Pub Date : 2026-03-20DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111133
Lin Xu, Hongfeng Ruan, Mengping Tang, Yongjun Shi, Guomo Zhou
Forest carbon sequestration is shaped by climate variability and biotic processes, yet their relative roles may differ between successional stages. Here we analyzed a 15-year dataset from two 1-ha subtropical forest stands representing contrasting successional stages, each subdivided into 25 permanent 20 × 20 m subplots. These successional stages are predefined stand categories based on stand characteristics and site history; therefore, our analyses represent stand-type contrasts rather than observed successional transitions. We quantified biomass carbon stocks at each census and carbon accumulation as changes in carbon stock between consecutive inventories (5-year intervals). Stand attributes were summarized and their interval changes were related to carbon accumulation using generalized linear mixed models fitted separately for each stand, with subplot identity as a random intercept. Interval-mean climate was derived at the stand level. In the early-successional stand, increases in tree Shannon diversity were positively associated with biomass carbon accumulation, whereas in the late-successional stand carbon accumulation was most strongly associated with greater spatial aggregation and higher interval precipitation, and was negatively associated with increases in tree diversity. These findings highlight that mechanisms underpinning biomass carbon accumulation can differ markedly between stands representing different successional stages, with precipitation receiving stronger support than temperature within the observed climate variability. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of how climate variability, tree diversity, and structural complexity jointly relate to biomass carbon accumulation in two subtropical forest stands representing contrasting successional stages. Promoting species diversity in young forests and preserving structural complexity and large old trees in mature forests will enhance carbon sequestration and climate resilience in subtropical forests ecosystems.
{"title":"Climate variability, tree diversity and stand structure jointly regulate biomass carbon dynamics in two subtropical forest stands representing contrasting successional stages in eastern China","authors":"Lin Xu, Hongfeng Ruan, Mengping Tang, Yongjun Shi, Guomo Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111133","url":null,"abstract":"Forest carbon sequestration is shaped by climate variability and biotic processes, yet their relative roles may differ between successional stages. Here we analyzed a 15-year dataset from two 1-ha subtropical forest stands representing contrasting successional stages, each subdivided into 25 permanent 20 × 20 m subplots. These successional stages are predefined stand categories based on stand characteristics and site history; therefore, our analyses represent stand-type contrasts rather than observed successional transitions. We quantified biomass carbon stocks at each census and carbon accumulation as changes in carbon stock between consecutive inventories (5-year intervals). Stand attributes were summarized and their interval changes were related to carbon accumulation using generalized linear mixed models fitted separately for each stand, with subplot identity as a random intercept. Interval-mean climate was derived at the stand level. In the early-successional stand, increases in tree Shannon diversity were positively associated with biomass carbon accumulation, whereas in the late-successional stand carbon accumulation was most strongly associated with greater spatial aggregation and higher interval precipitation, and was negatively associated with increases in tree diversity. These findings highlight that mechanisms underpinning biomass carbon accumulation can differ markedly between stands representing different successional stages, with precipitation receiving stronger support than temperature within the observed climate variability. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of how climate variability, tree diversity, and structural complexity jointly relate to biomass carbon accumulation in two subtropical forest stands representing contrasting successional stages. Promoting species diversity in young forests and preserving structural complexity and large old trees in mature forests will enhance carbon sequestration and climate resilience in subtropical forests ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147493011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-18DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111131
Dane S. Thomas, Wendy Cameron, Peter T. Hayman, Marcos Bonada, Victor O. Sadras, Joanna M. Gambetta, Jessica Y.C. Jolley, Paul R. Petrie
{"title":"Developing and testing of a winegrape phenology model for Australian conditions","authors":"Dane S. Thomas, Wendy Cameron, Peter T. Hayman, Marcos Bonada, Victor O. Sadras, Joanna M. Gambetta, Jessica Y.C. Jolley, Paul R. Petrie","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111131","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147496282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-18DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111102
Kasper Coppieters, Marco D. Visser, Hans Verbeeck, Stefan A. Schnitzer, Emma Van de Walle, Pieter De Frenne, Félicien Meunier
