Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110963
Xinyi Fan , Qinggaozi Zhu , Yingnan Wei , Ning Yao , Gang Zhao , Qiang Yu , Genghong Wu
Wildfires significantly alter terrestrial carbon cycling by reducing vegetation productivity and reshaping ecosystem functioning, yet satellite-based estimates of gross primary productivity (GPP) remain highly uncertain under fire disturbance. Here, we evaluated five global GPP products—BESS GPP (process-based), FLUXCOM and FluxSat GPP (machine learning-based), GOSIF GPP (derived from reconstructed solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence, SIF), MODIS GPP (light-use efficiency–based)—together with three complementary proxies: GOSIF (reconstructed SIF), the near-infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRv), and leaf area index (LAI). These products were benchmarked against eddy covariance (EC) tower GPP measurements from ten fire-affected sites (five forest sites, five grass/shrub sites) with multi-year pre- and post-fire records. Results show that satellite proxies generally underestimated fire-induced GPP loss, with forest sites showing the largest discrepancy: EC GPP declined by ∼94%, compared to 47–88% from satellites. During recovery, most satellite products overestimated post-fire carbon gain and underestimated recovery time, often signaling premature recovery in forests. In contrast, grass and shrub ecosystems showed faster rebound and closer agreement with satellite estimates. Among these products, BESS GPP and GOSIF better reproduced immediate loss and recovery time, though still underestimated persistent suppression and overestimated cumulative uptake. Moreover, EC data further revealed reduced post-fire GPP sensitivity to light, temperature, and vapor pressure deficit in forests, which satellite products failed to capture. These findings highlight systematic biases in current satellite proxies, emphasize the challenges in monitoring forest recovery, and underscore the need for disturbance-responsive models and expanded flux benchmarks to improve post-fire carbon cycle assessments.
野火通过降低植被生产力和重塑生态系统功能显著地改变了陆地碳循环，但在火灾干扰下，基于卫星的总初级生产力（GPP）估计仍然高度不确定。在这里，我们评估了五种全球GPP产品- bess GPP（基于过程的），FLUXCOM和FluxSat GPP（基于机器学习的），GOSIF GPP（源自重建太阳诱导叶绿素荧光，SIF）， MODIS GPP（基于光利用效率的）-以及三个互补代理：GOSIF（重建SIF），植被近红外反射率（NIRv）和叶面积指数（LAI）。这些产品以10个受火灾影响的地点（5个森林地点，5个草/灌木地点）的涡动相关（EC）塔GPP测量值为基准，具有多年的火灾前后记录。结果表明，卫星代用物普遍低估了火灾引起的GPP损失，其中森林样地的差异最大：EC GPP下降了~ 94%，而卫星代用物的GPP下降了47-88%。在恢复过程中，大多数卫星产品高估了火灾后的碳增益，低估了恢复时间，往往预示着森林的过早恢复。相比之下，草和灌木生态系统表现出更快的反弹，与卫星估计更接近。在这些产品中，BESS GPP和GOSIF更好地再现了即时损失和恢复时间，尽管仍然低估了持续抑制和高估了累积吸收。此外，EC数据进一步揭示了火灾后森林GPP对光、温度和蒸汽压赤字的敏感性降低，而卫星产品未能捕捉到这些数据。这些发现突出了当前卫星代理的系统性偏差，强调了监测森林恢复方面的挑战，并强调了需要扰动响应模型和扩大通量基准，以改进火灾后碳循环评估。
{"title":"Remote sensing proxies underestimate fire-induced gross primary productivity loss and overestimate recovery in forests","authors":"Xinyi Fan , Qinggaozi Zhu , Yingnan Wei , Ning Yao , Gang Zhao , Qiang Yu , Genghong Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110963","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110963","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wildfires significantly alter terrestrial carbon cycling by reducing vegetation productivity and reshaping ecosystem functioning, yet satellite-based estimates of gross primary productivity (GPP) remain highly uncertain under fire disturbance. Here, we evaluated five global GPP products—BESS GPP (process-based), FLUXCOM and FluxSat GPP (machine learning-based), GOSIF GPP (derived from reconstructed solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence, SIF), MODIS GPP (light-use efficiency–based)—together with three complementary proxies: GOSIF (reconstructed SIF), the near-infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRv), and leaf area index (LAI). These products were benchmarked against eddy covariance (EC) tower GPP measurements from ten fire-affected sites (five forest sites, five grass/shrub sites) with multi-year pre- and post-fire records. Results show that satellite proxies generally underestimated fire-induced GPP loss, with forest sites showing the largest discrepancy: EC GPP declined by ∼94%, compared to 47–88% from satellites. During recovery, most satellite products overestimated post-fire carbon gain and underestimated recovery time, often signaling premature recovery in forests. In contrast, grass and shrub ecosystems showed faster rebound and closer agreement with satellite estimates. Among these products, BESS GPP and GOSIF better reproduced immediate loss and recovery time, though still underestimated persistent suppression and overestimated cumulative uptake. Moreover, EC data further revealed reduced post-fire GPP sensitivity to light, temperature, and vapor pressure deficit in forests, which satellite products failed to capture. These findings highlight systematic biases in current satellite proxies, emphasize the challenges in monitoring forest recovery, and underscore the need for disturbance-responsive models and expanded flux benchmarks to improve post-fire carbon cycle assessments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 110963"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145657986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110984
Boliang Cui , Chuanyan Zhao , Fei Zang , Shuangjin Ma , Linsong Wang , Kelong Chen , Zhongren Nan
