Pub Date : 2023-03-17DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-113.1.43
Jessie A. Pelosi, Bethany A Zumwalde, Ondřej Hornych, K. Wheatley, Emily H. Kim, Emily B. Sessa
Abstract. Invasive species are one of the largest threats to vulnerable ecological communities and biodiversity today and are economic burdens across the globe. It is therefore crucial that we understand the origins and the driving forces that promote the establishment, persistence, and spread of these taxa. Polyploidy, or whole genome duplication, has been suggested as a possible factor facilitating the success of invasive taxa, yet is an understudied aspect in invasion biology. Although ferns are often neglected in invasive species inventories, several fern families are overrepresented as naturalized and invasive taxa including the vining ferns in the family Lygodiaceae. The Japanese climbing fern, Lygodium japonicum, is native to eastern Asia, and since its introduction in the early 1900s through the ornamental plant trade, it has rapidly spread throughout the southeastern United States, creating dense thickets that smother native plants and disrupt agricultural pine logging. While previous chromosome counts of L. japonicum suggest that both diploid and tetraploid cytotypes occur in its native range, there are no data for populations in the invaded range to date. Using chromosome counts, flow cytometry, and spore size measurements, we assessed the ploidy of invasive populations of L. japonicum in the state of Florida. We found that L. japonicum is represented by a tetraploid cytotype throughout Florida. Our study is the first to examine the ploidy of invasive L. japonicum populations, although additional work will be needed to determine if this species is tetraploid throughout its invaded range.
{"title":"Lygodium japonicum (Lygodiaceae) Is Represented by a Tetraploid Cytotype in Florida","authors":"Jessie A. Pelosi, Bethany A Zumwalde, Ondřej Hornych, K. Wheatley, Emily H. Kim, Emily B. Sessa","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-113.1.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-113.1.43","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Invasive species are one of the largest threats to vulnerable ecological communities and biodiversity today and are economic burdens across the globe. It is therefore crucial that we understand the origins and the driving forces that promote the establishment, persistence, and spread of these taxa. Polyploidy, or whole genome duplication, has been suggested as a possible factor facilitating the success of invasive taxa, yet is an understudied aspect in invasion biology. Although ferns are often neglected in invasive species inventories, several fern families are overrepresented as naturalized and invasive taxa including the vining ferns in the family Lygodiaceae. The Japanese climbing fern, Lygodium japonicum, is native to eastern Asia, and since its introduction in the early 1900s through the ornamental plant trade, it has rapidly spread throughout the southeastern United States, creating dense thickets that smother native plants and disrupt agricultural pine logging. While previous chromosome counts of L. japonicum suggest that both diploid and tetraploid cytotypes occur in its native range, there are no data for populations in the invaded range to date. Using chromosome counts, flow cytometry, and spore size measurements, we assessed the ploidy of invasive populations of L. japonicum in the state of Florida. We found that L. japonicum is represented by a tetraploid cytotype throughout Florida. Our study is the first to examine the ploidy of invasive L. japonicum populations, although additional work will be needed to determine if this species is tetraploid throughout its invaded range.","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":"113 1","pages":"43 - 55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49038512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-17DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-113.1.28
K. Murakami, Momoka Sugawara, Daigo Nagamine, Pingxing Zhang, W. Fukui
Abstract. This study aimed to demonstrate that stone walls are habitats for rare ferns and lycophytes in Japan. A survey on 47 Red Data Books (RDBs) published in each prefecture in Japan, revealed the descriptions of 47 fern and lycophyte species (equivalent to 6.5% of all native species of ferns and lycophytes in Japan) designated as near threatened or above in the RDBs and growing on stone walls in Japan. Eleven of these species were listed in the prefectural RDBs as well as in the national RDB of Japan. Overall, 40 species (85.1%) had a preferred original habitat of cliffs or rocky outcrops, and 24 species (51.1%) preferred the forest floor. The high number of identified species that prefer cliffs or rocky outcrops supports the Urban Cliff Hypothesis, which states that man-made structures such as urban buildings and walls serve as alternatives to cliffs, rocky outcrops, or screes as alternative habitat. However, in previous domestic studies that documented fern and lycophyte species growing in established hardscapes in Japan, the most frequently occurring species were mostly weedy or ruderal. As there are few studies on the composition of species growing on stone walls in Japan, more studies must investigate this aspect as well as examining the variation in species composition because of the differences in species pools, climatic conditions, or geological background.
