Pub Date : 2023-12-26DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-113.4.257
Jessie A. Pelosi, Bethany A Zumwalde, Elissa S. Sorojsrisom, Emily B. Sessa
{"title":"A Genome Size for the Appalachian Gametophyte","authors":"Jessie A. Pelosi, Bethany A Zumwalde, Elissa S. Sorojsrisom, Emily B. Sessa","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-113.4.257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-113.4.257","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139155556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-26DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-113.4.249
Jefferson Prado, R. Y. Hirai, Michael A. Sundue, W. Testo
Abstract. This paper resurrects Adiantum weatherbyanum, an overlooked species that occurs in northern Chile, and describes and illustrates a new species, A. rodriguezii, from central Chile. Both taxa belong to the Adiantum poiretii group and were overlooked by the previous authors who worked on the Flora of Chile. Adiantum weatherbyanum is easily recognized by the combination of having of simple and branched, whitish, eglandular hairs on the laminar tissue and veins of the pinnules abaxially, and short ciliate rhizome scales. Adiantum rodriguezii is distinct by its pubescent pinnules on both surfaces; the hairs are simple, articulate, 0.5–1.2 mm long, light brown, with eglandular apices, and restricted to the pinnule veins. Relevant taxa are provided with descriptions, comments, and illustrations of the diagnostic characters.
{"title":"Adiantum weatherbyanum Espinosa, an Overlooked Species from Northern Chile and A. rodriguezii, a New Species from Central Chile","authors":"Jefferson Prado, R. Y. Hirai, Michael A. Sundue, W. Testo","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-113.4.249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-113.4.249","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This paper resurrects Adiantum weatherbyanum, an overlooked species that occurs in northern Chile, and describes and illustrates a new species, A. rodriguezii, from central Chile. Both taxa belong to the Adiantum poiretii group and were overlooked by the previous authors who worked on the Flora of Chile. Adiantum weatherbyanum is easily recognized by the combination of having of simple and branched, whitish, eglandular hairs on the laminar tissue and veins of the pinnules abaxially, and short ciliate rhizome scales. Adiantum rodriguezii is distinct by its pubescent pinnules on both surfaces; the hairs are simple, articulate, 0.5–1.2 mm long, light brown, with eglandular apices, and restricted to the pinnule veins. Relevant taxa are provided with descriptions, comments, and illustrations of the diagnostic characters.","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139157107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-26DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-113.4.263
{"title":"Edible Ferns of the World, ethnobotany, foraging and cooking","authors":"","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-113.4.263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-113.4.263","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139156175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-113.3.137
Janis Antonovics
The evolutionary causes of contrasting patterns of pathogen diversity in different host clades are poorly understood. This study tested the hypothesis that older host lineages have fewer pathogens than younger lineages by examining the incidence of fungal pathogens in fern families differing in their time of origin over a span of 300 million years. Fern-fungal records were obtained from the United States Department of Agriculture database, and study effort was estimated by the number of citations to each fern species in the Web of Science. Pathogen discovery rate (PDR) within a fern family was measured as the rate at which pathogens were recorded in relation to the number of citations to species within that family. PDR for fungi in the Basidiomycota and Ascomycota showed significant differences among fern families and significant phylogenetic signal in the Basidiomycota. PDR for Basidiomycota was significantly negatively correlated with clade age of the fern family. Generic and species diversity within families affected PDR positively, although the effects of clade age were still significant. Within the Basidiomycota the effects of clade age were largely accounted for by the rust fungi (Pucciniales) which formed the majority of recorded basidiomycete pathogens on ferns. The most parsimonious explanation was that the rust fungi host-shifted onto fern families in the early to mid-Cretaceous, but have rarely moved onto more distantly related and older families. However, several other hypotheses could not be excluded, including loss of specialized pathogens in older clades as a result of resistance evolution.