Variations in precipitation related to climate change affect soil carbon cycling processes in terrestrial ecosystems, particularly soil respiration (Rs). However, how Rs and its components-heterotrophic respiration (Rh) and autotrophic respiration (Ra)-respond to precipitation changes remains largely unclear in alpine ecosystems, given their distinct substrate sources and biological processes. In this study, we investigated the effects of altered precipitation levels on Rs and its components through a 3-year field experiment, where precipitation was adjusted by ±50 % in the alpine meadows of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). Our results showed that precipitation variability did not significantly affect total Rs, but it increased Ra and decreased Rh, leading to a stable overall Rs. Specifically, increased precipitation (IP) and decreased precipitation (DP) reduced Rh by 22.75 % and 20.60 %, respectively, while Ra was elevated by 56.39 % and 40.24 % compared to the control (CK). Regression analysis revealed a significant exponential relationship between Rs and temperature. Both IP and DP treatments reduced the temperature sensitivity (Q10) of Rs and its components compared to CK, suggesting that deviations from typical moisture levels suppress the response of Rs to temperature changes. The direct negative effect of IP on Rs was mitigated by a positive indirect effect through fungal richness, while DP produced opposite indirect effects via Rh and Ra, resulting in a weak overall impact on Rs. These site-specific results reveal the different responses of Ra and Rh to changing precipitation and suggest that extreme changes in precipitation impact soil microbial richness, suppress Rh, and weaken the decomposition and release of soil organic carbon in alpine meadows on the QTP.
{"title":"Precipitation variability stabilizes soil respiration through opposing effects on autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration in alpine meadows of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Boliang Cui , Chuanyan Zhao , Fei Zang , Shuangjin Ma , Linsong Wang , Kelong Chen , Zhongren Nan","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110984","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110984","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Variations in precipitation related to climate change affect soil carbon cycling processes in terrestrial ecosystems, particularly soil respiration (Rs). However, how Rs and its components-heterotrophic respiration (Rh) and autotrophic respiration (Ra)-respond to precipitation changes remains largely unclear in alpine ecosystems, given their distinct substrate sources and biological processes. In this study, we investigated the effects of altered precipitation levels on Rs and its components through a 3-year field experiment, where precipitation was adjusted by ±50 % in the alpine meadows of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). Our results showed that precipitation variability did not significantly affect total Rs, but it increased Ra and decreased Rh, leading to a stable overall Rs. Specifically, increased precipitation (IP) and decreased precipitation (DP) reduced Rh by 22.75 % and 20.60 %, respectively, while Ra was elevated by 56.39 % and 40.24 % compared to the control (CK). Regression analysis revealed a significant exponential relationship between Rs and temperature. Both IP and DP treatments reduced the temperature sensitivity (Q<sub>10</sub>) of Rs and its components compared to CK, suggesting that deviations from typical moisture levels suppress the response of Rs to temperature changes. The direct negative effect of IP on Rs was mitigated by a positive indirect effect through fungal richness, while DP produced opposite indirect effects via Rh and Ra, resulting in a weak overall impact on Rs. These site-specific results reveal the different responses of Ra and Rh to changing precipitation and suggest that extreme changes in precipitation impact soil microbial richness, suppress Rh, and weaken the decomposition and release of soil organic carbon in alpine meadows on the QTP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 110984"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145732143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110966
Kukka-Maaria Kohonen , Angelika Kübert , Lutz Merbold , Matti Räsänen , Nina Buchmann , Ivan Mammarella , Petri Pellikka , Timo Vesala
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) helps plants in arid regions to reduce water loss by opening their stomata and taking up carbon dioxide (CO) during nighttime. While gas exchange in CAM plants has been mainly studied under controlled laboratory conditions, only a few ecosystem scale studies exist. Moreover, carbonyl sulfide (COS) has been used as a tracer for stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis in C and C plants, but no studies on CAM ecosystems have yet been published. Here we present the first ecosystem scale measurements of COS fluxes over Agave sisalana (CAM plant), commercially cultivated for its fiber. The measurements were made during the wet season in Kenya. The ecosystem was a consistent sink of COS, with higher uptake observed during nighttime (−11.5 pmol m−2 s−1) than during daytime (-5.6 pmol m−2 s−1). The magnitude of COS fluxes was comparable to non-growing season daytime fluxes reported for C and C plant dominated ecosystems. The soil was a small COS source (0.3 pmol m−2 s−1), with highest emissions under high radiation and temperature conditions. Using random forest modeling, we found that vapor pressure deficit, air temperature and soil water content were the most important drivers of nighttime ecosystem COS exchange (variable importance 0.25, 0.23 and 0.20, respectively), indicating the importance of stomatal limitation for COS fluxes. During daytime, air temperature, photosynthetically active radiation and soil temperature were the most important drivers (variable importances 0.19, 0.18 and 0.18, respectively). COS fluxes were further used to track canopy stomatal conductance and transpiration and compared to another transpiration estimate from the conditional eddy covariance method, which is based on raw water vapor and vertical wind data from eddy covariance. Conductance values ranged from 0.03 ± 0.06 mol m−2 s−1 during daytime to 0.06 ± 0.02 mol m−2 s−1 during nighttime. Transpiration was thus higher during nighttime than during daytime, reflecting the CAM gas exchange strategy.
