cassava, the modified starches JC1 and JC2, performed excellently in all the properties analyzed. The possession of the highest swelling power, highest water holding capacity, highest thermal stability and excellent gelatinization temperature of 90 ℃ (Tp) places JC2 above other modification methods thereby making it a potential replacement for corn and cassava as an additive in drilling fluid formulation.","PeriodicalId":508164,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"14 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140450759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-17DOI: 10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i21085
Wenhang Jia
The number of failed satellites in space is increasing, and they need to be fueled through space docking to extend their life or clean them out of orbit. Visual measurement is widely used in the docking session because of its real-time performance and economy, but the collected images will have background interference, which directly leads to the degradation of the accuracy of visual measurement. Reduce the difficulty of subsequent image processing by solving these problems. For the non-cooperative target of the star-arrow docking ring and the solar sail panel, which are two significant targets, this paper is based on target detection, according to the image difference, binarization, morphological operations and other methods to complete the accurate segmentation of the two targets, which can be more accurately complete the target detection, and the image segmentation effect is obvious. The target image obtained by image segmentation does not contain background interference, which is convenient for feature extraction and matching of the image.
{"title":"Image Segmentation Solutions for Improved Non-Cooperative Target Recognition","authors":"Wenhang Jia","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i21085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i21085","url":null,"abstract":"The number of failed satellites in space is increasing, and they need to be fueled through space docking to extend their life or clean them out of orbit. Visual measurement is widely used in the docking session because of its real-time performance and economy, but the collected images will have background interference, which directly leads to the degradation of the accuracy of visual measurement. Reduce the difficulty of subsequent image processing by solving these problems. For the non-cooperative target of the star-arrow docking ring and the solar sail panel, which are two significant targets, this paper is based on target detection, according to the image difference, binarization, morphological operations and other methods to complete the accurate segmentation of the two targets, which can be more accurately complete the target detection, and the image segmentation effect is obvious. The target image obtained by image segmentation does not contain background interference, which is convenient for feature extraction and matching of the image.","PeriodicalId":508164,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"70 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139960099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-17DOI: 10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i21086
Glory Chinwe Ugo, A. C. Apata, Praise Onimisi Dawodu
This research paper explores stakeholders' perspectives on the challenges associated with implementing Artificial Intelligence (Ai) in highway transport. The investigation focuses on three main areas of limitation: technical, regulatory, and ethical barriers. The study, backed by an in-depth survey analysis, reveals key limitations identified by stakeholders, including limited access to Ai technology (42.6%), lack of government support (27.9%), the absence of industry-wide regulations (27.4%), concerns about job displacement (29.4%), privacy implications (25.5%), and cybersecurity risks (30.2%). Additionally, the paper provides recommendations for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers to address these challenges [1].
{"title":"A Multi-Stakeholder Perspective on the Limitations of Implementing Artificial Intelligence in Highway Transport","authors":"Glory Chinwe Ugo, A. C. Apata, Praise Onimisi Dawodu","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i21086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i21086","url":null,"abstract":"This research paper explores stakeholders' perspectives on the challenges associated with implementing Artificial Intelligence (Ai) in highway transport. The investigation focuses on three main areas of limitation: technical, regulatory, and ethical barriers. The study, backed by an in-depth survey analysis, reveals key limitations identified by stakeholders, including limited access to Ai technology (42.6%), lack of government support (27.9%), the absence of industry-wide regulations (27.4%), concerns about job displacement (29.4%), privacy implications (25.5%), and cybersecurity risks (30.2%). Additionally, the paper provides recommendations for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers to address these challenges [1].","PeriodicalId":508164,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"63 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139959898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-30DOI: 10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i21076
Abdu Yearwood, Krishpersad Manohar, Basheer Khan, Stephen Liu, Colin Quintyn, Safrawz Sharief
Aims/Objectives: Increasing demand for optimised, lightweight, and efficient products has become a necessity in the field of engineering. As such, integrating appropriate design processes in engineering education has become crucial for aspiring engineers and practice. In this study, the application of design for manufacturing, finite element analysis, and design for environment principles in the redesign of a motorcycle brake lever was considered. The objective was to enhance its structural performance while reducing material usage compared to the original part. Results: The re-engineered part achieved a significant reduction in mass, minimising its environmental impact, while maintaining an acceptable Factor of Safety (FOS) in comparison to the original design. The Von Mises stress, initially concentrated at a critical arch, was reduced from 54.3 MPa to 27.3 MPa and translated to the pinned region. This effectively eliminated bending moments at critical regions. Additionally, the maximum displacement was reduced, resulting in shorter machining timeframes. Conclusion: Applied systematic optimisation processes demonstrated the possibility of achieving better products with improved safety factors, reduced material usage, and enhanced manufacturing efficiency. The findings and methodologies presented provide critical guidelines for aspiring engineering students and offered valuable insights into the integration of advanced design principles in engineering education and manufacturing.