{"title":"Fern Family Clade Age and Fungal Pathogen Diversity","authors":"Janis Antonovics","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-113.3.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-113.3.137","url":null,"abstract":"The evolutionary causes of contrasting patterns of pathogen diversity in different host clades are poorly understood. This study tested the hypothesis that older host lineages have fewer pathogens than younger lineages by examining the incidence of fungal pathogens in fern families differing in their time of origin over a span of 300 million years. Fern-fungal records were obtained from the United States Department of Agriculture database, and study effort was estimated by the number of citations to each fern species in the Web of Science. Pathogen discovery rate (PDR) within a fern family was measured as the rate at which pathogens were recorded in relation to the number of citations to species within that family. PDR for fungi in the Basidiomycota and Ascomycota showed significant differences among fern families and significant phylogenetic signal in the Basidiomycota. PDR for Basidiomycota was significantly negatively correlated with clade age of the fern family. Generic and species diversity within families affected PDR positively, although the effects of clade age were still significant. Within the Basidiomycota the effects of clade age were largely accounted for by the rust fungi (Pucciniales) which formed the majority of recorded basidiomycete pathogens on ferns. The most parsimonious explanation was that the rust fungi host-shifted onto fern families in the early to mid-Cretaceous, but have rarely moved onto more distantly related and older families. However, several other hypotheses could not be excluded, including loss of specialized pathogens in older clades as a result of resistance evolution.","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135247270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-113.3.211
Miles K. Thomas, Timothy J. Gallaher
New combinations are made for several ferns in the Hawaiian Islands in the genera Asplenium, Cystopteris, Dicranopteris, and Microlepia: Asplenium dielerectum f. alexandri comb. nov., Cystopteris douglasii var. sandwicensis, stat. and comb. nov., Dicranopteris linearis var. emarginata comb. nov., and Microlepia setosa var. mauiensis comb nov. A new nothogenus, 3Christelliopsis nothogen. nov. is named for hybrids between Christella and Menisciopsis and a new combination, 3Christelliopsis palmeri comb. nov. is made for the hybrid Christella dentata 3 Menisciopsis cyatheoides.
夏威夷群岛几种蕨类植物的新组合为Asplenium, Cystopteris, Dicranopteris和Microlepia: Asplenium dielerectum f. alexandri comb。11月，卷叶卷叶卷叶卷叶卷叶卷叶卷叶卷叶卷叶卷叶卷叶卷叶卷叶卷叶卷叶。11月，双翅目线性变异无毛梳子。11 .新属3Christelliopsis nothogen。11月命名为christelliopsis和半月板opsis的杂交品种，以及一个新的组合，3Christelliopsis palmeri comb。11月为齿状Christella dentata 3半月板opsis cyatheoides杂交株。
{"title":"New Combinations in Some Hawaiian Ferns","authors":"Miles K. Thomas, Timothy J. Gallaher","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-113.3.211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-113.3.211","url":null,"abstract":"New combinations are made for several ferns in the Hawaiian Islands in the genera Asplenium, Cystopteris, Dicranopteris, and Microlepia: Asplenium dielerectum f. alexandri comb. nov., Cystopteris douglasii var. sandwicensis, stat. and comb. nov., Dicranopteris linearis var. emarginata comb. nov., and Microlepia setosa var. mauiensis comb nov. A new nothogenus, 3Christelliopsis nothogen. nov. is named for hybrids between Christella and Menisciopsis and a new combination, 3Christelliopsis palmeri comb. nov. is made for the hybrid Christella dentata 3 Menisciopsis cyatheoides.","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135247272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-113.3.191
Michael J. Song, Carl J. Rothfels, Eric Schuettpelz, Joel Nitta, Layne Huiet, Fay-Wei Li, Keir M. Wefferling
Relationships among the major subclades in the fern family Pteridaceae have proven difficult to resolve. Here, we examine the backbone of this large and heterogeneous lineage using both phylotranscriptomic methods and a more focused, curated approach. We find that Pteridoideae and Parkerioideae are together sister to the rest of Pteridaceae and that Cryptogrammoideae is sister to Vittarioideae plus Cheilanthoideae. We find independent support from our phylotranscriptomic analyses, published cytological data, and genomic distributions of substitutions per site for several whole-genome duplication (WGD) events within Pteridaceae, mainly in Vittarioideae and Cheilanthoideae. However, the various inference methods gave differing approximations for the placement of WGD events within each clade. This study demonstrates that phylotranscriptomic analyses, which employ large datasets at the cost of requiring simpler models and potentially a greater risk of systematic error, can be used in concert with more curated approaches to resolve deep phylogenetic relationships. It also provides an example of the difficulty of confidently inferring ancient WGD event placement, even when using multiple methods.