{"title":"Tracking canopy conductance and transpiration of CAM-plants Agave sisalana with carbonyl sulfide fluxes","authors":"Kukka-Maaria Kohonen , Angelika Kübert , Lutz Merbold , Matti Räsänen , Nina Buchmann , Ivan Mammarella , Petri Pellikka , Timo Vesala","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110966","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110966","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) helps plants in arid regions to reduce water loss by opening their stomata and taking up carbon dioxide (CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>) during nighttime. While gas exchange in CAM plants has been mainly studied under controlled laboratory conditions, only a few ecosystem scale studies exist. Moreover, carbonyl sulfide (COS) has been used as a tracer for stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis in C<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and C<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> plants, but no studies on CAM ecosystems have yet been published. Here we present the first ecosystem scale measurements of COS fluxes over <em>Agave sisalana</em> (CAM plant), commercially cultivated for its fiber. The measurements were made during the wet season in Kenya. The ecosystem was a consistent sink of COS, with higher uptake observed during nighttime (−11.5 pmol m<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>) than during daytime (-5.6 pmol m<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>). The magnitude of COS fluxes was comparable to non-growing season daytime fluxes reported for C<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and C<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> plant dominated ecosystems. The soil was a small COS source (0.3 pmol m<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>), with highest emissions under high radiation and temperature conditions. Using random forest modeling, we found that vapor pressure deficit, air temperature and soil water content were the most important drivers of nighttime ecosystem COS exchange (variable importance 0.25, 0.23 and 0.20, respectively), indicating the importance of stomatal limitation for COS fluxes. During daytime, air temperature, photosynthetically active radiation and soil temperature were the most important drivers (variable importances 0.19, 0.18 and 0.18, respectively). COS fluxes were further used to track canopy stomatal conductance and transpiration and compared to another transpiration estimate from the conditional eddy covariance method, which is based on raw water vapor and vertical wind data from eddy covariance. Conductance values ranged from 0.03 ± 0.06 mol m<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> during daytime to 0.06 ± 0.02 mol m<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> during nighttime. Transpiration was thus higher during nighttime than during daytime, reflecting the CAM gas exchange strategy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 110966"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110996
E.G. Reich , K. Samuels-Crow , J.B. Bradford , M. Litvak , D.R. Schlaepfer , K. Ogle
Optimality theory assumes plants maximize carbon gain per unit water lost and is often implemented to scale leaf-level carbon gain and water use to regional and global scales. Optimality theory is often mathematically represented by assuming plant water-use efficiency (WUE) scales with VPDk, where k = ½ represents expected optimal behavior. It is unclear, however, if this relationship holds in arid and semi-arid ecosystems that are strongly impacted by soil and atmospheric moisture status. We used data from seven flux tower sites along an aridity gradient in New Mexico to answer: how does the relationship between WUE and VPD compare to expectations based on optimality theory? To address this question, we integrated the Dynamic Evapotranspiration Partitioning Approach for Rapid Timescales with a stochastic antecedent model to estimate ecosystem-level WUE (GPP/T) and the net sensitivity of WUE to VPD, or kDynamic, which we compare to the theoretical optimal sensitivity of k = ½. Our results show that optimality theory is not always appropriate, and kDynamic often deviates from ½, especially at some of the more arid sites or during periods of low soil moisture. At less arid, higher elevation sites, kDynamic is most consistent with optimality theory at moderate VPD levels, but not at high VPD. In general, the sensitivity of WUE to VPD is highly variable such that kDynamic exhibits notable daily and seasonal variability, suggesting highly dynamic stomatal behavior. These results emphasize that representing plant water-use strategies as dynamic in time and space is critical to improving large-scale estimates of plant water use.