{"title":"Part Optimisation using CNC Milling Techniques and Finite Element Analysis","authors":"Abdu Yearwood, Krishpersad Manohar, Basheer Khan, Stephen Liu, Colin Quintyn, Safrawz Sharief","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i21076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i21076","url":null,"abstract":"Aims/Objectives: Increasing demand for optimised, lightweight, and efficient products has become a necessity in the field of engineering. As such, integrating appropriate design processes in engineering education has become crucial for aspiring engineers and practice. In this study, the application of design for manufacturing, finite element analysis, and design for environment principles in the redesign of a motorcycle brake lever was considered. The objective was to enhance its structural performance while reducing material usage compared to the original part.\u0000Results: The re-engineered part achieved a significant reduction in mass, minimising its environmental impact, while maintaining an acceptable Factor of Safety (FOS) in comparison to the original design. The Von Mises stress, initially concentrated at a critical arch, was reduced from 54.3 MPa to 27.3 MPa and translated to the pinned region. This effectively eliminated bending moments at critical regions. Additionally, the maximum displacement was reduced, resulting in shorter machining timeframes.\u0000Conclusion: Applied systematic optimisation processes demonstrated the possibility of achieving better products with improved safety factors, reduced material usage, and enhanced manufacturing efficiency. The findings and methodologies presented provide critical guidelines for aspiring engineering students and offered valuable insights into the integration of advanced design principles in engineering education and manufacturing.","PeriodicalId":508164,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"73 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140484113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-29DOI: 10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i21075
Stephanie Ness, Tushar Khinvasara
Currently, the majority of economic, commercial, cultural, social, and governmental activity and contacts between countries, encompassing individuals, non-governmental organizations, and government institutions, occur in the virtual realm known as cyberspace. In recent times, numerous private enterprises and governmental institutions worldwide have encountered the issue of cyber- attacks and the peril associated with wireless communication technology. The modern society heavily relies on electronic technology, and safeguarding this data from cyber-attacks poses a formidable challenge. Cyber-attacks are intended to inflict financial harm onto companies. Cyber- attacks may serve military or political objectives in certain instances. Some examples of these damages include PC infections, knowledge breaches, data distribution service (DDS), and other attack routes. For this purpose, different companies employ diverse strategies to mitigate the harm caused by cyber-attacks. Cybersecurity monitors up-to-date information on the most recent IT data. Researchers worldwide have proposed several techniques to prevent cyber-attacks or mitigate their impact. Several approaches are currently in the operational phase, while others are still in the study phase. The objective of this study is to conduct a thorough examination and evaluation of the latest advancements in the field of cyber security, with the purpose of identifying and analyzing the problems, vulnerabilities, and strengths of the proposed methodologies. A comprehensive analysis is conducted on several forms of novel descendant attacks. The discussion revolves around conventional security frameworks, encompassing their historical context and early-generation approaches to cyber-security. Furthermore, this report presents the latest advancements and developing patterns in the field of cyber security, as well as the current problems and risks to security. The comprehensive review study offered for IT and cyber security researchers is anticipated to be beneficial.
目前，包括个人、非政府组织和政府机构在内的大多数经济、商业、文化、社会和政府活动以及国与国之间的联系都发生在被称为网络空间的虚拟领域。近来，全球众多私营企业和政府机构都遇到了网络攻击问题以及与无线通信技术相关的危险。现代社会严重依赖电子技术，保护这些数据免受网络攻击是一项艰巨的挑战。网络攻击的目的是对公司造成经济损失。在某些情况下，网络攻击可能会达到军事或政治目的。这些损害的一些例子包括 PC 感染、知识泄露、数据分发服务 (DDS) 和其他攻击途径。为此，不同的公司采用不同的策略来减轻网络攻击造成的危害。网络安全监测最新的 IT 数据信息。世界各地的研究人员已经提出了几种预防网络攻击或减轻其影响的技术。有几种方法目前已进入操作阶段，而其他方法仍处于研究阶段。本研究的目的是对网络安全领域的最新进展进行彻底检查和评估，以确定和分析所提方法的问题、漏洞和优势。本文对几种形式的新型后裔攻击进行了全面分析。讨论围绕传统安全框架展开，包括其历史背景和早期的网络安全方法。此外，本报告还介绍了网络安全领域的最新进展和发展模式，以及当前的安全问题和风险。本报告为 IT 和网络安全研究人员提供了全面的综述研究，预计将有所裨益。
{"title":"Emerging Threats in Cyberspace: Implications for National Security Policy and Healthcare Sector","authors":"Stephanie Ness, Tushar Khinvasara","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i21075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i21075","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, the majority of economic, commercial, cultural, social, and governmental activity and contacts between countries, encompassing individuals, non-governmental organizations, and government institutions, occur in the virtual realm known as cyberspace. In recent times, numerous private enterprises and governmental institutions worldwide have encountered the issue of cyber- attacks and the peril associated with wireless communication technology. The modern society heavily relies on electronic technology, and safeguarding this data from cyber-attacks poses a formidable challenge. Cyber-attacks are intended to inflict financial harm onto companies. Cyber- attacks may serve military or political objectives in certain instances. Some examples of these damages include PC infections, knowledge breaches, data distribution service (DDS), and other attack routes. For this purpose, different companies employ diverse strategies to mitigate the harm caused by