Forest microclimates play a crucial role in regulating multiple ecosystem processes and in maintaining suitable conditions for forest functioning and biodiversity. However, liana (woody vine) abundance is increasing in many forests, especially in the tropics and due to climate change, altering forest structure and influencing the forest energy balance. Yet, we do not know how lianas influence forest microclimate buffering. Here, using a large-scale liana removal experiment in a tropical forest, we show that lianas consistently lowered mean daytime understorey air temperatures year-round, compared to the liana absent plots. The additional microclimate cooling by lianas was most pronounced in the dry season, when lianas reduced the mean daytime offset from -0.82 °C to -1.02 °C (∼25 % of additional buffering), and during the hottest part of the day, when liana presence resulted in 31 % of additional buffering compared to liana absent plots. This stronger liana-induced cooling implies reduced energy reaching the forest floor, consistent with enhanced canopy interception: higher albedo reduces total energy input, while canopy absorption retains more of the remaining flux in the upper canopy. In addition, increased daytime evapotranspiration could further dissipate energy as latent heat, or both mechanisms may act in combination. Beyond effects on air temperature, lianas also tended to reduce maximum soil temperatures during the dry season. Together, these findings show that lianas have a strong impact on forest microclimate temperatures, particularly during hot and dry periods. As such extreme conditions are projected to become more intense and frequent, our work suggests that lianas will likely play a much more nuanced role under future climate change than previously thought - reducing forest carbon uptake while buffering temperature extremes.
{"title":"Lianas enhance microclimate buffering in tropical forests","authors":"Kasper Coppieters, Marco D. Visser, Hans Verbeeck, Stefan A. Schnitzer, Emma Van de Walle, Pieter De Frenne, Félicien Meunier","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111102","url":null,"abstract":"Forest microclimates play a crucial role in regulating multiple ecosystem processes and in maintaining suitable conditions for forest functioning and biodiversity. However, liana (woody vine) abundance is increasing in many forests, especially in the tropics and due to climate change, altering forest structure and influencing the forest energy balance. Yet, we do not know how lianas influence forest microclimate buffering. Here, using a large-scale liana removal experiment in a tropical forest, we show that lianas consistently lowered mean daytime understorey air temperatures year-round, compared to the liana absent plots. The additional microclimate cooling by lianas was most pronounced in the dry season, when lianas reduced the mean daytime offset from -0.82 °C to -1.02 °C (∼25 % of additional buffering), and during the hottest part of the day, when liana presence resulted in 31 % of additional buffering compared to liana absent plots. This stronger liana-induced cooling implies reduced energy reaching the forest floor, consistent with enhanced canopy interception: higher albedo reduces total energy input, while canopy absorption retains more of the remaining flux in the upper canopy. In addition, increased daytime evapotranspiration could further dissipate energy as latent heat, or both mechanisms may act in combination. Beyond effects on air temperature, lianas also tended to reduce maximum soil temperatures during the dry season. Together, these findings show that lianas have a strong impact on forest microclimate temperatures, particularly during hot and dry periods. As such extreme conditions are projected to become more intense and frequent, our work suggests that lianas will likely play a much more nuanced role under future climate change than previously thought - reducing forest carbon uptake while buffering temperature extremes.","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147478749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-17DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111118
Anastasia Gorlenko, Susanne Wiesner, Charlotte Scheutz, Andreas Ibrom
Storage change (S) is an important component of the mass balance equation and quantifies the accumulation or depletion of matter in the studied control volume, under the eddy covariance (EC) sensor. The quantification of S is required to estimate surface fluxes. This study compared four methods for calculating S of CO, based on EC and profile measurements at a Danish temperate forest ICOS site (DK-Sor). The 12-heights sequential sampling system quantified in- and above-canopy S. Its design and physical averaging properties were thoroughly described. Two vertical configurations of the profile system were analyzed: (i) top-tower, (ii) full profile (incorporating all levels), along with two alternative calculation methods based on top-tower EC data alone, including the method proposed in an often used software. Results showed that the deviations between the S methods had a seasonal course and that the top-tower profile was on average 21% lower than the full profile method. The choice of S method also impacted the surface flux estimations on an annual scale, with relative differences in net ecosystem exchanges of up to 8%, represented by 22 g-C m−2 yr−1. The S methods impacted the friction velocity threshold determination, leading to a variation in the amount of data retained during low-turbulence filtering. The full profile retained the most data. Lastly, the tailor-made calculation from EC concentration measurements were shown to fit the top-tower profile measurements closer, compared to the EddyPro-calculated S. These results highlight the importance of accurate storage change measurements in high and dense forest sites.