{"title":"Resolving Deep Relationships and Revealing Ancient Whole-Genome Duplications in Pteridaceae using Transcriptomic Data","authors":"Michael J. Song, Carl J. Rothfels, Eric Schuettpelz, Joel Nitta, Layne Huiet, Fay-Wei Li, Keir M. Wefferling","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-113.3.191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-113.3.191","url":null,"abstract":"Relationships among the major subclades in the fern family Pteridaceae have proven difficult to resolve. Here, we examine the backbone of this large and heterogeneous lineage using both phylotranscriptomic methods and a more focused, curated approach. We find that Pteridoideae and Parkerioideae are together sister to the rest of Pteridaceae and that Cryptogrammoideae is sister to Vittarioideae plus Cheilanthoideae. We find independent support from our phylotranscriptomic analyses, published cytological data, and genomic distributions of substitutions per site for several whole-genome duplication (WGD) events within Pteridaceae, mainly in Vittarioideae and Cheilanthoideae. However, the various inference methods gave differing approximations for the placement of WGD events within each clade. This study demonstrates that phylotranscriptomic analyses, which employ large datasets at the cost of requiring simpler models and potentially a greater risk of systematic error, can be used in concert with more curated approaches to resolve deep phylogenetic relationships. It also provides an example of the difficulty of confidently inferring ancient WGD event placement, even when using multiple methods.","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135247273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-113.3.170
Daniela Aros-Mualin, Catalina Flores-Galván, Saúl Páez, Jessie A. Pelosi, Elissa Sorojsrisom, Noah Yawn, James E. Watkins
Fern gametophytes are an often-overlooked part of field studies on ferns due to the challenge of finding material and the difficulty of identifying wild-collected plants. Most existing gametophyte descriptions are derived from lab-reared plants and while it is thought that many of the morphological features are similar under both conditions, we still have a poor understanding of in situ morphology for most taxa. The goal of this work was to document a set of morphological observations from the gametophytes of six different species collected in situ. We discovered identifiable gametophyte populations of Elaphoglossum latifolium, Hymenophyllum myriocarpoum, Lomariopsis maxonii, Polypodium dulce, Polytaenium cajenense, and Sticherus bifidus during the 2022 OTS Tropical Ferns and Lycophytes course in Costa Rica. Gametophytes were collected in the field, observed, and photographed using stereo and compound microscopy. This work represents the first detailed description for these species' gametophytes from field collections and offers insights into their natural morphology.
