Agricultural and Forest Meteorology最新文献

{"title":"Snow depth and spring temperature dominate the spring phenological shifts and control growing season dynamics on the Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Qianqian Ma ,&nbsp;Ji Liu ,&nbsp;Xiangyi Li ,&nbsp;Yanyan Li ,&nbsp;Fanjiang Zeng ,&nbsp;Xiaowei Guo ,&nbsp;Maierdang Keyimu","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To explore the spatio-temporal variability of vegetation phenology and its drivers under rapid climate change on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) over the past four decades, a monthly normalized vegetation index (NDVI) dataset was constructed for the TP from 1982 to 2020 using pixel-level univariate linear regression models based on GIMMS NDVI and MODIS NDVI. The extended NDVI dataset passed a consistency check (R² = 0.99, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). From here, the optimal thresholds for retrieving vegetation phenology were determined based on phenological observation data. Spatial differences among the pathways of influence of how climate change affected vegetation phenology were analyzed using lagging correlation analysis and structural equation modeling. Based on the extended dataset, the optimal thresholds for the start of the growing season (SOS) and the end of growing season (EOS) were 0.30 and 0.80, respectively. The SOS had a three-month lag in response to snow depth and a one-month lag in response to temperature. The variation in SOS was mainly influenced by a negative effect of snow depth in the central-western TP and a negative effect of spring temperatures in the south-eastern TP, while the variation in EOS was mainly influenced by a positive effect of fall temperature in the central-western TP and a positive effect of SOS in the south-eastern TP. Additionally, phenological changes displayed altitude dependence in response to climate change, with the reduction in snow depth delaying the SOS more at higher altitudes than at lower altitudes. This can be attributed to elevation-dependent warming, where snow depth is reduced more quickly at higher altitudes. Thus, alpine ecosystems at higher elevations on the TP may be particularly sensitive to snow cover changes under future warming scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 110435"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143371685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of spatial and temporal variability in Sentinel-2 surface reflectance on a rice paddy landscape","authors":"Wonseok Choi ,&nbsp;Youngryel Ryu ,&nbsp;Juwon Kong ,&nbsp;Sungchan Jeong ,&nbsp;Kyungdo Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High spatial resolution spaceborne remote sensing systems provide a new data source for agricultural applications. As a key deliverable, surface reflectance (SR) enables immediate and non-destructive estimation of crop status, thus the demand for reliable pixelwise SR is increasing. However, the evaluations are typically conducted on pseudo-invariant areas and the reliability of pixelwise SR has not been thoroughly examined over heterogenous, dynamic surfaces. In this study, we evaluated pixelwise Sentinel-2 (S2) SR on a rice paddy landscape across seasons using drone-based hyperspectral images and tower-based continuous hyperspectral observations as the ground references. We also examined the impact of spatial and atmospheric properties on S2 SR. Overall, S2 SR showed strong linear relationships with the ground references (the overall R² &gt; 0.8). The residual errors were influenced by sub-pixel geolocation errors (0.01–0.017 (2.1–11.8 %)), a widen PSF (0.007 (7.6 %) for red) and underestimated AOT retrievals (0.027 (40.7 %) for blue). Notably, atmospheric adjacency effects broadened the PSF, causing the consistency of S2 with the ground reference image to depend on the landscape's heterogeneity. Our findings outlined the key factors contributing to uncertainties in S2 SR, which could affect downstream products like vegetation indices and leaf area index. Considering these factors would enhance remote sensing of landscapes with high contrast in reflectance and elevated aerosol loadings, such as urban, savanna, wetland and dry agricultural land.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 110401"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143350698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data assimilation of forest status using Sentinel-2 data and a process-based model","authors":"Francesco Minunno ,&nbsp;Jukka Miettinen ,&nbsp;Xianglin Tian ,&nbsp;Tuomas Häme ,&nbsp;Jonathan Holder ,&nbsp;Kristiina Koivu ,&nbsp;Annikki Mäkelä","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spatially explicit information of forest status is important for obtaining more accurate predictions of C balance. Spatially explicit predictions of forest characteristics at high resolution can be obtained by Earth Observations (EO), but the accuracy of satellite-based predictions may vary significantly. Modern computational techniques, such as data assimilation (DA), allow us to improve the accuracy of predictions considering measurement uncertainties. The main objective of this work was to develop two DA frameworks that combine repeated satellite measurements (Sentinel-2) and process-based forest model predictions. For the study three tiles of 100 × 100 km² were considered, in boreal forests. One framework was used to predict forest structural variables and tree species, while the other was used to quantify the site fertility class. The reliability of the frameworks was tested using field measurements. By means of DA we combined model and satellite-based predictions improving the reliability and robustness of forest monitoring. The DA frameworks reduced the uncertainty associated with forest structural variables and mitigated the effects of biased Earth Observation predictions when errors occurred. For one tile, Sentinel-2 prediction for 2019 (s2019) of stem diameter (D) and height (H) was biased, but the errors were reduced by the DA estimation (DA2019). The root mean squared errors were reduced from 5.8 cm (s2019) to 4.5 cm (DA2019) and from 5.1 m (s2019) to 3.3 m (DA2019) for D (sd = 4.33 cm) and H (sd = 3.43 m), respectively. For the site fertility class estimation DA was less effective, because forest growth rate is low in boreal environments; long term analysis might be more informative. We showed here the potential of the DA framework implemented using medium resolution remote sensing data and a process-based forest model. Further testing of the frameworks using more RS-data acquisitions is desirable and the DA process would benefit if the error of satellite-based predictions were reduced.