{"title":"Effects of alternative ways to estimate the CO2 storage change term on net annual CO2 surface exchange estimates","authors":"Anastasia Gorlenko, Susanne Wiesner, Charlotte Scheutz, Andreas Ibrom","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111118","url":null,"abstract":"Storage change (<em>S</em>) is an important component of the mass balance equation and quantifies the accumulation or depletion of matter in the studied control volume, under the eddy covariance (EC) sensor. The quantification of <em>S</em> is required to estimate surface fluxes. This study compared four methods for calculating <em>S</em> of CO<span><span style=\"\"></span><span data-mathml='<math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><msub is=\"true\"><mrow is=\"true\" /><mrow is=\"true\"><mn is=\"true\">2</mn></mrow></msub></math>' role=\"presentation\" style=\"font-size: 90%; display: inline-block; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"1.509ex\" role=\"img\" style=\"vertical-align: -0.582ex;\" viewbox=\"0 -399.4 453.9 649.8\" width=\"1.054ex\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"0\" transform=\"matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)\"><g is=\"true\"><g is=\"true\"></g><g is=\"true\" transform=\"translate(0,-150)\"><g is=\"true\"><use transform=\"scale(0.707)\" xlink:href=\"#MJMAIN-32\"></use></g></g></g></g></svg><span role=\"presentation\"><math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><msub is=\"true\"><mrow is=\"true\"></mrow><mrow is=\"true\"><mn is=\"true\">2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span></span><script type=\"math/mml\"><math><msub is=\"true\"><mrow is=\"true\"></mrow><mrow is=\"true\"><mn is=\"true\">2</mn></mrow></msub></math></script></span>, based on EC and profile measurements at a Danish temperate forest ICOS site (DK-Sor). The 12-heights sequential sampling system quantified in- and above-canopy <em>S</em>. Its design and physical averaging properties were thoroughly described. Two vertical configurations of the profile system were analyzed: (i) top-tower, (ii) full profile (incorporating all levels), along with two alternative calculation methods based on top-tower EC data alone, including the method proposed in an often used software. Results showed that the deviations between the <em>S</em> methods had a seasonal course and that the top-tower profile was on average 21% lower than the full profile method. The choice of <em>S</em> method also impacted the surface flux estimations on an annual scale, with relative differences in net ecosystem exchanges of up to 8%, represented by 22 g-C m<sup>−2</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>. The <em>S</em> methods impacted the friction velocity threshold determination, leading to a variation in the amount of data retained during low-turbulence filtering. The full profile retained the most data. Lastly, the tailor-made calculation from EC concentration measurements were shown to fit the top-tower profile measurements closer, compared to the EddyPro-calculated <em>S</em>. These results highlight the importance of accurate storage change measurements in high and dense forest sites.","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147478702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-15Epub Date: 2026-02-07DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111060
Yuanyuan Zhang , Fei Jiang , Yanlian Zhou , Guanyu Dong , Dongqiao Wu , Wei He , Jun Wang , Mousong Wu , Hengmao Wang , Lingyu Zhang , Mengwei Jia , Weimin Ju , Jing M. Chen
During the July-September (JAS) of 2022, a record-breaking heatwave-drought (DH2022) hit southern China, especially in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin (MLYR). It caused an unprecedented decline in vegetation photosynthesis, however, its impact on the regional carbon budget remains unclear. Here, we assessed the response of regional terrestrial carbon fluxes to DH2022 using the Global Carbon Assimilation System (GCAS v2) by assimilating OCO-2 XCO2 retrievals. Our results indicate that, relative to 2015-2021, the MLYR region experienced a 45.8 TgC reduction in land sink during JAS, consistent with the TRENDYv13 simulations. Combining our inverse results with satellite proxies for GPP, we find that an unusually wet spring in 2022 boosted vegetation growth in the MLYR, increasing gross primary productivity (GPP) by 46.1 TgC and strengthening the land sink by 24.0 TgC, thereby substantially offsetting the carbon sink reductions observed during JAS. Outside the MLYR region in southern China, annual land sink increased by 49.9 TgC in remaining areas (RAS), also greatly mitigating the impact of the DH2022 on the regional carbon balance. Overall, the annual land sink in MLYR decreased by only 7.1 TgC, whereas in southern China, it increased by 42.8 TgC. During JAS, the decreased land sink in MLYR was primarily driven by a decline in GPP in forests and grass/shrub, coupled with an increase in total ecosystem respiration in croplands. Our study provides a comprehensive assessment of land carbon dynamics in southern China under the influence of DH2022, enhancing our understanding of the impacts of climate extremes on the regional carbon cycle.