{"title":"Anthropogenic Stone Walls are an Important Habitat for Rare Ferns and Lycophytes in Japan","authors":"K. Murakami, Momoka Sugawara, Daigo Nagamine, Pingxing Zhang, W. Fukui","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-113.1.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-113.1.28","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This study aimed to demonstrate that stone walls are habitats for rare ferns and lycophytes in Japan. A survey on 47 Red Data Books (RDBs) published in each prefecture in Japan, revealed the descriptions of 47 fern and lycophyte species (equivalent to 6.5% of all native species of ferns and lycophytes in Japan) designated as near threatened or above in the RDBs and growing on stone walls in Japan. Eleven of these species were listed in the prefectural RDBs as well as in the national RDB of Japan. Overall, 40 species (85.1%) had a preferred original habitat of cliffs or rocky outcrops, and 24 species (51.1%) preferred the forest floor. The high number of identified species that prefer cliffs or rocky outcrops supports the Urban Cliff Hypothesis, which states that man-made structures such as urban buildings and walls serve as alternatives to cliffs, rocky outcrops, or screes as alternative habitat. However, in previous domestic studies that documented fern and lycophyte species growing in established hardscapes in Japan, the most frequently occurring species were mostly weedy or ruderal. As there are few studies on the composition of species growing on stone walls in Japan, more studies must investigate this aspect as well as examining the variation in species composition because of the differences in species pools, climatic conditions, or geological background.","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":"113 1","pages":"28 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43206058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-17DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-113.1.56
Michael J. Song, Mia Huynh, S. Lahmeyer, M. Sedaghatpour
{"title":"First Record of the invasive Azolla pinnata subsp. pinnata (Salviniaceae) in California.","authors":"Michael J. Song, Mia Huynh, S. Lahmeyer, M. Sedaghatpour","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-113.1.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-113.1.56","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":"113 1","pages":"56 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46177259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. To explore how Asplenium nidus responds to drought stress and to find V-PPase (AVP1) homologous genes of this species, we conducted greenhouse experiments. We measured a series of physiological and biochemical indices after drought treatment and analyzed the expression of AVP1 homologous genes in A. nidus by RT-qPCR. The results indicated that A. nidus can adapt to drought by limiting stomatal conductance, thus inhibiting plant photosynthesis and reducing physiological activities. In addition, A. nidus can also change its osmotic potential by increasing proline content to maintain normal metabolic activities, and prevent the destruction of reactive oxygen species by increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD). According to analysis of the relative expression levels of genes, AVP1-2 and AVP1-4 may be the drought-resistant genes of A. nidus. This study lays a foundation for further exploration of the drought tolerance mechanism and drought-resistant genes of A. nidus.