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 110436"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143371684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Die-off after an extreme hot drought affects trees with physiological performance constrained by a more stressful abiotic niche","authors":"Guillermo Gea-Izquierdo ,&nbsp;Macarena Férriz ,&nbsp;Maria Conde ,&nbsp;Michael N. Evans ,&nbsp;Jose I. Querejeta ,&nbsp;Dario Martin-Benito","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110430","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110430","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forest die-off has become more frequent under climate change, making crucial to understand the physiological mechanisms of forest mortality. We analyzed <em>Quercus ilex</em> die-off after a record-setting hot drought in two open woodlands without previous signs of decline. To understand physiological performance of trees we compared observations of radial growth dynamics, xylem hydraulic architecture, sapwood nutrient content and <span><math><mi>δ</mi></math></span>¹³C and <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>δ</mi></mrow><mn>18</mn></msup><mrow><mi>O</mi></mrow><mspace></mspace></mrow></math></span> in wood cellulose, with model simulations of tree carbon and water fluxes. We also assessed climate-growth responses across a <em>Q. ilex</em> network including sites with and without increased mortality. Past extreme droughts triggered multidecadal growth declines consistently in dead trees, which suggests long-term vulnerability of dead <em>Q. ilex</em> independent of the mortality process or causal factor. In the two studied woodlands, trends in xylem cellulose <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>δ</mi></mrow><mn>18</mn></msup><mi>O</mi></mrow></math></span> suggest that both dead and surviving trees increasingly relied on deeper water sources as stress increased under climate change. Dead and surviving trees followed different functional strategies reflecting chronic abiotic niche-related differences in stress. Dead trees invested similar or larger amounts of carbon in xylem reservoir tissues and less in xylem conductive tissues compared to surviving trees, yet exhibited an impaired nutrient status. Xylem hydraulic architecture differed in surviving and dead trees. The latter formed more efficient xylems with higher vessel density and larger or similar vessel sizes. The isotopic proxies suggested that dead trees systematically maintained tighter stomatal regulation and were forced to rely on deeper water likely sourced from the fractured granite bedrock. Isotopic proxies and simulations of water and carbon dynamics further suggest that surviving trees benefitted from soils with higher water-holding capacity contributing to buffer water stress. Dead trees expressed a functional paradox. Although their long-term functional strategy successfully coped with higher baseline water stress, they failed to withstand the additional increase in stress during an unprecedented hot drought.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 110430"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143258654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Canopy cover at the crown-scale best predicts spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture within a temperate Atlantic forest","authors":"Eva Meijers ,&nbsp;Roos Groenewoud ,&nbsp;Jorad de Vries ,&nbsp;Jens van der Zee ,&nbsp;Gert-Jan Nabuurs ,&nbsp;Marleen Vos ,&nbsp;Frank Sterck","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Managing forest openness can enhance drought resilience during dry, hot summer periods by reducing competition for soil moisture among trees. The purpose of our study was to better understand how different components of forest structure influence soil moisture variability. In our study, we utilized Terrestrial Laser Scanning to quantify the relationships between five forest structural attributes and the spatial distribution of soil moisture within experimental forest plots dominated by Douglas fir, Scots pine, and common beech in The Netherlands. In these plots the canopy openness ranged from 0, 20, 80 to 100 %. Observations were conducted during the hot and dry summer of 2022. Our findings revealed that all forest structural attributes related negatively with soil moisture and that the <em>crown features</em> canopy cover and plant area index predicted between 30 and 60 % of the spatial variability of soil moisture. In addition, these <em>crown features</em> consistently predicted 17 % more variation than the <em>trunk-centred</em> features basal area, stem density, and a density-dependent competition index. The <em>crown</em>-scale, corresponding to the crown radius of the dominant tree species, consistently explained most variation in soil moisture across species and time. We expect that tree water uptake is the primary factor influencing the spatial variability of soil moisture, rather than throughfall or interception, yet direct measurements of these processes are needed to substantiate this. This study suggests that forest management could benefit from information on forest structural attributes to guide tree harvest and improve soil moisture availability, contributing to developing a climate-smart forest management strategy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 