{"title":"Warm and wet spring compensated for the reduction in carbon sinks due to an extreme summer heatwave-drought event in 2022 in southern China","authors":"Yuanyuan Zhang , Fei Jiang , Yanlian Zhou , Guanyu Dong , Dongqiao Wu , Wei He , Jun Wang , Mousong Wu , Hengmao Wang , Lingyu Zhang , Mengwei Jia , Weimin Ju , Jing M. Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111060","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the July-September (JAS) of 2022, a record-breaking heatwave-drought (DH2022) hit southern China, especially in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin (MLYR). It caused an unprecedented decline in vegetation photosynthesis, however, its impact on the regional carbon budget remains unclear. Here, we assessed the response of regional terrestrial carbon fluxes to DH2022 using the Global Carbon Assimilation System (GCAS v2) by assimilating OCO-2 XCO<sub>2</sub> retrievals. Our results indicate that, relative to 2015-2021, the MLYR region experienced a 45.8 TgC reduction in land sink during JAS, consistent with the TRENDYv13 simulations. Combining our inverse results with satellite proxies for GPP, we find that an unusually wet spring in 2022 boosted vegetation growth in the MLYR, increasing gross primary productivity (GPP) by 46.1 TgC and strengthening the land sink by 24.0 TgC, thereby substantially offsetting the carbon sink reductions observed during JAS. Outside the MLYR region in southern China, annual land sink increased by 49.9 TgC in remaining areas (RAS), also greatly mitigating the impact of the DH2022 on the regional carbon balance. Overall, the annual land sink in MLYR decreased by only 7.1 TgC, whereas in southern China, it increased by 42.8 TgC. During JAS, the decreased land sink in MLYR was primarily driven by a decline in GPP in forests and grass/shrub, coupled with an increase in total ecosystem respiration in croplands. Our study provides a comprehensive assessment of land carbon dynamics in southern China under the influence of DH2022, enhancing our understanding of the impacts of climate extremes on the regional carbon cycle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 111060"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diaheliotropic leaf movement is pronounced in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaves, affecting the interception of photosynthetically active radiation and thus leaf photosynthetic capacity. The leaf movement state is related to soil water content. However, the relationship between diaheliotropic leaf movement characteristics and soil water content in cotton leaves, as well as its effect on leaf photosynthetic capacity is still unclear. In this study, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Xinluzao 45) was subjected to three water treatments: well-watered (control), moderate, and severe water deficit, with the relative soil water content in the 0–60 cm soil layer maintained at 75 ± 5 %, 55 ± 5 %, and 35 ± 5 % of the field capacity, respectively. The cotton leaves were categorized into two groups, free-moving and restrained leaves, to measure diurnal variations in midrib angle, incident photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), and sucrose and starch content under different water treatments. The results showed that the degree of diaheliotropic leaf movement reached its maximum in the morning (before 12:00). Under water deficit conditions, the time of peak variation in leaf midrib angle was advanced by 0.5–2 h compared to the control. Under moderate water deficit, the rate of midrib angle change in free-moving leaves was 27.9 %–44.3 % higher than that of the control. Accordingly, their incident PPFD was 26.7 %–31.4 % higher and Pn was 19.3 %–35.1 % higher than those in restrained leaves. Free-moving leaves exhibited synergistic changes in sucrose accumulation and water potential under moderate water deficit, and the vascular tissue at the junction of leaf and petiole changed less than that under severe water deficit. Therefore, the production and transport of photoassimilates were not affected under moderate water deficit. The stabilized accumulation of photoassimilates mitigated water stress and enhanced the sensitivity of diaheliotropic leaf movement through sucrose-dominated osmotic adjustment.