{"title":"Beyond optimality: Dryland ecosystems infrequently use water efficiently for carbon gain","authors":"E.G. Reich , K. Samuels-Crow , J.B. Bradford , M. Litvak , D.R. Schlaepfer , K. Ogle","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110996","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110996","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optimality theory assumes plants maximize carbon gain per unit water lost and is often implemented to scale leaf-level carbon gain and water use to regional and global scales. Optimality theory is often mathematically represented by assuming plant water-use efficiency (WUE) scales with VPD<em><sup>k</sup></em>, where <em>k</em> = ½ represents expected optimal behavior. It is unclear, however, if this relationship holds in arid and semi-arid ecosystems that are strongly impacted by soil and atmospheric moisture status. We used data from seven flux tower sites along an aridity gradient in New Mexico to answer: how does the relationship between WUE and VPD compare to expectations based on optimality theory? To address this question, we integrated the Dynamic Evapotranspiration Partitioning Approach for Rapid Timescales with a stochastic antecedent model to estimate ecosystem-level WUE (GPP/T) and the net sensitivity of WUE to VPD, or <em>k<sup>Dynamic</sup></em>, which we compare to the theoretical optimal sensitivity of <em>k</em> = ½. Our results show that optimality theory is not always appropriate, and <em>k<sup>Dynamic</sup></em> often deviates from ½, especially at some of the more arid sites or during periods of low soil moisture. At less arid, higher elevation sites, <em>k<sup>Dynamic</sup></em> is most consistent with optimality theory at moderate VPD levels, but not at high VPD. In general, the sensitivity of WUE to VPD is highly variable such that <em>k<sup>Dynamic</sup></em> exhibits notable daily and seasonal variability, suggesting highly dynamic stomatal behavior. These results emphasize that representing plant water-use strategies as dynamic in time and space is critical to improving large-scale estimates of plant water use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 110996"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110994
Elena Villa-Sanabria , Alexandra Rodríguez , Antonio Gallardo , David Fangueiro , Lorena Gómez-Aparicio , Jorge Durán
Forest soils play a fundamental role in global climate regulation, generally acting as sources of CO2 and N2O, while serving as significant sinks for CH4. Climate change may alter these greenhouse gas (GHG) budgets, particularly in Mediterranean forests, which are highly sensitive to changes in precipitation and temperature. Despite this vulnerability, experimental evidence on the combined effects of reduced precipitation and warming on GHG fluxes in these ecosystems remains limited. Using a manipulative experiment, we analyzed the isolated and combined short-term effects of reduced precipitation (∼30 % rainfall exclusion) and soil warming (∼0.5 °C increase) on soil GHG fluxes over two years in a Mediterranean forest in southern Spain. Rainfall exclusion led to an approximately 50 % decreased in soil CO2 emissions and CH4 uptake, whereas soil warming resulted in an approximately 10 % increase in both fluxes. In contrast, N₂O fluxes remained minimal and largely unresponsive to climatic treatments. Our results underscore the importance of rainfall exclusion as a regulator of GHG fluxes in these systems. Soil texture emerged as a key modulator of the impact of rainfall exclusion on net soil CH4 uptake, with sandy soils being particularly vulnerable to losing their methane mitigation potential under drier conditions. Overall, our study reveals different patterns of interaction among reduced precipitation, warming and soil texture for the three GHG fluxes, posing challenges to predicting the future role of Mediterranean forests in the global GHG budget. Continued research is urgently needed to better understand how these interactions will shape the climate mitigation potential of water-limited ecosystems under future environmental scenarios.
{"title":"Reduced precipitation and increased temperature alter soil greenhouse gas fluxes in a Mediterranean forest","authors":"Elena Villa-Sanabria , Alexandra Rodríguez , Antonio Gallardo , David Fangueiro , Lorena Gómez-Aparicio , Jorge Durán","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110994","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110994","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forest soils play a fundamental role in global climate regulation, generally acting as sources of CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O, while serving as significant sinks for CH<sub>4</sub>. Climate change may alter these greenhouse gas (GHG) budgets, particularly in Mediterranean forests, which are highly sensitive to changes in precipitation and temperature. Despite this vulnerability, experimental evidence on the combined effects of reduced precipitation and warming on GHG fluxes in these ecosystems remains limited. Using a manipulative experiment, we analyzed the isolated and combined short-term effects of reduced precipitation (∼30 % rainfall exclusion) and soil warming (∼0.5 °C increase) on soil GHG fluxes over two years in a Mediterranean forest in southern Spain. Rainfall exclusion led to an approximately 50 % decreased in soil CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and CH<sub>4</sub> uptake, whereas soil warming resulted in an approximately 10 % increase in both fluxes. In contrast, N₂O fluxes remained minimal and largely unresponsive to climatic treatments. Our results underscore the importance of rainfall exclusion as a regulator of GHG fluxes in these systems. Soil texture emerged as a key modulator of the impact of rainfall exclusion on net soil CH<sub>4</sub> uptake, with sandy soils being particularly vulnerable to losing their methane mitigation potential under drier conditions. Overall, our study reveals different patterns of interaction among reduced precipitation, warming and soil texture for the three GHG fluxes, posing challenges to predicting the future role of Mediterranean forests in the global GHG budget. Continued research is urgently needed to better understand how these interactions will shape the climate mitigation potential of water-limited ecosystems under future environmental scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 110994"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145972608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change is intensifying extreme heat events, posing significant challenges to grapevine production. While global adaptation strategies often emphasize relocation to cooler regions, Uruguay offers limited spatial flexibility for vineyard relocation. This study evaluates the climatic characteristics of two