{"title":"Response of Asplenium nidus to Drought Stress and Roles of AVP1 Genes","authors":"Jingwen Liang, Junliang Yang, Zihan Yev, Zeping Cai, Shitao Xu, Peng Wang, Xudong Yu","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-113.1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-113.1.14","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. To explore how Asplenium nidus responds to drought stress and to find V-PPase (AVP1) homologous genes of this species, we conducted greenhouse experiments. We measured a series of physiological and biochemical indices after drought treatment and analyzed the expression of AVP1 homologous genes in A. nidus by RT-qPCR. The results indicated that A. nidus can adapt to drought by limiting stomatal conductance, thus inhibiting plant photosynthesis and reducing physiological activities. In addition, A. nidus can also change its osmotic potential by increasing proline content to maintain normal metabolic activities, and prevent the destruction of reactive oxygen species by increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD). According to analysis of the relative expression levels of genes, AVP1-2 and AVP1-4 may be the drought-resistant genes of A. nidus. This study lays a foundation for further exploration of the drought tolerance mechanism and drought-resistant genes of A. nidus.","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":"113 1","pages":"14 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46826641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-17DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-113.1.1
Carlos A. Brussa, J. Prado, J. M. Bonifacino, Patricia Brussa, R. Y. Hirai
Abstract. Rumohra adiantiformis var. laciniata is reported as a new variety endemic to the Sierras del Este Eco Region, Southern Uruguay. The new variety inhabits Sierras de Maldonado landscape, growing in shady places of moist hillside forests. It differs from Rumohra adiantiformis var. adiantiformis by the shape and size of the pinnules, lamina, and rachis with a dense and conspicuous indument of capitate glandular hairs, yellowish, with exudate, and by the margins of the rhizome scales with capitate glands. Another two interesting features of this new variety are the furcate or laciniate (cresting) apex of the rachis as well as the pinnae and pinnules, and the faint light-bluish iridescence of the lamina adaxially. These two last features are related to the habitat of these plants that grow in shady places. In this paper, we present a description, illustrations, a distribution map, and discussions about this new taxon as well as a key to identifying the species occurring in Argentina, Southern Brazil, and Uruguay. Resumen. Se describe e ilustra Rumohra adiantiformis var. laciniata, una nueva variedad endémica del extremo sur de la Eco Región Sierras del Este en Uruguay. La misma habita en el paisaje Sierras de Maldonado, en zonas semi sombrías del bosque serrano. Se diferencia de Rumohra adiantiformis var. adiantiformis por la forma y tamaño de las pínnulas, lámina y raquis con denso y conspícuo indumento compuesto por tricomas glandulares capitados, bicelulares, amarillentos, con exudado y por márgenes de escamas del rizoma y pecíolos con glándulas capitadas esparcidas. Otras dos características de la nueva variedad son presencia de ápices furcados o laciniados (cristado) visibles en raquis, pinnas y pínnulas, y lámina con tenue iridiscencia celeste en cara adaxial. Estas dos últimas características están relacionadas con el hecho de que estas plantas crecen en lugares sombríos. En este trabajo se presentan descripción, ilustraciones, mapa de distribución y discusión sobre el nuevo taxón, así como una clave para identificar especies presentes en Argentina, Sur de Brasil y Uruguay.
{"title":"Rumohra adiantiformis var. laciniata (Dryopteridaceae), a New Variety Endemic to Southeastern Uruguay","authors":"Carlos A. Brussa, J. Prado, J. M. Bonifacino, Patricia Brussa, R. Y. Hirai","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-113.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-113.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Rumohra adiantiformis var. laciniata is reported as a new variety endemic to the Sierras del Este Eco Region, Southern Uruguay. The new variety inhabits Sierras de Maldonado landscape, growing in shady places of moist hillside forests. It differs from Rumohra adiantiformis var. adiantiformis by the shape and size of the pinnules, lamina, and rachis with a dense and conspicuous indument of capitate glandular hairs, yellowish, with exudate, and by the margins of the rhizome scales with capitate glands. Another two interesting features of this new variety are the furcate or laciniate (cresting) apex of the rachis as well as the pinnae and pinnules, and the faint light-bluish iridescence of the lamina adaxially. These two last features are related to the habitat of these plants that grow in shady places. In this paper, we present a description, illustrations, a distribution map, and discussions about this new taxon as well as a key to identifying the species occurring in Argentina, Southern Brazil, and Uruguay. Resumen. Se describe e ilustra Rumohra adiantiformis var. laciniata, una nueva variedad endémica del extremo sur de la Eco Región Sierras del Este en Uruguay. La misma habita en el paisaje Sierras de Maldonado, en zonas semi sombrías del bosque serrano. Se diferencia de Rumohra adiantiformis var. adiantiformis por la forma y tamaño de las pínnulas, lámina y raquis con denso y conspícuo indumento compuesto por tricomas glandulares capitados, bicelulares, amarillentos, con exudado y por márgenes de escamas del rizoma y pecíolos con glándulas capitadas esparcidas. Otras dos características de la nueva variedad son presencia de ápices furcados o laciniados (cristado) visibles en raquis, pinnas y pínnulas, y lámina con tenue iridiscencia celeste en cara adaxial. Estas dos últimas características están relacionadas con el hecho de que estas plantas crecen en lugares sombríos. En este trabajo se presentan descripción, ilustraciones, mapa de distribución y discusión sobre el nuevo taxón, así como una clave para identificar especies presentes en Argentina, Sur de Brasil y Uruguay.","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":"113 1","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48202810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-15eCollection Date: 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1017/awf.2023.14
L M Kubasiewicz, T Watson, S L Norris, N Chamberlain, C Nye, R K Perumal, R Saroja, Z Raw, F A Burden
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1017/S0962728600032504.].