{"title":"Sensitivity of diaheliotropic leaf movement is enhanced in field-grown cotton under moderate water deficit","authors":"Yuan Shi, Fubin Liang, Shuhao Lv, Huijun Song, Jingshan Tian, Yali Zhang, Ling Gou, Wangfeng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diaheliotropic leaf movement is pronounced in cotton (<em>Gossypium hirsutum</em> L.) leaves, affecting the interception of photosynthetically active radiation and thus leaf photosynthetic capacity. The leaf movement state is related to soil water content. However, the relationship between diaheliotropic leaf movement characteristics and soil water content in cotton leaves, as well as its effect on leaf photosynthetic capacity is still unclear. In this study, cotton (<em>Gossypium hirsutum</em> L. cv. Xinluzao 45) was subjected to three water treatments: well-watered (control), moderate, and severe water deficit, with the relative soil water content in the 0–60 cm soil layer maintained at 75 ± 5 %, 55 ± 5 %, and 35 ± 5 % of the field capacity, respectively. The cotton leaves were categorized into two groups, free-moving and restrained leaves, to measure diurnal variations in midrib angle, incident photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), and sucrose and starch content under different water treatments. The results showed that the degree of diaheliotropic leaf movement reached its maximum in the morning (before 12:00). Under water deficit conditions, the time of peak variation in leaf midrib angle was advanced by 0.5–2 h compared to the control. Under moderate water deficit, the rate of midrib angle change in free-moving leaves was 27.9 %–44.3 % higher than that of the control. Accordingly, their incident PPFD was 26.7 %–31.4 % higher and Pn was 19.3 %–35.1 % higher than those in restrained leaves. Free-moving leaves exhibited synergistic changes in sucrose accumulation and water potential under moderate water deficit, and the vascular tissue at the junction of leaf and petiole changed less than that under severe water deficit. Therefore, the production and transport of photoassimilates were not affected under moderate water deficit. The stabilized accumulation of photoassimilates mitigated water stress and enhanced the sensitivity of diaheliotropic leaf movement through sucrose-dominated osmotic adjustment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 111028"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interception water accounts for 15–50% of precipitation, constituting a vital facet of the hydrological cycle. However, modeling of interception water evaporation over the wet surface of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is frequently omitted in evapotranspiration models. In this study, a new calculation method for wet surface fraction (Fwet) was introduced to the MOD16-STM evapotranspiration model (Yuan et al. 2021) by reanalyzing the correlation between relative humidity and precipitation responses across the TP region. The new Fwet equation aids in more accurate categorizing wet and dry surface fractions for the TP region. The justification for recalibrating the wet soil resistance for evaporation was also provided. Compared with the MOD16-STM model, optimizations resulted in an increase of R2 from 0.45 to 0.76, while RMSE was reduced from 40.1 to 27.1 W m–2 and MB decreased from –26.2 to 2.3 W m–2 under wet conditions. The integrated model with the revised wet surface evaporation algorithm exhibited significant performance enhancement, particularly through mitigation of wet surface evaporation underestimation. The modified algorithm enables improved capture of post-precipitation evapotranspiration variation.