110431"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143192422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Invasive tree species benefit from ecohydrological niche segregation and deeper soil water uptake in a Mediterranean riparian forest","authors":"E Granda ,&nbsp;V Resco de Dios ,&nbsp;P Castro-Díez","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aridification due to climate change and water table lowering due to human management are intensifying the environmental filter of summer aridity for Mediterranean riparian forests. This may represent an opportunity for the entry of non-native (NNT) species which might be pre-adapted to these new conditions, thus favoring their invasive potential. Differences in water uptake depth by coexisting native (NT) and NNT tree species could be one of the reasons why some of the latter species might become successful invaders in riparian ecosystems. To test whether spatial ecohydrological niche segregation occurs during dry summers, we analyzed stable water isotopes from different sources in a riparian ecosystem of central Spain. Xylem water δ¹⁸O was analyzed in 6 NT and 6 NNT (2 of them invasive) coexisting tree species. We used Bayesian isotope mixing models to estimate the proportion of water from different depths used by trees. We also tested the relationship between the δ¹⁸O from xylem water and leaf δ¹³C to test if species with deeper access to water have lower intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE). We found no segregation between NT and NNT species in water uptake depth, but a species-specific vertical partitioning of water resources, with both invasive species extracting more water from the deepest soil layers<em>.</em> NNT species had higher leaf δ¹³C. A negative relationship between xylem water δ¹⁸O and leaf δ¹³C was found at interspecific level, indicating that species with greater access to deep water are also those bearing higher iWUE. Our results indicate a pronounced niche partitioning promoting species coexistence. The ability of invasive species to tap into deeper water layers combined with higher iWUE led to a competition-avoidance strategy together with a water stress-avoidance strategy. Deeper water uptake and greater iWUE could be important driving the success of tree species in Mediterranean floodplains under drier conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 110433"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143228560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Slow recovery of microclimate temperature buffering capacity after clear-cuts in boreal forests","authors":"Iris Starck ,&nbsp;Juha Aalto ,&nbsp;Steven Hancock ,&nbsp;Sauli Valkonen ,&nbsp;Leena Kalliovirta ,&nbsp;Eduardo Maeda","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110434","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110434","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The majority of Fennoscandian boreal forests are managed. Forest management inherently changes the physical structure of forests, thus altering ecosystem functions and the conditions for living organisms within these environments. However, the impacts of management on the microclimate buffering of boreal forests have not been comprehensively studied, despite that microclimate is one of the key determinants of biodiversity. Here, we studied the effect of forest structure and management on the temperature buffering capacity of boreal forests using terrestrial laser scanning and microclimate measurements. We measured the temperature variability on forest plots representing two management types: even-aged rotation forestry and uneven-aged forestry. To quantify buffering, we calculated the slope coefficient of the linear regression between microclimate and clear-cut temperatures. We found that the total amount of plant material alone was not an adequate predictor of the buffering. Instead, increasing canopy layers and the density of the understory led to more buffered temperature variability compared to clear-cuts and forests with fewer layers. The buffering was high in both mature even-aged and uneven-aged sites, but the effect in even-aged forests depended on stand age, suggesting that a strong buffering capacity could be reached only after approximately 30 years after clear-cut. In uneven-aged stands, the buffering capacity varied with recurring partial selection cuttings, but never lead to a full coupling with open-air temperatures like in even-aged stands after clear-cuts. We conclude that despite the buffering being on average stronger in mature even-aged stands than in uneven-aged stands, it can take decades for a clear-cut stand to reach the same buffering capacity as an uneven-aged forest with continuous tree cover, and it will eventually disappear after a new clear-cut harvest. From biodiversity perspective, uneven-aged management can create more temporally stable microclimatic conditions and can thus aid in maintaining microrefugia and mitigate climate warming impacts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 110434"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143192611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing turbulence at a forest edge: A vorticity budget analysis around a canopy","authors":"Dorianis M. Perez ,&nbsp;Jesse M. Canfield ,&nbsp;Rodman R. Linn ,&nbsp;Kevin Speer","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vorticity is a key characteristic of flow patterns that determine wildland fire behavior, frontal evolution, and wind-canopy interaction. Investigating the role of vorticity in the flow fields around vegetation can help us better understand fire-atmosphere feedback and the influences of vegetation on this feedback. In modeling vorticity, “perhaps the greatest knowledge gap exists in understanding which terms in the vorticity equation dominate [...] (and) when one or the other might dominate” (<span><span>Potter, 2012</span></span>). In this study, we investigate the role of vorticity in boundary layer dynamics and canopy/forest