coastal wine-growing terroirs situated at similar latitudes but differing in proximity to the Atlantic Ocean. Macroclimatic, mesoclimatic, and microclimatic conditions were assessed using data from meteorological stations and in-vineyard sensors, incorporating different phases of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The results indicate that the oceanic region is cooler and wetter than the traditional inland region, where precipitation variability is modulated by ENSO. La Niña events were associated with drier conditions, while El Niño phases corresponded with increased precipitation. During the 2022–2023 growing season (La Niña), both regions recorded their highest maximum temperatures on record; however, the increase above average in Growing Season Temperature was 1.5 °C lower at the oceanic site. Over the past 50 years, both regions showed upward trends in days exceeding 30 °C, without significant trends in cumulative seasonal precipitation. Nonetheless, precipitation tended to decrease during La Niña and increase during El Niño phases. At the mesoscale, topography and ocean exposure contributed to pronounced spatial variability in thermal indicators. Within the oceanic region, variations in minimum temperatures were observed, while differences in maximum temperature indicators were pronounced between regions (sea breezes at the oceanic site reduced heatwave temperatures by up to 8 °C). At the microscale, differences were explained by interactions between canopy development and the climatic conditions of the growing season. This study underscores the importance of downscaling from regional to intra-canopy levels to better understand and manage climatic variability. The ocean's moderating influence emerges as a valuable asset for sustainable viticulture in Uruguay, reinforcing the need for multi-scale terroir assessment to update climate adaptation strategies in viticulture.
{"title":"\"Multi-scale climate analysis of two coastal wine terroirs in Uruguay: Adapting to climate change and heatwaves\"","authors":"Ramiro Tachini , Valérie Bonnardot , Hervé Quénol , Mercedes Fourment","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.111000","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.111000","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change is intensifying extreme heat events, posing significant challenges to grapevine production. While global adaptation strategies often emphasize relocation to cooler regions, Uruguay offers limited spatial flexibility for vineyard relocation. This study evaluates the climatic characteristics of two coastal wine-growing terroirs situated at similar latitudes but differing in proximity to the Atlantic Ocean. Macroclimatic, mesoclimatic, and microclimatic conditions were assessed using data from meteorological stations and in-vineyard sensors, incorporating different phases of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The results indicate that the oceanic region is cooler and wetter than the traditional inland region, where precipitation variability is modulated by ENSO. La Niña events were associated with drier conditions, while El Niño phases corresponded with increased precipitation. During the 2022–2023 growing season (La Niña), both regions recorded their highest maximum temperatures on record; however, the increase above average in Growing Season Temperature was 1.5 °C lower at the oceanic site. Over the past 50 years, both regions showed upward trends in days exceeding 30 °C, without significant trends in cumulative seasonal precipitation. Nonetheless, precipitation tended to decrease during La Niña and increase during El Niño phases. At the mesoscale, topography and ocean exposure contributed to pronounced spatial variability in thermal indicators. Within the oceanic region, variations in minimum temperatures were observed, while differences in maximum temperature indicators were pronounced between regions (sea breezes at the oceanic site reduced heatwave temperatures by up to 8 °C). At the microscale, differences were explained by interactions between canopy development and the climatic conditions of the growing season. This study underscores the importance of downscaling from regional to intra-canopy levels to better understand and manage climatic variability. The ocean's moderating influence emerges as a valuable asset for sustainable viticulture in Uruguay, reinforcing the need for multi-scale terroir assessment to update climate adaptation strategies in viticulture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 111000"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145823792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-29DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.111007
Lili Nan , Zelong Zhang , Dezhao Gan , Huinan Li , Dongsheng Yu , Zhenrong Lin , Zheng Li , Jian Hu , Hui Wang , Qingping Zhou , Shuli Niu , Jinsong Wang , Ruijun Long , Lei Ma
Shrub encroachment into grasslands notably influences the ecosystem services and the economics provided by these ecosystems. However, the effects of shrub encroachment on the multiyear methane (CH4) uptake and associated mechanisms in alpine meadows remain unknown. Here, we combined two years of CH4 flux measurements from paired shrub patches (SPs) and ambient meadow patches (MPs) in a Tibetan alpine meadow with collated annual CH4 fluxes derived from meta-analysis across alpine meadows and temperate steppes in northern China. We found that the increase in the annual CH4 uptake under shrub encroachment was greater during a dry year 2023–2024 (a net increase of 0.91 ± 0.40 kg C ha–1) than during a wet year 2022–2023 (0.52 ± 0.19 kg C ha–1). Approximately 20–40% of these net increases occurred during the nongrowing season (NGS). Meta-analysis verified that shrub encroachment significantly increased CH4 uptake in Tibetan alpine grass meadows, in which the significantly decreased topsoil water-filled pore space (WFPS) and increased functional gene (pmoA) abundance levels for soil methanotrophs jointly explained these results. CH4 uptake during the NGS contributed 22∼28% and 21∼30% to the annual CH4 uptake in MPs and SPs, respectively. A bell-shaped relationship was observed with the growing season (GS) soil WFPS, with the lowest NGS contribution occurring at intermediate soil WFPS. The annual CH4 uptake was greater in temperate steppes than in alpine shrub meadows and grass meadows across northern China, which was driven mainly by the significant decrease in soil WFPS. These results provide a basis for understanding the magnitudes of CH4 uptake in alpine meadows and their responses to shrub encroachment. Initiating long-term CH4 flux measurements from various encroached shrub species and across different shrub encroachment intensities can increase our understanding of soil CH4 uptake within the context of increasing shrub encroachment trends.