截留水量占降水的15-50%，是水循环的一个重要方面。然而，在蒸散发模式中，青藏高原湿地表截留水分蒸发的模拟常常被忽略。本研究通过重新分析TP地区相对湿度与降水响应的相关性，在MOD16-STM蒸散发模型（Yuan et al. 2021）中引入了一种新的湿面分数（wet surface fraction, Fwet）计算方法。新的Fwet方程有助于更准确地分类TP区域的湿和干表面分数。为重新校准湿土蒸发阻力提供了理由。与MOD16-STM模型相比，优化后湿润条件下的R2从0.45提高到0.76，RMSE从40.1降低到27.1 W m-2， MB从-26.2降低到2.3 W m-2。采用改进的湿表面蒸发算法的集成模型表现出显著的性能增强，特别是通过减轻湿表面蒸发低估。改进后的算法能够更好地捕获降水后蒸散发变化。
{"title":"Improving the algorithms for the estimation of wet surface evaporation on the Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Cunbo Zhang , Xuelong Chen , Huaiyong Shao , Xin Xu , Ling Yuan , Yajing Liu , Ying Xie , Yaoming Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interception water accounts for 15–50% of precipitation, constituting a vital facet of the hydrological cycle. However, modeling of interception water evaporation over the wet surface of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is frequently omitted in evapotranspiration models. In this study, a new calculation method for wet surface fraction (<em>F<sub>wet</sub></em>) was introduced to the MOD16-STM evapotranspiration model (Yuan et al. 2021) by reanalyzing the correlation between relative humidity and precipitation responses across the TP region. The new <em>F<sub>wet</sub></em> equation aids in more accurate categorizing wet and dry surface fractions for the TP region. The justification for recalibrating the wet soil resistance for evaporation was also provided. Compared with the MOD16-STM model, optimizations resulted in an increase of R<sup>2</sup> from 0.45 to 0.76, while RMSE was reduced from 40.1 to 27.1 W m<sup>–2</sup> and MB decreased from –26.2 to 2.3 W m<sup>–2</sup> under wet conditions. The integrated model with the revised wet surface evaporation algorithm exhibited significant performance enhancement, particularly through mitigation of wet surface evaporation underestimation. The modified algorithm enables improved capture of post-precipitation evapotranspiration variation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 111030"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-15Epub Date: 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111032
Pradeep Wagle , Afshin Shayeghi , Nishan Bhattarai , Brian K. Northup , Corey Moffet , Stacey A. Gunter , Rudra Baral
Understanding the annual dynamics of water use by rainfed and irrigated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) can support its sustainable management. Changes in evapotranspiration (ET) and plant growth patterns of alfalfa across years are scarce and are not well understood in the Southern Great Plains (SGP) of the United States (U.S.). The objectives of this study were to investigate the dynamics of eddy covariance (EC) measured ET (ETEC) and its controlling factors in rainfed and irrigated alfalfa and to compare ETEC dynamics with OpenET products that provide several established remote sensing-based ET model products (METRIC, PTJPL, SIMS, SSEBop, SEBAL, and DisALEXI) across the western U.S. The ETEC showed notable seasonal and interannual dynamics driven by meteorological conditions, vegetation dynamics, and water availability. Warmer and wetter conditions in April 2019 promoted initial alfalfa growth. Alfalfa’s water use (ET) mirrored its growth pattern throughout the year. Daily ETEC rates and cumulative ETEC at annual and seasonal scales were substantially lower than those reported for highly productive irrigated alfalfa in past studies. Satellite-derived enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and solar radiation (SR) explained 75% and 88% of variations in ETEC for all sites combined at 8-day and monthly scales, respectively. It indicates the potential of developing empirical models using readily available EVI and SR data to monitor alfalfa ET across large areas. When compared to ETEC, the performance of OpenET models varied widely, depending on field scenarios and criteria applied to model evaluations. SIMS and SSEBop demonstrated consistency and reliability in estimating ET for rainfed and irrigated alfalfa. DisALEXI and SEBAL performed poorly in irrigated alfalfa. METRIC and PTJPL exhibited poor performances under rainfed and irrigated conditions. By examining water use dynamics by alfalfa and the reliability of OpenET products, this study provides crucial information for effective water management practices for alfalfa.