edge effects using HIGRAD/FIRETEC, a three-dimensional, two-phase transport model that conserves mass, momentum, energy, and chemical species. A vorticity transport equation was derived and discretized. Simulations were performed over a cuboidal homogeneous canopy surrounded by surface vegetation. This derivation led to the discovery of a drag tilting and stretching term, which shows that gradients in the aerodynamic drag of the vegetation, tied to heterogeneities in surface area-to-volume ratio, play an important role in the generation of vorticity. Results from the vorticity budget analysis show that the drag tilting and stretching term contributes significantly in the areas where these gradients are present, namely the edges of the canopy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 110422"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143124403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precipitation trends cause large uncertainties in grassland carbon budgets—a global meta-analysis","authors":"Hao Cui ,&nbsp;Lei Wang ,&nbsp;Zhiheng Du ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Wei ,&nbsp;Cunde Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110432","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110432","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Continuous global warming exacerbates the worldwide hydrological cycle, and alterations in precipitation patterns affect the carbon cycle in grassland ecosystems. The consistency of grassland ecosystem responses to precipitation fluctuations remains unclear, despite extensive research on carbon cycling responses in various ecosystems. Here, we collected data from 109 studies (3129 observations in total) to assess the response of carbon cycle variables to precipitation changes in three grassland types (desert grassland, arid grassland, and wet grassland) at a global scale. The results show that the carbon cycle of grasslands had a wide asymmetric response to changes in precipitation. Increased precipitation promoted carbon input and carbon output in the three grassland types, whereas decreased precipitation inhibited both processes. The response of soil respiration (Rs) to increased precipitation was the lowest in the wet grassland (16.51 %) and the highest in the desert grassland (28.72 %), whereas the response to decreased precipitation was the highest in the arid grassland (-34 %) and the lowest in the wet grassland (-15.37 %). Interestingly, autotrophic respiration (Ra) responded more to increased precipitation than to decreased precipitation, with wet grasslands exhibiting a 10 times greater response. Moreover, the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of arid grasslands responded more strongly to decreased precipitation, whereas the NEE of desert grasslands responded more strongly to increased precipitation. The natural climate of grasslands affected their response to precipitation management. As the treatment time increased, the response of soil respiration in the desert grasslands gradually decreased, whereas the response in the wet grasslands gradually increased. There was no significant temporal trend in arid grasslands. The natural climate of grassland ecosystems affected their response to precipitation treatments, particularly grassland moisture conditions, which may be the main limiting factor regulating the response of grassland ecosystems to the carbon cycle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 110432"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143083198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An integrated, multivariate characterisation of water and photothermal regimes for faba bean in Australia","authors":"James B Manson ,&nbsp;Matthew D Denton ,&nbsp;Lachlan Lake ,&nbsp;Victor O Sadras","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Environmental characterisation provides a useful summary of a major source of variation in grain yield. Environments consist of water and photothermal regimes that covary in time and space, but previous characterisations have focussed on single-variable regimes such as drought, or downplayed the temporal pattern of multivariate regimes. Season-long, multivariate characterisations are needed to more realistically represent the complex growing conditions that crops encounter. We conducted two studies on faba bean, an important source of plant protein, in Australia, its largest exporter. From a database of yield with 299 variety trials, Study 1 tested the timing and strength of the association of seed yield with maximum and minimum temperature, heat stress, frost, solar radiation, vapour pressure deficit and simulated water supply:demand. Study 2 used cluster analysis of 30,096 simulated crops (1957–2022, three sowing dates, two varieties, 76 locations) to determine environment types for these variables, individually and combined. We tested the real-world relevance of the environment types with the seed yield data of Study 1. Water supply:demand, maximum temperature and vapour pressure deficit had the strongest links to grain yield in both studies. We identified four multivariate environment types that ranged from syndromes of ‘wet, cool and low evaporative demand’ to ‘dry, hot and high evaporative demand’. From least to most stressful environment type, median seed yield reduced by 62 %. Frequency of environment types varied with location, sowing date and variety, highlighting the potential value of earlier sowing and phenology for a large part of the country. From 1963–1992 compared with 1993–2022, the frequency of stressful environment types increased by 4 to 9 %, highlighting the need to adapt to a challenging future climate. Our findings can inform breeding, management and research of faba bean in Australia and beyond, and our multivariate method can be applied to other crops and environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"363 ","pages":"Article 110426"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143077123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}