cyber-attacks. Cybersecurity monitors up-to-date information on the most recent IT data. Researchers worldwide have proposed several techniques to prevent cyber-attacks or mitigate their impact. Several approaches are currently in the operational phase, while others are still in the study phase. The objective of this study is to conduct a thorough examination and evaluation of the latest advancements in the field of cyber security, with the purpose of identifying and analyzing the problems, vulnerabilities, and strengths of the proposed methodologies. A comprehensive analysis is conducted on several forms of novel descendant attacks. The discussion revolves around conventional security frameworks, encompassing their historical context and early-generation approaches to cyber-security. Furthermore, this report presents the latest advancements and developing patterns in the field of cyber security, as well as the current problems and risks to security. The comprehensive review study offered for IT and cyber security researchers is anticipated to be beneficial.","PeriodicalId":508164,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"50 42","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140487000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-27DOI: 10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i21074
Christopher O. Uloh, E. Ubom, Akaniyene U. Obot, Ubong Ukommi
In 5G heterogeneous networks (HetNets), a unique and promising option to address the growing demand for higher data rates is network densification of small cells (SCs) and macro cells (MCs). Unfortunately, the 5G HetNets are suffering severe issues due to the interference caused by these densely populated SCs and their high-power consumption. To lessen interference and boost network throughput, a New Soft Frequency Reuse (NSFR) technique is put forth in this work. The proposed scheme uses the Soft Frequency Reuse (SFR) for on/off switching of the SCs according to their Interference Contribution Rate (ICR) values. By splitting the cell region into edge and center zones, it resolves the interference issue caused by the densely packed SCs. Moreover, SC on/off switching addresses the issue of excessive power consumption and improves the 5G network's power efficiency. Furthermore, this work tackles the irregular shape nature problem of 5G HetNets and compares two different proposed shapes for the centre zone of the SC, existing irregular and proposed circular shapes. Additionally, the optimum radius of the centre zone, which maximizes the total system data rate, is obtained. A comparative analysis of power consumption, data rate and power efficiency was performed between the NSFR model, the SFR model and the proposed model. The results show that for 1000 number of equipment, the proposed model has a low power consumption of 1.72KW compared to 3.51KW for SFR and 3.73KW for NSFR. Data rate of 12.19kbps compared to 11.42kbps for SFR and 11.09kbps for NSFR. Also, power efficiency of 610kbps/W compared to 572kbps/W for SFR and 560kbps/W for NSFR. These results imply that the interference mitigation handled by the proposed scheme improves by approximately 22%.
{"title":"Interference Mitigation and Power Consumption Reduction for Cell Edge users in Future Generation Networks","authors":"Christopher O. Uloh, E. Ubom, Akaniyene U. Obot, Ubong Ukommi","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i21074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i21074","url":null,"abstract":"In 5G heterogeneous networks (HetNets), a unique and promising option to address the growing demand for higher data rates is network densification of small cells (SCs) and macro cells (MCs). Unfortunately, the 5G HetNets are suffering severe issues due to the interference caused by these densely populated SCs and their high-power consumption. To lessen interference and boost network throughput, a New Soft Frequency Reuse (NSFR) technique is put forth in this work. The proposed scheme uses the Soft Frequency Reuse (SFR) for on/off switching of the SCs according to their Interference Contribution Rate (ICR) values. By splitting the cell region into edge and center zones, it resolves the interference issue caused by the densely packed SCs. Moreover, SC on/off switching addresses the issue of excessive power consumption and improves the 5G network's power efficiency. Furthermore, this work tackles the irregular shape nature problem of 5G HetNets and compares two different proposed shapes for the centre zone of the SC, existing irregular and proposed circular shapes. Additionally, the optimum radius of the centre zone, which maximizes the total system data rate, is obtained. A comparative analysis of power consumption, data rate and power efficiency was performed between the NSFR model, the SFR model and the proposed model. The results show that for 1000 number of equipment, the proposed model has a low power consumption of 1.72KW compared to 3.51KW for SFR and 3.73KW for NSFR. Data rate of 12.19kbps compared to 11.42kbps for SFR and 11.09kbps for NSFR. Also, power efficiency of 610kbps/W compared to 572kbps/W for SFR and 560kbps/W for NSFR. These results imply that the interference mitigation handled by the proposed scheme improves by approximately 22%.","PeriodicalId":508164,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"6 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140492521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-16DOI: 10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i11065
Luo Ching-Ruey Edward