{"title":"Assessing evapotranspiration in rainfed and irrigated Alfalfa in the U.S. southern great plains using eddy covariance measurements and OpenET products","authors":"Pradeep Wagle , Afshin Shayeghi , Nishan Bhattarai , Brian K. Northup , Corey Moffet , Stacey A. Gunter , Rudra Baral","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the annual dynamics of water use by rainfed and irrigated alfalfa (<em>Medicago sativa</em> L.) can support its sustainable management. Changes in evapotranspiration (ET) and plant growth patterns of alfalfa across years are scarce and are not well understood in the Southern Great Plains (SGP) of the United States (U.S.). The objectives of this study were to investigate the dynamics of eddy covariance (EC) measured ET (ET<sub>EC</sub>) and its controlling factors in rainfed and irrigated alfalfa and to compare ET<sub>EC</sub> dynamics with OpenET products that provide several established remote sensing-based ET model products (METRIC, PTJPL, SIMS, SSEBop, SEBAL, and DisALEXI) across the western U.S. The ET<sub>EC</sub> showed notable seasonal and interannual dynamics driven by meteorological conditions, vegetation dynamics, and water availability. Warmer and wetter conditions in April 2019 promoted initial alfalfa growth. Alfalfa’s water use (ET) mirrored its growth pattern throughout the year. Daily ET<sub>EC</sub> rates and cumulative ET<sub>EC</sub> at annual and seasonal scales were substantially lower than those reported for highly productive irrigated alfalfa in past studies. Satellite-derived enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and solar radiation (SR) explained 75% and 88% of variations in ET<sub>EC</sub> for all sites combined at 8-day and monthly scales, respectively. It indicates the potential of developing empirical models using readily available EVI and SR data to monitor alfalfa ET across large areas. When compared to ET<sub>EC</sub>, the performance of OpenET models varied widely, depending on field scenarios and criteria applied to model evaluations. SIMS and SSEBop demonstrated consistency and reliability in estimating ET for rainfed and irrigated alfalfa. DisALEXI and SEBAL performed poorly in irrigated alfalfa. METRIC and PTJPL exhibited poor performances under rainfed and irrigated conditions. By examining water use dynamics by alfalfa and the reliability of OpenET products, this study provides crucial information for effective water management practices for alfalfa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 111032"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145996210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-15Epub Date: 2026-02-04DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111053
Hong Zhou , Fulu Tao , Yi Chen , Lichang Yin , Yibo Li
Rice cultivation stands out as a major greenhouse gas source, emitting 10–20% of global CH4 emissions. How to accurately estimate CH4 emissions from paddy rice and their mitigation potential has been key concerns. Agroecosystem models have unique advantages in understanding CH4 processes, simulating CH4 emissions dynamics, optimizing management practices, and quantifying mitigation potentials. However, current agroecosystem models need to be substantially improved for these purposes. In this study, we develop a comprehensive agroecosystem model, MCWLA-Rice 2.0, to better depict the production, oxidation, and emission processes of CH4 and improve the simulation of root exudates, the effect of nitrate fertilizer on CH4 emissions, and the decomposition of external organic carbon. We calibrate and validate the model and demonstrate its performance in simulating the rice cultivation system under different fertilizer and irrigation treatments at seven sites across Asia. Elaborating on both aboveground and belowground carbon-nitrogen coupling processes, MCWLA-Rice 2.0 is a valuable tool for simulating rice productivity and CH4 emissions under various environments and managements, effectively supporting the development of climate-smart agriculture.
{"title":"Improving the MCWLA agroecosystem model to better simulate methane emissions from paddy rice fields","authors":"Hong Zhou , Fulu Tao , Yi Chen , Lichang Yin , Yibo Li","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rice cultivation stands out as a major greenhouse gas source, emitting 10–20% of global CH<sub>4</sub> emissions. How to accurately estimate CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from paddy rice and their mitigation potential has been key concerns. Agroecosystem models have unique advantages in understanding CH<sub>4</sub> processes, simulating CH<sub>4</sub> emissions dynamics, optimizing management practices, and quantifying mitigation potentials. However, current agroecosystem models need to be substantially improved for these purposes. In this study, we develop a comprehensive agroecosystem model, MCWLA-Rice 2.0, to better depict the production, oxidation, and emission processes of CH<sub>4</sub> and improve the simulation of root exudates, the effect of nitrate fertilizer on CH<sub>4</sub> emissions, and the decomposition of external organic carbon. We calibrate and validate the model and demonstrate its performance in simulating the rice cultivation system under different fertilizer and irrigation treatments at seven sites across Asia. Elaborating on both aboveground and belowground carbon-nitrogen coupling processes, MCWLA-Rice 2.0 is a valuable tool for simulating rice productivity and CH<sub>4</sub> emissions under various environments and managements, effectively supporting the development of climate-smart agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 111053"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-15Epub Date: 2026-02-04DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111056