[此处更正了文章 DOI：10.1017/S0962728600032504]。
{"title":"Erratum: One welfare: Linking poverty, equid ownership and equid welfare in the brick kilns of India - ERRATUM.","authors":"L M Kubasiewicz, T Watson, S L Norris, N Chamberlain, C Nye, R K Perumal, R Saroja, Z Raw, F A Burden","doi":"10.1017/awf.2023.14","DOIUrl":"10.1017/awf.2023.14","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1017/S0962728600032504.].</p>","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":"38 1","pages":"e15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10936267/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90254167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-07DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-112.4.320
Anna S. Westbrook, S. McAdam
Abstract. The Marsileaceae is a small family of semi-aquatic ferns displaying numerous traits commonly observed in angiosperms, including heterospory, sophisticated hydraulic architecture, and high rates of atmospheric gas exchange. Despite these similar traits, Marsileaceae is comparatively ecologically limited. Most species are found in Marsilea which is sister to Regnellidium and Pilularia, together these two genera include only seven species. Here we studied the anatomy and physiology of Marsileaceae to better understand the potential constraints on ecological and species diversity in this family. We focused on epidermal anatomy and stomatal responses to changes in light and water availability, which are unique amongst ferns. We found two evolutionary strategies in Marsileaceae, one of morphological simplification, physiological inflexibility, and aquatic specialization in Pilularia; which contrasts with a strategy of maximizing photosynthetic carbon gain at the expense of high rates of water loss in Marsilea and Regnellidium. We conclude that aquatic environments provide evolutionary opportunities for physiological innovation with regard to stomatal function, as well as selective pressures that drive the canalized evolution of highly specialized aquatic forms.