Because of the differences in lifestyles, livelihoods, ecological conditions, natural environment, and social environment, etc., between urban areas and rural areas, the priorities for resilience and sustainability will also be different. Due to climate change, the economy under various conditions of development and cultural changes, urban areas or urbanized villages must face issues such as sustainability maintenance and resilience adjustment will be much more sensitive and with higher uncertainties. In fact, there are similarities and differences between sustainability and resilience, therefore, the response methods adopted to deal with issues such as the natural environment and social organizations will also vary depending on factors such as urgency and time competition, sometimes the two are positively correlated, sometimes they are negatively correlated, and sometimes they may be morphologically unrelated, therefore, some innovations will be necessary to be considered, and which will also be discussed in this article. Two applications are presented for the sustainability and resilience on urban area are expressed to show the applicability and the relationships between sustainability and resilience. The twins, sustainability and resilience, may initially proceed in opposite directions (negative correlation) on the timeline of plan execution. Two applications on “The Catchment Management with Flood Control Infrastructure” and “The COVID-19 on the Management of Sustainability and Resilience in Taiwan” are presented for the sustainability and resilience on urban area are expressed to show the applicability and the relationships between sustainability and resilience. During the execution process, there will be a period when the two pairs develop independently, but in the end, they will proceed in the same direction (positive correlation). This is something worthy of our attention.
{"title":"Integrating Natural and Social Sciences for Urban Resilience and Sustainability","authors":"Luo Ching-Ruey Edward","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i11065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i11065","url":null,"abstract":"Because of the differences in lifestyles, livelihoods, ecological conditions, natural environment, and social environment, etc., between urban areas and rural areas, the priorities for resilience and sustainability will also be different. Due to climate change, the economy under various conditions of development and cultural changes, urban areas or urbanized villages must face issues such as sustainability maintenance and resilience adjustment will be much more sensitive and with higher uncertainties. In fact, there are similarities and differences between sustainability and resilience, therefore, the response methods adopted to deal with issues such as the natural environment and social organizations will also vary depending on factors such as urgency and time competition, sometimes the two are positively correlated, sometimes they are negatively correlated, and sometimes they may be morphologically unrelated, therefore, some innovations will be necessary to be considered, and which will also be discussed in this article. Two applications are presented for the sustainability and resilience on urban area are expressed to show the applicability and the relationships between sustainability and resilience. The twins, sustainability and resilience, may initially proceed in opposite directions (negative correlation) on the timeline of plan execution. \u0000Two applications on “The Catchment Management with Flood Control Infrastructure” and “The COVID-19 on the Management of Sustainability and Resilience in Taiwan” are presented for the sustainability and resilience on urban area are expressed to show the applicability and the relationships between sustainability and resilience. \u0000During the execution process, there will be a period when the two pairs develop independently, but in the end, they will proceed in the same direction (positive correlation). This is something worthy of our attention.","PeriodicalId":508164,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"36 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139528460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-13DOI: 10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i11064
Liaoyuan Wang, Zhiqiang Liu, Zhiguang Li
The South-to-North Water Diversion project is a large water conservancy project implemented by the Chinese government to solve the water shortage problem in North China, but the oil slick pollution is an important problem. Aiming at the problem of oil slick pollution, a control system of oil slick collection device is designed in this paper. First of all, the design idea of intercepting first, then collecting, and then separating was determined, and the software was programmed. The simulation of Proteus software showed that the control program was stable and reliable, the pressurizing device could realize manual and automatic control respectively, and the oil-water separation device could realize the control of the three valves.
{"title":"Design of Control System of Oil Collection Device","authors":"Liaoyuan Wang, Zhiqiang Liu, Zhiguang Li","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i11064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i11064","url":null,"abstract":"The South-to-North Water Diversion project is a large water conservancy project implemented by the Chinese government to solve the water shortage problem in North China, but the oil slick pollution is an important problem. Aiming at the problem of oil slick pollution, a control system of oil slick collection device is designed in this paper. First of all, the design idea of intercepting first, then collecting, and then separating was determined, and the software was programmed. The simulation of Proteus software showed that the control program was stable and reliable, the pressurizing device could realize manual and automatic control respectively, and the oil-water separation device could realize the control of the three valves.","PeriodicalId":508164,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"22 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139531083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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