{"title":"In Situ Observations of the Gametophytes of Six Fern Species of Costa Rica","authors":"Daniela Aros-Mualin, Catalina Flores-Galván, Saúl Páez, Jessie A. Pelosi, Elissa Sorojsrisom, Noah Yawn, James E. Watkins","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-113.3.170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-113.3.170","url":null,"abstract":"Fern gametophytes are an often-overlooked part of field studies on ferns due to the challenge of finding material and the difficulty of identifying wild-collected plants. Most existing gametophyte descriptions are derived from lab-reared plants and while it is thought that many of the morphological features are similar under both conditions, we still have a poor understanding of in situ morphology for most taxa. The goal of this work was to document a set of morphological observations from the gametophytes of six different species collected in situ. We discovered identifiable gametophyte populations of Elaphoglossum latifolium, Hymenophyllum myriocarpoum, Lomariopsis maxonii, Polypodium dulce, Polytaenium cajenense, and Sticherus bifidus during the 2022 OTS Tropical Ferns and Lycophytes course in Costa Rica. Gametophytes were collected in the field, observed, and photographed using stereo and compound microscopy. This work represents the first detailed description for these species' gametophytes from field collections and offers insights into their natural morphology.","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135293874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-16DOI: 10.1640/0002-8444-113.2.109
Nikolai M. Hay, Jadesola Akinwuntan, Victor Cai, M. Windham, K. Pryer
Abstract. Anthropogenic climate change is projected to have an especially negative impact on the survival of plants that are dependent on limited microclimatic refugia or that already reside at their climatic extreme. Gymnocarpium appalachianum is a narrowly endemic fern restricted to cold mountaintops and algific vents in the central and southern Appalachian region of eastern North America. It is the much rarer of the two documented diploid parents of the circumboreal allotetraploid G. dryopteris––one of the most widespread fern species on the planet. Gymnocarpium appalachianum is a good case study for forecasting how evolutionarily significant, but rare, species might survive on a warming planet. We utilize an ecological niche modeling approach (MaxEnt) to explore the projected distribution of G. appalachianum under past (Last Glacial Maximum) and future climate models. All known verified herbarium records of G. appalachianum were georeferenced, for a total of 70 occurrence points. Nineteen standard bioclimatic variables extracted from WorldClim were used to model near-current climate projections; representative concentration pathways (RCPs 2.6 and 8.5) were used for future climate projections (2070). The temperature annual range, mean temperature of warmest quarter, precipitation of driest month, precipitation of coldest quarter, and mean diurnal range were identified as the key variables for shaping the distribution of G. appalachianum. An unanticipated result from our analyses is that G. appalachianum has past and current projected habitat suitability in Alaska. Because this overlaps with the current range of G. disjunctum, the other diploid parent of G. dryopteris, it suggests a possible region of origin for this circumboreal tetraploid descendent of G. appalachianum––a research avenue to be pursued in the future. Our study envisions a dire fate for G. appalachianum; its survival will likely require an urgent contingency plan that includes human-mediated population relocation to cooler, northern locations. Understanding the long-term sustainability of narrowly endemic plants such as G. appalachianum is critical in decisions about their management and conservation.
{"title":"Exploring Past and Future Distributions of the Rare Appalachian Oak Fern Using MaxEnt Modeling","authors":"Nikolai M. Hay, Jadesola Akinwuntan, Victor Cai, M. Windham, K. Pryer","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444-113.2.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-113.2.109","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Anthropogenic climate change is projected to have an especially negative impact on the survival of plants that are dependent on limited microclimatic refugia or that already reside at their climatic extreme. Gymnocarpium appalachianum is a narrowly endemic fern restricted to cold mountaintops and algific vents in the central and southern Appalachian region of eastern North America. It is the much rarer of the two documented diploid parents of the circumboreal allotetraploid G. dryopteris––one of the most widespread fern species on the planet. Gymnocarpium appalachianum is a good case study for forecasting how evolutionarily significant, but rare, species might survive on a warming planet. We utilize an ecological niche modeling approach (MaxEnt) to explore the projected distribution of G. appalachianum under past (Last Glacial Maximum) and future climate models. All known verified herbarium records of G. appalachianum were georeferenced, for a total of 70 occurrence points. Nineteen standard bioclimatic variables extracted from WorldClim were used to model near-current climate projections; representative concentration pathways (RCPs 2.6 and 8.5) were used for future climate projections (2070). The temperature annual range, mean temperature of warmest quarter, precipitation of driest month, precipitation of coldest quarter, and mean diurnal range were identified as the key variables for shaping the distribution of G. appalachianum. An unanticipated result from our analyses is that G. appalachianum has past and current projected habitat suitability in Alaska. Because this overlaps with the current range of G. disjunctum, the other diploid parent of G. dryopteris, it suggests a possible region of origin for this circumboreal tetraploid descendent of G. appalachianum––a research avenue to be pursued in the future. Our study envisions a dire fate for G. appalachianum; its survival will likely require an urgent contingency plan that includes human-mediated population relocation to cooler, northern locations. Understanding the long-term sustainability of narrowly endemic plants such as G. appalachianum is critical in decisions about their management and conservation.","PeriodicalId":50817,"journal":{"name":"American Fern Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41540766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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