{"title":"The Poisoned Chalice of Evolution in Water: Physiological Novelty Versus Morphological Simplification in Marsileaceae","authors":"Anna S. Westbrook, S. McAdam","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-112.4.320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-112.4.320","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The Marsileaceae is a small family of semi-aquatic ferns displaying numerous traits commonly observed in angiosperms, including heterospory, sophisticated hydraulic architecture, and high rates of atmospheric gas exchange. Despite these similar traits, Marsileaceae is comparatively ecologically limited. Most species are found in Marsilea which is sister to Regnellidium and Pilularia, together these two genera include only seven species. Here we studied the anatomy and physiology of Marsileaceae to better understand the potential constraints on ecological and species diversity in this family. We focused on epidermal anatomy and stomatal responses to changes in light and water availability, which are unique amongst ferns. We found two evolutionary strategies in Marsileaceae, one of morphological simplification, physiological inflexibility, and aquatic specialization in Pilularia; which contrasts with a strategy of maximizing photosynthetic carbon gain at the expense of high rates of water loss in Marsilea and Regnellidium. We conclude that aquatic environments provide evolutionary opportunities for physiological innovation with regard to stomatal function, as well as selective pressures that drive the canalized evolution of highly specialized aquatic forms.","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":"112 1","pages":"320 - 335"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47103147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-07DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-112.4.233
Alejandra Castrejón-Varela, B. Pérez-García, J. Guerrero-Analco, K. Mehltreter
ABSTRACT. Ferns have been exposed to herbivorous insects since the latter evolved in the Devonian. Currently, ferns suffer similar percentages of leaf herbivory as angiosperms. Therefore, they often use a combination of chemical defenses as protection against herbivores. In this review, we summarize the distribution of five groups of biomolecules that may act as chemical defenses of ferns: phytoecdysteroids, flavonoids, thiaminase, cyanogenic glycosides, and alkaloids. For each of these biomolecules, we briefly discuss their biosynthesis, mode of action, and currently known taxonomic distribution in ferns, and include examples to illustrate their observed concentrations in different fern tissues. We conclude with a discussion of ferns that accumulate heavy metals, which may also serve in their defense against herbivores. Finally, we discuss research gaps to encourage future research in this widely understudied and ecologically important field of investigation.
{"title":"A Brief Review of Phytochemical Defenses of Ferns against Herbivores","authors":"Alejandra Castrejón-Varela, B. Pérez-García, J. Guerrero-Analco, K. Mehltreter","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-112.4.233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-112.4.233","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT. Ferns have been exposed to herbivorous insects since the latter evolved in the Devonian. Currently, ferns suffer similar percentages of leaf herbivory as angiosperms. Therefore, they often use a combination of chemical defenses as protection against herbivores. In this review, we summarize the distribution of five groups of biomolecules that may act as chemical defenses of ferns: phytoecdysteroids, flavonoids, thiaminase, cyanogenic glycosides, and alkaloids. For each of these biomolecules, we briefly discuss their biosynthesis, mode of action, and currently known taxonomic distribution in ferns, and include examples to illustrate their observed concentrations in different fern tissues. We conclude with a discussion of ferns that accumulate heavy metals, which may also serve in their defense against herbivores. Finally, we discuss research gaps to encourage future research in this widely understudied and ecologically important field of investigation.","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":"112 1","pages":"233 - 250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47999569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-07DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-112.4.354
J. Watts, J. E. Watkins
Abstract. The coming decades are predicated to bring widespread shifts in local, regional, and global climatic patterns. Currently there is limited understanding of how ferns will respond to these changes and few studies have attempted to model shifts in fern distribution in response to climate change. In this paper, we present a series of these models using the country of New Zealand as our study system. Ferns are notably abundant in New Zealand and play important ecological roles in early succession, canopy biology, and understory dynamics. Here we describe how fern distributions have changed since the Last Glacial Maximum to the present and predict how they will change with anthropogenic climate change – assuming no measures are taken to reduce carbon emissions. To do this, we used MaxEnt species distribution modelling with publicly available data from gbif.org and worldclim.org to predict the past, present, and future distributions of 107 New Zealand fern species. The present study demonstrates that ferns in New Zealand have and will continue to expand their ranges and migrate southward and upslope. Despite the predicted general increased range size as a result of climate change, our models predict that the majority (52%) of many species' current suitable habitats may be climatically unsuitable in 50 years, including the ecologically important group: tree ferns. Additionally, fern communities are predicted to undergo drastic shifts in composition, which may be detrimental to overall ecosystem functioning in New Zealand.