Jianhong Lin , Cyrille B.K. Rathgeber , Patrick Fonti , Sergio Rossi , Henri Cuny , Edurne Martinez del Castillo , Katarina Čufar , J. Julio Camarero , Alessio Giovannelli , Harri Mäkinen , Peter Prislan , Walter Oberhuber , Hanuš Vavrčík , Jianguo Huang , Andreas Gruber , Vladimír Gryc , Václav Treml , Martin de Luis , Jožica Gričar , Nicolas Delpierre
Cambium phenology is a crucial process in wood production and carbon sequestration of forest ecosystems. Although cambium phenology has been widely studied, research specifically focusing on the cessation of wood formation remains limited. To better understand the influence of environmental and intrinsic factors on the cessation of wood formation, we built and compared three ecophysiological models (temperature sum model, photoperiod-influenced temperature sum model and soil moisture- and photoperiod-influenced temperature sum model) in their ability to predict the date of cessation of xylem cell enlargement (cE) in three major Northern Hemisphere conifer species (Black spruce, Norway spruce and Scots pine). We developed these models based on xylogenesis data collected for 130 site‐years across Europe and Canada. Our results demonstrate that the photoperiod-influenced temperature sum model is well-supported by data across all conifer species, with a RMSE of 9.2 days, suggesting that both temperature and photoperiod are critical drivers of wood growth cessation. However, incorporating soil moisture effects does not improve model performance. Our model effectively captures the inter-site variability in cE across a wide environmental gradient, with a fair model efficiency (ME = 0.51 ± 0.22), but performed less well for annual anomalies (ME = 0.10 ± 0.09). Additionally, we found that the total ring cell number also affected prediction accuracy. Using this model, we reconstructed historical trends in cE over the past six decades and found a trend to delayed cessation dates. This delay varied geographically, with slower shifts at higher latitudes and elevations, likely due to constrained cambial responses and conservative growth strategies in colder regions. Our model framework offers a simple yet accurate approach for predicting wood growth cessation at large spatial scales, providing a basis for integrating cambium phenology into land surface models and forest productivity assessments.
{"title":"Temperature and photoperiod interactions influence the cessation of wood growth in three temperate and boreal conifers","authors":"Jianhong Lin , Cyrille B.K. Rathgeber , Patrick Fonti , Sergio Rossi , Henri Cuny , Edurne Martinez del Castillo , Katarina Čufar , J. Julio Camarero , Alessio Giovannelli , Harri Mäkinen , Peter Prislan , Walter Oberhuber , Hanuš Vavrčík , Jianguo Huang , Andreas Gruber , Vladimír Gryc , Václav Treml , Martin de Luis , Jožica Gričar , Nicolas Delpierre","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cambium phenology is a crucial process in wood production and carbon sequestration of forest ecosystems. Although cambium phenology has been widely studied, research specifically focusing on the cessation of wood formation remains limited. To better understand the influence of environmental and intrinsic factors on the cessation of wood formation, we built and compared three ecophysiological models (<em>temperature sum</em> model, <em>photoperiod-influenced temperature sum</em> model and <em>soil moisture- and photoperiod-influenced temperature sum</em> model) in their ability to predict the date of cessation of xylem cell enlargement (cE) in three major Northern Hemisphere conifer species (Black spruce, Norway spruce and Scots pine). We developed these models based on xylogenesis data collected for 130 site‐years across Europe and Canada. Our results demonstrate that the <em>photoperiod-influenced temperature sum</em> model is well-supported by data across all conifer species, with a RMSE of 9.2 days, suggesting that both temperature and photoperiod are critical drivers of wood growth cessation. However, incorporating soil moisture effects does not improve model performance. Our model effectively captures the inter-site variability in cE across a wide environmental gradient, with a fair model efficiency (ME = 0.51 ± 0.22), but performed less well for annual anomalies (ME = 0.10 ± 0.09). Additionally, we found that the total ring cell number also affected prediction accuracy. Using this model, we reconstructed historical trends in cE over the past six decades and found a trend to delayed cessation dates. This delay varied geographically, with slower shifts at higher latitudes and elevations, likely due to constrained cambial responses and conservative growth strategies in colder regions. Our model framework offers a simple yet accurate approach for predicting wood growth cessation at large spatial scales, providing a basis for integrating cambium phenology into land surface models and forest productivity assessments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 111056"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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