灌木对草原的侵蚀对草原生态系统的服务功能和经济效益有显著影响。然而，灌丛入侵对高寒草甸多年甲烷（CH4）吸收的影响及其相关机制尚不清楚。在这里，我们结合了西藏高寒草甸灌木斑块（SPs）和环境草甸斑块（MPs）两年的CH4通量测量数据，并整理了中国北方高寒草甸和温带草原的年度CH4通量。研究发现，2023-2024年干旱年（净增加0.91±0.40 kg C ha-1）比2022-2023年湿润年（净增加0.52±0.19 kg C ha-1）增加更多。其中约20-40%的净增长发生在非生长季（NGS）。meta分析证实，灌丛入侵显著增加了青藏高原高寒草甸CH4的吸收，这与土壤甲烷化菌功能基因（pmoA）丰度和表层土壤充水孔空间（WFPS）显著减少有关。NGS期间的CH4吸收量分别占MPs和SPs年CH4吸收量的22 ~ 28%和21 ~ 30%。NGS对土壤水分的贡献与生长季土壤水分的贡献呈钟形关系，中间土壤水分的贡献最小。中国北方温带草原的年CH4吸收率高于高寒灌丛草甸和草甸，这主要是由于土壤WFPS显著降低所致。这些结果为了解高寒草甸CH4吸收的大小及其对灌木入侵的响应提供了基础。启动不同被侵占灌木物种和不同灌木入侵强度的长期CH4通量测量，可以增加我们对灌木入侵增加趋势下土壤CH4吸收的认识。
{"title":"Drier year exhibits amplified promoting effects of shrub encroachment on methane uptake in Tibetan alpine meadows","authors":"Lili Nan , Zelong Zhang , Dezhao Gan , Huinan Li , Dongsheng Yu , Zhenrong Lin , Zheng Li , Jian Hu , Hui Wang , Qingping Zhou , Shuli Niu , Jinsong Wang , Ruijun Long , Lei Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.111007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.111007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shrub encroachment into grasslands notably influences the ecosystem services and the economics provided by these ecosystems. However, the effects of shrub encroachment on the multiyear methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) uptake and associated mechanisms in alpine meadows remain unknown. Here, we combined two years of CH<sub>4</sub> flux measurements from paired shrub patches (SPs) and ambient meadow patches (MPs) in a Tibetan alpine meadow with collated annual CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes derived from meta-analysis across alpine meadows and temperate steppes in northern China. We found that the increase in the annual CH<sub>4</sub> uptake under shrub encroachment was greater during a dry year 2023–2024 (a net increase of 0.91 ± 0.40 kg C ha<sup>–1</sup>) than during a wet year 2022–2023 (0.52 ± 0.19 kg C ha<sup>–1</sup>). Approximately 20–40% of these net increases occurred during the nongrowing season (NGS). Meta-analysis verified that shrub encroachment significantly increased CH<sub>4</sub> uptake in Tibetan alpine grass meadows, in which the significantly decreased topsoil water-filled pore space (WFPS) and increased functional gene (<em>pmoA</em>) abundance levels for soil methanotrophs jointly explained these results. CH<sub>4</sub> uptake during the NGS contributed 22∼28% and 21∼30% to the annual CH<sub>4</sub> uptake in MPs and SPs, respectively. A bell-shaped relationship was observed with the growing season (GS) soil WFPS, with the lowest NGS contribution occurring at intermediate soil WFPS. The annual CH<sub>4</sub> uptake was greater in temperate steppes than in alpine shrub meadows and grass meadows across northern China, which was driven mainly by the significant decrease in soil WFPS. These results provide a basis for understanding the magnitudes of CH<sub>4</sub> uptake in alpine meadows and their responses to shrub encroachment. Initiating long-term CH<sub>4</sub> flux measurements from various encroached shrub species and across different shrub encroachment intensities can increase our understanding of soil CH<sub>4</sub> uptake within the context of increasing shrub encroachment trends.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 111007"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145883950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110998
Lexuan Ye , Licheng Liu , Yufeng Yang , Ziyi Li , Wang Zhou , Bin Peng , Shaoming Xu , Vipin Kumar , Wendy H. Yang , Jinyun Tang , Zhenong Jin , Kaiyu Guan
{"title":"Retraction notice to “Knowledge-guided machine learning captures key mechanistic pathways for better predicting spatio-temporal patterns of growing season N2O emissions in the U.S. Midwest” [Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 373 (2025) 110750]","authors":"Lexuan Ye , Licheng Liu , Yufeng Yang , Ziyi Li , Wang Zhou , Bin Peng , Shaoming Xu , Vipin Kumar , Wendy H. Yang , Jinyun Tang , Zhenong Jin , Kaiyu Guan","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110998","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110998","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 110998"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145961777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110993
Jiaxin Jin , Linan Dong , Guojing Gan , Xingwang Fan , Ying Wang , Qiuan Zhu , Russell Doughty , Yuanwei Qin , Guishan Yang