{"title":"New Zealand Fern Distributions from the Last Glacial Maximum to 2070: A Dynamic Tale of Migration and Community Turnover","authors":"J. Watts, J. E. Watkins","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-112.4.354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-112.4.354","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The coming decades are predicated to bring widespread shifts in local, regional, and global climatic patterns. Currently there is limited understanding of how ferns will respond to these changes and few studies have attempted to model shifts in fern distribution in response to climate change. In this paper, we present a series of these models using the country of New Zealand as our study system. Ferns are notably abundant in New Zealand and play important ecological roles in early succession, canopy biology, and understory dynamics. Here we describe how fern distributions have changed since the Last Glacial Maximum to the present and predict how they will change with anthropogenic climate change – assuming no measures are taken to reduce carbon emissions. To do this, we used MaxEnt species distribution modelling with publicly available data from gbif.org and worldclim.org to predict the past, present, and future distributions of 107 New Zealand fern species. The present study demonstrates that ferns in New Zealand have and will continue to expand their ranges and migrate southward and upslope. Despite the predicted general increased range size as a result of climate change, our models predict that the majority (52%) of many species' current suitable habitats may be climatically unsuitable in 50 years, including the ecologically important group: tree ferns. Additionally, fern communities are predicted to undergo drastic shifts in composition, which may be detrimental to overall ecosystem functioning in New Zealand.","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":"112 1","pages":"354 - 372"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48763322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-07DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-112.4.285
M. Kessler, Jürgen Kluge
Abstract. Mountains are the global centers of fern diversity and at the same time strongly affected by climate change, raising the question of how fern species and communities will respond to these changes. In the present review, which also includes our own unpublished data, we first outline the challenges of identifying distributional boundaries in ferns. We suggest that the elevational ranges of many fern species are determined by geographical constraints such as low mountain tops and sea level, as well as habitat availability rather than by climate. We then show that climate-range limits of ferns are driven by numerous physiological processes, not only involving the effects of cold and drought stress at high elevations, but also of drought stress coupled with high temperatures at low elevations, and possibly even of such poorly considered factors as low frost tolerance at low elevations in the absence of snow cover. Finally, there is also some evidence for biotic limitations, such as interspecific competition and the negative influence of leaf litter, especially in species-rich assemblages without extreme climatic factors. Overall, we find that elevational distributions of ferns are determined by a broad suite of factors, many of which do not involve physiological tolerance to climate or only indirectly so, and therefore that reactions of ferns to climate change will likely be species- and context-specific. We also emphasize the paucity of studies focusing both on the physiological limitations for fern growth and reproduction, and on biotic interactions affecting fern distributions. To overcome these knowledge gaps, we advocate a range of further studies, including resampling of old vegetation plots, lab experiments, and transplantation experiments, on both gametophytes and sporophytes.
{"title":"Mountain Ferns: What Determines Their Elevational Ranges and How Will They Respond to Climate Change?","authors":"M. Kessler, Jürgen Kluge","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-112.4.285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-112.4.285","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Mountains are the global centers of fern diversity and at the same time strongly affected by climate change, raising the question of how fern species and communities will respond to these changes. In the present review, which also includes our own unpublished data, we first outline the challenges of identifying distributional boundaries in ferns. We suggest that the elevational ranges of many fern species are determined by geographical constraints such as low mountain tops and sea level, as well as habitat availability rather than by climate. We then show that climate-range limits of ferns are driven by numerous physiological processes, not only involving the effects of cold and drought stress at high elevations, but also of drought stress coupled with high temperatures at low elevations, and possibly even of such poorly considered factors as low frost tolerance at low elevations in the absence of snow cover. Finally, there is also some evidence for biotic limitations, such as interspecific competition and the negative influence of leaf litter, especially in species-rich assemblages without extreme climatic factors. Overall, we find that elevational distributions of ferns are determined by a broad suite of factors, many of which do not involve physiological tolerance to climate or only indirectly so, and therefore that reactions of ferns to climate change will likely be species- and context-specific. We also emphasize the paucity of studies focusing both on the physiological limitations for fern growth and reproduction, and on biotic interactions affecting fern distributions. To overcome these knowledge gaps, we advocate a range of further studies, including resampling of old vegetation plots, lab experiments, and transplantation experiments, on both gametophytes and sporophytes.","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":"112 1","pages":"285 - 302"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47193605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：