Plant transpiration (Tc) is a key element of the water cycle. The conductance-photosynthesis (Gs-A) model, which assumes a linear relationship between stomatal conductance (Gs) and photosynthetic rate (A) under specific environmental conditions, is widely used to estimate Gs for the remote sensing of Tc. Nevertheless, the key parameter of the Gs-A model, the slope parameter, is typically assigned a biome-specific constant value, despite significant spatial heterogeneity observed within individual biomes. Moreover, the Gs-A model may introduce uncertainties into Tc estimation due to the broad-scale GPP simulated by empirical or complex process models. In this study, Gs was estimated using a typical Gs-A model (i.e., Ball-Berry model) enhanced by integrating daily satellite-observed solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), with a corresponding slope parameter (termed msif) that varies spatially with the local leaf area index (LAI) and air temperature (TEMa). Subsequently, a daily global Tc product (named Tsif) at a 0.05° spatial resolution (2001–2018) was generated, utilizing the Penman-Monteith equation combined with the improved Gs-A model. Observation data of 56 flux sites from the FLUXNET2015 were used to assess the performance and uncertainty of Tc across major vegetation types. Results demonstrated that daily-scale Tc estimation using the dynamic parameterization scheme of msif (DYN) outperformed the fixed scheme (FIX), reducing the root mean square error (RMSE) by an average of 10.89 % compared with flux observations. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal variations in Tc from our product showed good agreement with widely used Tc products, such as GLEAM, SiTHv2, and PML_v2. Notably, compared with flux observations, Tsif exhibited superior performance for Evergreen Broadleaf Forest, Deciduous Broadleaf Forest & Woody Savannas (DW), Savannas & Shrubland, and Grass, achieving the lowest RMSE values (0.88, 0.85, 0.55, and 0.74 mm day⁻¹, respectively). The Tsif dataset provides a novel, independent product valuable for analyses of the water cycle and ecohydrology at large scales.
{"title":"Daily global transpiration estimation (2001–2018) by integrating satellite solar-induced fluorescence and spatially heterogeneous slope parameter in a conductance-photosynthesis model","authors":"Jiaxin Jin , Linan Dong , Guojing Gan , Xingwang Fan , Ying Wang , Qiuan Zhu , Russell Doughty , Yuanwei Qin , Guishan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110993","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110993","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant transpiration (<em>T<sub>c</sub></em>) is a key element of the water cycle. The conductance-photosynthesis (G<sub>s</sub>-A) model, which assumes a linear relationship between stomatal conductance (<em>G<sub>s</sub></em>) and photosynthetic rate (<em>A</em>) under specific environmental conditions, is widely used to estimate <em>G<sub>s</sub></em> for the remote sensing of <em>T<sub>c</sub></em>. Nevertheless, the key parameter of the G<sub>s</sub>-A model, the slope parameter, is typically assigned a biome-specific constant value, despite significant spatial heterogeneity observed within individual biomes. Moreover, the G<sub>s</sub>-A model may introduce uncertainties into <em>T<sub>c</sub></em> estimation due to the broad-scale GPP simulated by empirical or complex process models. In this study, <em>G<sub>s</sub></em> was estimated using a typical G<sub>s</sub>-A model (i.e., Ball-Berry model) enhanced by integrating daily satellite-observed solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), with a corresponding slope parameter (termed <em>m<sub>sif</sub></em>) that varies spatially with the local leaf area index (<em>LAI</em>) and air temperature (<em>TEM<sub>a</sub></em>). Subsequently, a daily global <em>T<sub>c</sub></em> product (named <strong>T<sub>sif</sub></strong>) at a 0.05<sup>°</sup> spatial resolution (2001–2018) was generated, utilizing the Penman-Monteith equation combined with the improved <em>G<sub>s</sub></em>-<em>A</em> model. Observation data of 56 flux sites from the FLUXNET2015 were used to assess the performance and uncertainty of <em>T<sub>c</sub></em> across major vegetation types. Results demonstrated that daily-scale <em>T<sub>c</sub></em> estimation using the dynamic parameterization scheme of <em>m<sub>sif</sub></em> (DYN) outperformed the fixed scheme (FIX), reducing the root mean square error (RMSE) by an average of 10.89 % compared with flux observations. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal variations in <em>T<sub>c</sub></em> from our product showed good agreement with widely used <em>T<sub>c</sub></em> products, such as GLEAM, SiTHv2, and PML_v2. Notably, compared with flux observations, <strong>T<sub>sif</sub></strong> exhibited superior performance for Evergreen Broadleaf Forest, Deciduous Broadleaf Forest & Woody Savannas (DW), Savannas & Shrubland, and Grass, achieving the lowest RMSE values (0.88, 0.85, 0.55, and 0.74 mm day⁻¹, respectively). The <strong>T<sub>sif</sub></strong> dataset provides a novel, independent product valuable for analyses of the water cycle and ecohydrology at large scales.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 110993"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145785335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111016
Lisa Mandl , Ana Stritih , Rupert Seidl , Cornelius Senf
Forest ecosystems in the European Alps are increasingly affected by climate change, with rising temperatures and more frequent climate extremes altering disturbance regimes and shaping post-disturbance recovery. While climate change is expected to constrain recovery in lowlands due to increasing thermal stress, high-elevation ecosystems were historically limited by temperature, with the net effects of warming on post-disturbance recovery remaining uncertain. Using multi-decadal Earth observation data from Landsat and Sentinel-2 (1986–2023), we quantified post-disturbance canopy recovery and assessed the influence of thermal constraints on recovery. Recovery success, defined as the proportion of disturbed forest reaching 80 % of pre-disturbance tree cover within ten years, indicated that 48 % of disturbances recovered according to this metric. Beyond this general pattern, recovery varied systematically with climate and disturbance characteristics. Recovery success peaked at intermediate summer temperatures and declined with increasing disturbance severity, higher pre-disturbance tree cover, and larger post-disturbance bare-ground share. Precipitation exerted only a minor influence. We found strong evidence that warmer-than-average summers, measured as summer temperature anomalies, improved recovery across the Alps, except for localized responses in the south-western region. Our findings suggest that warming relaxes the thermal limitations for tree growth in large parts of the Alps, with warmer summers providing additional thermal energy and longer snow-free periods favouring canopy regrowth. Notably, the south-western Alps deviated from this pattern, showing a negative relationship between summer temperature anomalies and recovery, with warming increasingly threatening recovery. By providing large-scale empirical evidence on how post-disturbance recovery varies across the Alps, this study improves the understanding of interactions between climate change and forest recovery.
{"title":"The role of thermal constraints in post-disturbance forest recovery across the European Alps – a large-scale remote sensing study","authors":"Lisa Mandl , Ana Stritih , Rupert Seidl , Cornelius Senf","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forest ecosystems in the European Alps are increasingly affected by climate change, with rising temperatures and more frequent climate extremes altering disturbance regimes and shaping post-disturbance recovery. While climate change is expected to constrain recovery in lowlands due to increasing thermal stress, high-elevation ecosystems were historically limited by temperature, with the net effects of warming on post-disturbance recovery remaining uncertain. Using multi-decadal Earth observation data from Landsat and Sentinel-2 (1986–2023), we quantified post-disturbance canopy recovery and assessed the influence of thermal constraints on recovery. Recovery success, defined as the proportion of disturbed forest reaching 80 % of pre-disturbance tree cover within ten years, indicated that 48 % of disturbances recovered according to this metric. Beyond this general pattern, recovery varied systematically with climate and disturbance characteristics. Recovery success peaked at intermediate summer temperatures and declined with increasing disturbance severity, higher pre-disturbance tree cover, and larger post-disturbance bare-ground share. Precipitation exerted only a minor influence. We found strong evidence that warmer-than-average summers, measured as summer temperature anomalies, improved recovery across the Alps, except for localized responses in the south-western region. Our findings suggest that warming relaxes the thermal limitations for tree growth in large parts of the Alps, with warmer summers providing additional thermal energy and longer snow-free periods favouring canopy regrowth. Notably, the south-western Alps deviated from this pattern, showing a negative relationship between summer temperature anomalies and recovery, with warming increasingly threatening recovery. By providing large-scale empirical evidence on how post-disturbance recovery varies across the Alps, this study improves the understanding of interactions between climate change and forest recovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50839,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","volume":"378 ","pages":"Article 111016"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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